First addition

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‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪-2-‬‬
 Contents
Forward .......................................................................................................................................- 7 -
First Chapter Tajweed Definition and Solecism ...................................................- 8 -
Tajweed Definition..................................................................................................................- 9 -
Theoretical section:............................................................................................................- 9 -
Applied section:..................................................................................................................- 9 -
Solecism (Laḥn) ‫ اللحن‬in Quran ............................................................................................ - 10 -
Clear solecism (Laḥn jalyy) ............................................................................................. - 10 -
‫ اللحن الجلي‬.............................................................................................................................. - 10 -
Hidden solecism (Laḥn khafyy) ...................................................................................... - 11 -
‫ اللحن الخفي‬.............................................................................................................................. - 11 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 12 -
Second Chapter Articulations Points and Characteristics ................................................. - 13 -
Of Letters .................................................................................................................................. - 13 -
Articulations points and characteristics of letters........................................................... - 14 -
The characteristics with opposites and the practical meaning for each: ..................... - 15 -
The Strength (Ash sheddah) ‫الشدة‬
ِّ .................................................................................... - 15 -
The Flabbiness (Ar Rakhawah)‫ الرخاوة‬.............................................................................. - 15 -
The Moderation (At Tawassut) ‫س ط‬
ُّ ‫ التو‬.............................................................................. - 15 -
The Whisper (Al Hams) ‫ الهمس‬........................................................................................... - 15 -
The Apparent (Al Jahr) ‫ الجهر‬............................................................................................. - 15 -
The Elevation (Al Isti’laa) ‫ االستعالء‬..................................................................................... - 16 -
The Lowering (Al Istifaal) ‫ االستفال‬...................................................................................... - 16 -
The Adhering (Al Itbaq) ‫ اإلطباق‬.......................................................................................... - 16 -
The Separation (Al Infitaaḥ) ‫ االنفتاح‬................................................................................... - 16 -
Individual Characteristics: .................................................................................................. - 18 -
The Bouncing (Qalqalah) ‫ القلقلة‬......................................................................................... - 18 -
The Spreading (At Tafashee) ‫التفشي‬
ِّ ................................................................................. - 18 -
The Flexibility (Al Leen) ‫ اللين‬............................................................................................. - 18 -
The Extending (Al Istitaalah) ‫ االستطالة‬.............................................................................. - 18 -
The Deviation (drifting) (Al Inḥeraaf) ‫ االنحراف‬.................................................................. - 18 -
The Repeating (At Takreer) ‫ التكرير‬.................................................................................... - 18 -

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 The Whistle (As Safeer) ‫ الصَّفير‬......................................................................................... - 18 -
The Nasalization (Al Ghunnah) ‫الغُنَّة‬................................................................................. - 18 -
The Articulation Points (Makharij), The Characteristics With Opposites and
Characteristics Without Opposites for Each Letter ......................................................... - 19 -
Throat Articulation Points ............................................................................................... - 19 -
Tongue Articulation Points ............................................................................................. - 20 -
Lips Articulation Points ................................................................................................... - 28 -
Jawf articulation points ................................................................................................... - 30 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 33 -
Third Chapter Heaviness and Lightness ........................................................................ - 40 -
Heaviness and lightness ..................................................................................................... - 41 -
Heavy letters ..................................................................................................................... - 41 -
Light letters ....................................................................................................................... - 43 -
Occasionally heavy or light letters................................................................................. - 43 -
The ‫ ا‬................................................................................................................................. - 43 -
The ‫ ل‬................................................................................................................................ - 44 -
The ‫ ر‬................................................................................................................................ - 44 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 47 -
Fourth Chapter ......................................................................................................................... - 48 -
 Vowelless ‫ ن‬and Tanween Rules ................................................................................... - 48 -
 Vowelless ‫ م‬rules ............................................................................................................. - 48 -
 ‫ ن‬with Shaddah and ‫ م‬with Shaddah rules ................................................................. - 48 -
Vowelless ‫( ن‬noon sakinah) and tanween rules ............................................................... - 49 -
First: Throaty (guttural) making clear ............................................................................ - 52 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 53 -
Second: Merging (with & without ghunnah) ................................................................. - 54 -
First: The ‫ ن‬........................................................................................................................ - 55 -
Second: The ‫ م‬.................................................................................................................... - 57 -
Third: The ‫ و‬....................................................................................................................... - 58 -
Fourth: The ‫ ي‬.................................................................................................................... - 60 -
First: The ‫ ل‬........................................................................................................................ - 62 -
Second: The ‫ ر‬.................................................................................................................... - 63 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 66 -

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 Third: Converting (Flipping) ............................................................................................ - 67 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 70 -
Fourth: True Concealment (Ikhfaa Haqiqe) ................................................................... - 70 -
‫ ق‬...................................................................................................................................... - 71 -
‫ ك‬...................................................................................................................................... - 71 -
‫ج‬....................................................................................................................................... - 72 -
‫ش‬...................................................................................................................................... - 73 -
‫ د‬....................................................................................................................................... - 74 -
‫ ت‬...................................................................................................................................... - 74 -
‫ ط‬...................................................................................................................................... - 75 -
‫ض‬..................................................................................................................................... - 76 -
‫س‬...................................................................................................................................... - 76 -
‫ص‬..................................................................................................................................... - 77 -
‫ ز‬....................................................................................................................................... - 78 -
‫ ظ‬...................................................................................................................................... - 78 -
‫ ث‬...................................................................................................................................... - 79 -
‫ ذ‬....................................................................................................................................... - 80 -
‫ ف‬...................................................................................................................................... - 80 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 82 -
The Vowelless ‫ م‬Rules ......................................................................................................... - 83 -
First: Merging .................................................................................................................... - 83 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 84 -
Second: Labial Concealment .......................................................................................... - 85 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 87 -
Third: Labial Making Clear .............................................................................................. - 88 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 88 -
Rule of ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬with shaddah .............................................................................................. - 89 -
Questions .......................................................................................................................... - 90 -
Fifth Chapter ............................................................................................................................. - 91 -
The succession of a vowelless letter (apart from the ‫ ن‬and ‫ )م‬with another letters ........ - 91 -
The Succession of a vowelless letter (apart from the ‫ ن‬and ‫ )م‬with another letters .... - 92 -
Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 100 -
Sixth Chapter .......................................................................................................................... - 101 -
Madd due to Hamzah Types.............................................................................................. - 103 -
Madd due to Sukoon Types .............................................................................................. - 109 -
Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 122 -
Seventh Chapter Connecting and Cutting Hamzahs ......................................................... - 124 -

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 In Quran and language there are two Hamazahs: .......................................................... - 125 -
Connecting Hamzah (Hamzatul Wasl): ............................................................................ - 125 -
Why do we learn (Hamzatul Wasl) In tajweed?............................................................... - 126 -
For having a complete vision about (hamzatul wasl) three stimulations must be
considered: ......................................................................................................................... - 128 -
If (Hamzatul Wasl) precedes (Hamzatul Qata’) ............................................................... - 132 -

If (Hamzatul Qata’) precedes (Hamzatul Wasl) (‫)ﱌ‬, (‫)ﱬ‬, (‫ )ﱫ‬......................... - 136 -

Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 137 -

Eighth Chapter Stoppage and Initiation...................................................................... - 139 -
The sign (‫)صلَى‬
ِّ .................................................................................................................. - 140 -
The sign (‫)ج‬...................................................................................................................... - 141 -
The sign (‫)قِّلَ ى‬.................................................................................................................... - 141 -
The sign (‫ )م‬...................................................................................................................... - 142 -
The sign (‫ )ال‬...................................................................................................................... - 142 -
The embrace sign........................................................................................ - 143 -
Breathless pause (sakt) spots ...................................................................................... - 145 -
Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 148 -
Ninth Chapter Stoppage at the end of the Utterance ............................................. - 150 -
How we do stop on a quranic word? ........................................................................... - 151 -
Important stimulations (seven): .................................................................................... - 154 -
Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 157 -
Tenth Chapter Complements................................................................................................ - 159 -
First Complement.............................................................................................................. - 160 -
Second Complement.......................................................................................................... - 161 -
Third Complement.............................................................................................................. - 163 -
Fourth Complement ........................................................................................................... - 164 -
Fifth Complement ............................................................................................................... - 165 -
Sixth and last Complement ............................................................................................... - 165 -
Questions ........................................................................................................................ - 167 -

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 Forward
All praise belongs to Allah and may the peace and blessings of Him
be upon His messenger ‫ﷺ‬.

Alhamdulliah Who created man from nothing, then fed and watered
him. Moreover He taught man with pen what he didn’t know,
alhamdulliah and glory be to Him Who revealed His book to us and
pledged us to recite and memorize it then gave glad tidings to those
who mastered its recitation and taught it to His creation and His
servants.
The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, says: “The best of you is he who learns the Qur’an
and teaches it.”, what a great provision.

I bear witness there is no God except for Allah subhanuh wa ta’ala,

glorified and exalted is He, and that Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, is His
messenger and servant who Allah took care of, guided him ‫ﷺ‬,
perfected him ‫ﷺ‬, fashioned him ‫ﷺ‬, and gave him ‫ ﷺ‬knowledge from
Him subhanuh wa ta’ala. The messenger ‫ ﷺ‬preserved this
knowledge, fulfilled its rights and took care of it.

This book explains tajweed rules briefly but intensively in a

distinguished way. This is now available in English translation from
the original Arabic text for free as a sadaqah jariyah (ongoing
charity) for everyone. We ask for your duaa only.

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 First Chapter
Tajweed Definition
and Solecism

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 Tajweed Definition
The science concerned with the rules of reciting Quran correctly in
the manner it was revealed to and recited by Prophet Muhammad
‫ﷺ‬.
Each science has two sections:
 Theoretical: the written rules.
 Applied: practicing these rules.

Theoretical section:
The theory has been transferred to us through books of certified
scholars who have formulated the way of recitation of the prophet
‫ﷺ‬. The scholars have mentioned the articulation points and the
characteristics of every single Arabic letter as well as the
pronunciation rules based on the juxtaposition of letters; as in:
making clear sounds and merging letters, the lengthening and
shortening and the heaviness and lightness of particular letters,
extending to the greater core of the tajweed subjects.

Applied section:
This pertains to the practice of the theory. It is an obligation to take
knowledge from the skillful teachers and to listen directly from them
in order to learn the correct pronunciations.
Therefore, it is mandatory to know that the proficient reciter cannot
forgo the two sections of tajweed, theoretical and applied, in any
way. When the theory is well known to the reciter, he/she will
recognize errors in recitation.
The practical, verbal and auditory application through the proficient
people of knowledge helps one to correct those recitation
errors. You cannot be amongst the proficient reciters unless you
frequently practice recitation until the right pronunciation becomes

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your temperament which would then safeguard you from Quran
solecism (laḥn).

Solecism (Laḥn) ‫ اللحن‬in Quran

It means any kind of errors in reciting the Quran and it has two
types:
 Clear solecism (Laḥn Jalyy).
 Hidden solecism (Laḥn Khafyy).

Clear solecism (Laḥn jalyy)

‫اللحن الجلي‬
The solecism of which anyone who knows the Arabic language
can recognize, like:
1. Exchanging a letter with another letter, like saying:
“ ‫ ”وبدأ خلق اإلنسان من تين‬instead of:

.٧ :‫السجدة‬ ‫ﭽ ﲚﲛﲜﲝﲞﭼ‬
2. Adding a letter like saying:
“ ‫ ”خاتم الله على قلوبهم‬instead of:

٧ :‫البقرة‬ ‫ﭽ ﱍﱎﱏﱐ ﭠ ﭼ‬
3. Removing a letter like saying only one ‫ ل‬with kasrah instead
of two (one with sukoon and one with kasrah) like: “ ‫وال‬
‫ضالين‬
َّ ‫”ال‬.

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 4. Changing harakas (fathah, kasrah and dammah) like saying:

‫ صراط الذين أنعمت عليهم‬instead of:

‫ﭽ ﱛﱜﱝ ﱞ ﭼ‬
No doubt all these types of errors are alterations of the words of
Allah which change their meanings as well, therefore it is
unanimously forbidden but:

If the The reciter would make these mistakes because of aging or

handicap, the least he can do is to work hard on reading al-
Fatehah correctly for the sake of praying right.

Hidden solecism (Laḥn khafyy)

‫اللحن الخفي‬
The solecism In tajweed rules, like:
1. Changing some characteristics of letters.
2. Making what is to be merged clear or the opposite.
3. Decreasing the lengthening (madd) or increasing it.
4. Making the light letter heavy or the opposite.
And other errors which can be only known for tajweed experts.
There is no doubt that these hidden errors mostly don’t lead to
alterations or changes in the meanings but it leads to reciting Quran
with a different way than it was revealed, which was taught by the
prophet ‫ﷺ‬, and reading with the correct way is an act of worship,
thereby some scholars have said:
The rule for this hidden solecism is forbidding, since every muslim
has to learn the rules for reading Quran to distinguish it from other
speach.

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 Questions
1. Tajweed science includes two sections, mention them with
explanation.
2. What is solecism? How many sections does it have?
3. What is clear solecism? Give examples.
4. What is hidden solecism? Give examples.
5. What is the rule of hidden solecism? Why?

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 Second Chapter
Articulations Points
and Characteristics
Of Letters

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 Articulations points and characteristics
of letters
The words in the Quran are molds for intended meanings and each
word from them is formulated by certain letters to convey those
meanings.
The word won’t be understood unless we pronounce each letter
from its articulation point (makhraj) ‫ مخرج‬compliant with its
characteristics, hence the articulation points and the characteristics
chapters are the core and cornerstone of tajweed science.
Thus, since this book is for beginners in learning the correct way of
reciting Quran, what is crucial will be mentioned to know about the
makhraj and the characteristics for each letter.

Elements of this chapter:

o Clarifying the applied meaning of the characteristics with
opposites.
o Clarifying the makhraj and the characteristics with opposites
for each letter.
o Through clarifying the makhraj for each letter, the individual
characteristics will be mentioned.
Therefore, – by the end of this chapter – you would know the
makhraj for each letter, its characteristics as well as the applied
and the practical meaning for each characteristic.

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The characteristics with opposites and
the practical meaning for each:
The Strength (Ash sheddah) ‫الشدة‬
ِّ
The blocking of the sound, which means that the sound gets locked
in the articulation point (makhraj) ‫ المخرج‬, like when you say: ‫أق‬, ‫أء‬.
The letters of this spell: (‫)أجد قط بكت‬, which are eight letters: – ‫ء – ج‬
‫د – ق – ط – ب – ك – ت‬.
The Flabbiness (Ar Rakhawah) ‫الرخاوة‬
The flow of the sound, which means that the sound flows in the
articulation point (makhraj) ‫المخرج‬, like when you say: ‫أف‬, ‫أذ‬. The
letters are the remaining letters after the strength letters and the
moderation letters (written below).
The Moderation (At Tawassut) ‫سط‬
ُّ ‫التو‬
The initial blocking of the sound and then the flow of it, as the sound
starts with strength (locked in the makhraj) then ends as a flow
sound (ends with flabbiness), like when you say: ‫أن‬, ‫أل‬. The letters
of this spell: (‫)لن عمر‬, which are five letters: ‫ل – ن – ع – م – ر‬.
The Whisper (Al Hams) ‫الهمس‬
When the sound of the letter would be aired (mixed with exhale
breath), like when you say: ‫أث‬, ‫أس‬. The letters of this spell: ( ‫فحثه‬
‫)شخص سكت‬, which are ten letters – ‫ف – ح – ث – هـ – ش – خ – ص – س‬
‫ك – ت‬.
The Apparent (Al Jahr) ‫الجهر‬
When the sound of the letter would be unaired (not mixed with
exhale breath), like when you say: ‫أغ‬, ‫أو‬. Letters of this are the
remaining letters after the whisper letters.

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The Elevation (Al Isti’laa) ‫االستعالء‬
Rising up the back tongue intentionally while pronouncing the
letter, which makes the sound heavy, like when you say: ‫أص‬, ‫أخ‬.
The letters of this spell: (‫)خص ضغط قظ‬, which are seven: ‫خ – ص – ض‬
‫ ط – ق – ظ‬- ‫– غ‬.
The Lowering (Al Istifaal) ‫االستفال‬
Non rising up of the back tongue intentionally while pronouncing
the letter, which makes the sound light, like when you say: ‫أح‬, ‫أز‬.
Letters of this are the remaining letters after the elevation letters.
The Adhering (Al Itbaq) ‫اإلطباق‬
Extra rising up of the back tongue intentionally while pronouncing
the letter, which makes the sound heavier, like when you say: ‫أض‬,
‫أط‬. Letters of this are ‫ص – ض – ط – ظ‬, which are four. As a matter
of fact, these letters are from elevation letters, so we do say that
every adhered letter is elevated.
The Separation (Al Infitaaḥ) ‫االنفتاح‬
To understand the practical meaning for this characteristic we have
to know that its letters are the remaining letters after adhering
letters, which means that three elevated letters are included in this:
(‫ خ‬- ‫غ‬- ‫)ق‬, in addition to all the Arabic lowering (light) letters.
 The meaning of the separation in the heavy letters ‫ خ‬- ‫غ‬- ‫ق‬:
Decreasing the level of the rising up in the back tongue intentionally
while pronouncing the letter, which makes the sound less heavy
compared to the adhered heavy letters.
 The meaning of the separation in the light letters
Weakness in the letter sound as the mouth is not full of its echo.

- 16 -
Since the separation characteristic contains heavy and light letters,
we can say: every adhered letter is elevated, but not every elevated
letter is adhered and every light letter is separated.
By coming to this point we have finished speaking about the
characteristics with opposites, and we have to consider that:
o The strength characteristic is opposite to the flabbiness
characteristic.
o The moderation is opposite to the strength and the flabbiness
characteristics, which means that the moderated letter does
not have only strength or only flabbiness, but it has both of
them in sequence.
o The whisper characteristic is opposite to the apparent
characteristic.
o The adhering characteristic is opposite to the separation
characteristic.
The strength, the moderation, the apparent, the elevation and the
adhering are strong characteristics.
The flabbiness, the whisper, the lowering, the separation are weak
characteristics.
Since the mentioned characteristics are opposites: each letter has
to have only one characteristic from each two opposites.
There is another type of characteristics, which is called:
Individual Characteristics: they can be found only in certain
letters and they don’t have opposites.

- 17 -
Individual Characteristics:
The Bouncing (Qalqalah) ‫القلقلة‬
Its letters which spell: (‫)قطب جد‬, are five letters:‫ ق– ط – ب – ج – د‬.
The Spreading (At Tafashee) ‫التفشي‬
ِّ
Only the letter ‫ش‬.
The Flexibility (Al Leen) ‫اللين‬
Its letters are ‫ ي‬- ‫و‬, which have to be vowelless preceded by fathah
and they are non-lengthening letters.
The Extending (Al Istitaalah) ‫االستطالة‬
Only the letter ‫ض‬.
The Deviation (drifting) (Al Inḥeraaf) ‫االنحراف‬
Its letters ‫ ر‬- ‫ل‬.
The Repeating (At Takreer) ‫التكرير‬
Only the letter ‫ر‬.
The Whistle (As Safeer) ‫صفير‬
َّ ‫ال‬
Its letters are ‫س – ص – ز‬.
The Nasalization (Al Ghunnah) ‫الغُنَّة‬
Its letters are ‫ م‬- ‫ن‬.
All of the individual characteristics of letters are strong except for
the flexibility as it is weak.
For understanding the practical meaning for each of the individual
characteristics it would be important to first study the articulation
points (makharij) and the characteristics with opposites for each
category.

- 18 -
 The Articulation Points (Makharij), The
Characteristics With Opposites and
Characteristics Without Opposites for
Each Letter
All of the Arabic letters articulate from five areas called major
makharij which are:
o The throat (Al-Ḥalq)
o The tongue (Al-Lisaan)
o The lips (Ash-Shafatain)
o The nasal cavity only mentioned with (‫ م‬- ‫( )ن‬Al-Khaishoom)
o The hollow space in the throat and the oral cavity (Al-Jawf)
Before explaining the makhraj and the characteristics for each
letter, you should know:
You can practice pronouncing each letter by making it a consonant
preceded with a vowelled hamzah and hold on to this sound until
you can feel its makhraj, however through revising the practical
meaning for each characteristic you will recognize its
characteristics.
*******
Throat Articulation Points
The deepest part of the throat against the opposite side of itself
(the deepest part as well) due to the throat being cylindrical in
shape:
Two letters are articulated from here: ‫ ء‬and ‫هـ‬.

‫ ء‬characteristics: strength – apparent – lowering – separation.

- 19 -
‫ هـ‬characteristics: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation.

The middle throat against the opposite side of itself due to the
throat being cylindrical in shape:

Two letters are articulated from here: ‫ ع‬and ‫ح‬.

‫ ع‬characteristics: moderation – apparent – lowering – separation.

Moderation in the ‫ ع‬means: the sound of the ‫ ع‬starts blocked

and ends flowing for a short time then stops uncontrollably, so if
you would say consonant (sakin) ‫ ع‬and if your sound would flow
in it without stopping – as you would be able to control the sound
time – therefore you are not in the right makhraj.

‫ ح‬characteristics: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation.

The highest part of the throat against the opposite side of itself
due to the throat being cylindrical in shape:
Two letters are articulated from here: ‫ غ‬and ‫خ‬.

‫ غ‬characteristics: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – separation.

‫ خ‬characteristics: flabbiness – whisper – elevation – separation.

******
Tongue Articulation Points
When the back of the tongue collides with the back roof of the
mouth (the soft palate), the letter articulated here is: ‫ق‬.

- 20 -
Characteristics: strength – apparent – elevation – separation –
bouncing.
Bouncing or qalqalah ( ‫ )القلقلة‬is an individual characteristic, which
practically means: the disengagement (disarticulation) between
the two sides of the makhraj with a push after the blockage of it, as
the letter sound comes out apparently with a strong accent (echo).
When the back of the tongue collides with the back roof of the
mouth a little bit under the ‫( ق‬the hard palate), the letter articulated
here: ‫ك‬.
Characteristics: strength – whisper – lowering – separation.
Because there is whisper in the ‫ك‬: it cannot have qalqalah as the
qalqalah exists only in a letter with strength and apparent, and all
the strength and apparent letters have qalqalah except for the ‫ء‬.
******
When the middle tongue collides with the roof of the mouth, three
letters are articulated: ‫ج – ش – ي‬.
Characteristics of ‫ج‬: strength – apparent – lowering – separation –
qalqalah.
Characteristics of ‫ش‬: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation
– spreading.
The spreading (tafashee) means the state of circulating the air of
the ‫( ش‬the exhale used for pronouncing it) in the oral cavity.
The spreading is an uncontrollable characteristic, as the reciter has
only to adjust the ‫ ش‬makhraj, it will be articulated with its whisper
and flabbiness, and thus this is its spreading.

- 21 -
The spreading plays a big role in differentiating the ‫ ش‬from ‫ج‬, as
the ‫ ج‬has strength and apparent which causes its qalqalah, but the
‫ ش‬has whisper and flabbiness.
Accordingly, if ‫ ج‬is pronounced with flabbiness and whisper then
this denotes you are not in the right makhraj as it was articulated
with the wrong characteristics.
As a matter of fact, if the sound could flow in the ‫ ج‬it would not be
possible for it to have qalqalah.
Characteristics of ‫ي‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation
- flexibility.
Practically the flexibility (al-leen) means: the possibility of changing
the makhraj for the vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by fathah (if there is a
reason), as it could be produced from the jawf (the hollow space in
the throat and the oral cavity) instead of articulating from the middle
tongue, so in this case its time would be measured by vowel counts
(ḥarakat ), which is called the soft lengthening due to the presented
sukoon, as in:
ْ
Stopping on: "‫"الب ْيت‬,"‫"قريش‬, as it is allowed to lengthen the ‫ ي‬in such
َ َ
words with 2, 4 or 6 ḥarakat .
Also in the soft madd due to the original sukoon in the ‫ ع‬as a
separate or single standing letter in the beginning of some Quran
chapters (surah), it is permitted to lengthen the ‫ ي‬in middle of it by
4 or 6 ḥarakat , which will be explained in the lengthening and
shortening lesson in detail.
******
When the wide tip of the tongue collides with the gum line of the
upper central incisors (the frontal area in the roof of the mouth),
three letters are articulated: (‫) ط – د – ت‬.

- 22 -
Characteristics of ‫ط‬: strength – apparent – elevation – adhering –
qalqalah.
Characteristics of ‫د‬: strength – apparent – lowering – separation –
qalqalah.
Characteristics of ‫ت‬: strength – whisper – lowering – separation.
The whisper in ‫ ت‬comes after the blockage (the strength).
******
From the narrow tip of the tongue against what is aligned with it
from the gums of the top incisors, one letter would be articulated:
‫ن‬.
Characteristics of ‫ن‬: moderation – apparent – lowering – separation
– nasalization (ghunnah).
Nasalization (al-ghunnah) an individual characteristic that
describes the nice resonance, which comes out from the nasal
cavity, above the roof of the mouth, behind the two nostrils.
Moderation in ‫ ن‬means that its sound starts blocked (with strength)
in the narrow tip of the tongue and ends flowing (with flabbiness) in
the nasal cavity, therefore every ‫ ن‬sound ends with ghunnah.
When the ghunnah sound stops involuntary after a short flowing, it
is known as the clear ‫ن‬, as in “‫” َم ْن ءا َمن‬, which is the moderate ‫ن‬, and
this is the original one.
When the ghunnah takes more time, as can be controlled, this
would be an incidental way for pronouncing the ‫ن‬, which takes it
out of the moderation category, this happens with both of the
geminated (mushaddad) and the merged ‫ ن‬like: “‫ ”الجنَّة‬, “‫”من نِّعمة‬.

******

- 23 -
When the narrow tip of tongue touches the gums of the top incisors
a little bit further or inside the mouth than the ‫ن‬, one letter would be
articulated: ‫ر‬.
Characteristics of ‫ر‬: moderation – apparent – lowering – separation
– deviation – repeating.
The ‫ ر‬is the only letter which has two individual characteristics.
In order to completely understand both the deviation and repeating
characteristics of ‫ ر‬we need to first understand the moderation
characteristic in it.
Moderation in ‫ر‬:
Its sound starts blocked (with strength) in the two sides of the
narrow tip tongue while the reciter cannot neither feel the blockage
nor control it, then the exhale which carries its sound would direct
to push the tongue tip forward as the tongue tip would trill for one
time, so one ‫ ر‬would be articulated. The tongue tip can go back to
its first position and trill for another time as another ‫ ر‬would come
out and repeat the whole process again for another ‫ر‬, ect.
The sequence of the blockage then the flow is known as
moderation.
The sound leaving out its blockage place to end up pushing the
tongue tip forward is known as deviation (al- inḥiraaf).
The probability of the ‫ ر‬articulation point to go back to the original
position after each trill, as the trill happens continuously would
cause many ‫ ر‬to occur and this is known as repeating (takreer).
The repeating means to do something several times, therefore the
one trill which is indispensable for articulating the ‫ ر‬is not
repeating.

- 24 -
The ‫ ر‬is characterized by repeating as an alert for the possibility of
the frequent trilling, which is faulty as it produces many ‫ ر‬sounds,
and this is incorrect.
******
From the topside of the tip of the tongue against the edges of the
top incisors, three letters would be articulated: ‫ظ – ذ – ث‬.
Characteristics of ‫ظ‬: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – adhering.
Characteristics of ‫ذ‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation.

Characteristics of ‫ث‬: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation.

******
When the topside of the tip of the tongue, is placed between the
edges of the top incisors and the edges of the lower incisors three
letters are articulated: ‫ص – ز – س‬.
Characteristics of ‫ص‬: flabbiness – whisper – elevation – adhering –
whistle.
Characteristics of ‫ز‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation
whistle.
Characteristics of ‫س‬: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation –
whistle.
The whistle (as - Safeer) is an individual characteristic, which
means: the hissing or sharpness of the sound according to its
surges from in between the front incisors, which are very narrow.
The reciter should not interfere into this characteristic, he has to
only collide right in the makhraj as the letter would be

- 25 -
characteristized by its characteristics, yet this characteristic is very
important for the differentiation between:

‫ ز‬and ‫ ذ‬, as the ‫ ز‬sound is sharpener than the ‫ ذ‬sound.

‫ س‬and ‫ ث‬as the ‫ س‬sound is sharpener than the ‫ ث‬sound.

ُ ) shape while pronouncing the

Stimulating or forming the (ُ
‫ص‬:
Doing this would make the ‫ ص‬extra heavy and extremely increases
the exhale used for it, however the ‫ س‬whistle has to be more than
‫ ص‬whistle. As it is known: the more strong characteristics that the
whistle letter has, the less whistle it would have. Since the ‫ ص‬is
elevated and adhered while the ‫ س‬is lowered and separated,
forming the dammah shape with the ‫ ص‬would affect the balance of
the whistle.
There is no relationship between forming the dammah and
whistling in the ‫ص‬:
It is important to pay close attention to the fact that the whistle, as
we have mentioned before, does not need the reciter to interfere
into it, rather he has to collide right in the ‫ ص – ز – س‬makhraj,
thereby the letter would be characteristized by its characteristics
including the whistle.
******
From the front right and left borders of the tongue against the
gums of the adjoining upper teeth, one letter is articulated: ‫ل‬.
Characteristics of the ‫ل‬: moderation – apparent – lowering –
separation – deviation.

- 26 -
Deviation (‫ )االنحراف‬is an individual characteristic, and we
cannot understand the meaning of the deviation in the ‫ل‬,
unless we understand the moderation in it.
Moderation in ‫ل‬:
Its sound starts blocked (strength) in the two front borders of the
tongue, while the reciter cannot neither feel the blockage nor
control it. Then the exhale which carries its sound directs towards
the two back edges of the tongue, which flows shortly then stops
involuntarily.
The sequence of the blockage then the flow is moderation
(‫)التوسط‬.
The sound leaving out its blockage place towards the two
back borders is deviation (‫)االنحراف‬.
Stimulating the deviation in the ‫ ل‬does not mean moving the
tongue right and left:
As this is faulty and no arabic letter would be pronounced with this
odd way, rather:
The reciter has to hold the two front borders on the gums of the
front teeth while pronouncing the ‫ل‬, then the sound will deviate
spontaneously, as the reciter cannot control the deviation, since it
is a natural result for the moderation.
From the back lateral borders of the tongue against the gums
of the top adjoining molars, one letter is articulated: ‫ض‬.
Characteristics of ‫ض‬: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – adhering
– extending.
Extending is an individual characteristic, only ‫ ض‬has it, why?

- 27 -
We have to manage the two front borders (the ‫ ل‬makhraj), to create
a space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth as the sound
would flow in the two back borders.
The scholars called using the ‫ ل‬makhraj as a brace for the flow
of the sound in the two back borders the extending.
Which means that the ‫ ض‬makhraj extends by using both of the
lateral borders (the fronts and backs), considering that the flow is
only in the two back borders.
******
Lips Articulation Points
From the edges of the top front incisors against the inner border
of the lower lip, one letter is articulated: ‫ف‬.
Characteristics of ‫ف‬: flabbiness – whisper – lowering – separation.
From the inner border of the upper lip with the inner border of
the lower lip, three letters are articulated: ‫ب – م – و‬.
Characteristics of ‫ب‬: strength – apparent – lowering – separation –
qalqalah.
Qalqalah has been explained before.
Characteristics of ‫م‬: moderation – apparent – lowering –
separation – ghunnah.
Ghunnah is an individual characteristic which expresses the
resonance and comforts the ears. Ghunnah comes from the nasal
cavity which lies above the roof of the mouth behind the two
nostrils.
Moderation in the ‫ م‬means that its sound starts blocked (strength)
in between the two inner borders of the upper and the lower lips,

- 28 -
and ends flowing (flabbiness) in the nasal cavity, therefore every ‫م‬
sound ends with ghunnah.
If the ghunnah sound stops involuntary after a short running, this is
the clear ‫م‬, as in: “‫”عليكم أنفسكُم‬, which is the moderate and original ‫م‬.
If the ghunnah took more time, as we can control it, this is an
incidental way for pronouncing the ‫م‬, which takes it out of the
moderation category, this happens with both of the stressed
(mushaddad) and the merged ‫ م‬like: “‫ ”ه َّمت‬, “‫ ”أم َّمن‬, or while
merging the ‫ ن‬with the ‫ م‬as in: "‫ "من َّمال‬.
Characteristics of ‫و‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation
– flexibility.
Practically the flexibility means: the possibility of changing the
makhraj for the consonant ‫ و‬preceded by fathah (if there is a
reason), as it could be articulated from the jawf (the hollow space
in the throat and the oral cavity) instead of articulating from
between the two lips. In this case its time would be measured by
ḥarakat, which is called the soft lengthening due to the presented
sukoon, as in:
َ as it is allowed to lengthen the ‫ و‬in such
Stopping on: “‫”ال َموت‬,”‫”خوف‬,
words with 2 – 4 – 6 ḥarakat.
At this point, we have demonstrated articulation points and
characteristics of the letters which come from:
The Throat, The Tongue and The lips.
*******

- 29 -
 Jawf articulation points
The jawf is the hollow space that extends from the larynx up to the
end of the two lips, in other words it is the hollow space in the throat
and the oral cavity.
Three letters are emitted from the jawf: ‫ا – و – ي‬, which are called
lengthening and soft letters (madd and leen letters).
Each of them has to be preceded with a homogeneous ḥarakah,
as in:
The ‫ ا‬has to be preceded by fathah, as in: “‫”قَا َل‬
The ‫ و‬has to be preceded by dammah, as in: “‫” َيقُو ُل‬
The ‫ ي‬has to be preceded by kasrah, as in: “‫” ِّقي َل‬

First: the ‫ا‬

The ‫ ا‬can only take on one form: vowelless preceded by fathah.
Characteristics of the ‫ا‬: flabbiness – apparent.
It can never be characterized by elevation or lowering, adhesion or
separation, due to the following:
If the ‫ ا‬was preceded by an elevated adhesion letter like: “‫” َطا َل‬,
َ ‫ض‬
“‫الين‬ َ ”, “‫” َظالم‬, “‫ِّق‬
َ ‫صاد‬
َ ”, the reciter would keep - while pronouncing it -
the position of the back of the tongue for the preceding letter to it,
therefore, the ‫ ا‬itself would not be characterized by elevation or
adhesion, rather they are the preceding letter characteristics.
If the ‫ ا‬was preceded by an elevated separation letter like: “ ‫”قَا َل‬,
َ ”, “‫اف‬
“‫غافِّر‬ َ
َ ‫”خ‬, the The reciter would keep - while pronouncing it -
the position of the back of the tongue for the preceding letter to it,
therefore, the ‫ ا‬itself would not be characterized by elevation or
separation, rather they are the preceding letter characteristics.

- 30 -
If the ‫ ا‬was preceded by a lowering separation letter like: “ ‫” َمال‬,
“‫سنَا ِّب َل‬ ِّ َ‫” َطع‬, the The reciter would keep - while pronouncing it -
َ ”, “ َ‫امك‬
the position of the back of the tongue for the preceding letter to it,
therefore, the ‫ ا‬itself would not be characterized by lowering or
separation, otherwise they are the preceding letter characteristics.
Regarding, the ‫ ا‬being heavy if it was preceded by an elevation
letter with adhesion or separation and it being light if it was
preceded by a lowering letter with separation.
Briefly, the ‫ ا‬would be heavy after a heavy letter and light after a
light letter.
Second: the ‫و‬
We have mentioned that we have two ‫و‬
 Vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by fathah like in “‫”خَ ْوف‬, which is called
the flexible or leen ‫و‬, is articulated from in between the two
lips, and we have explained its characteristics.
 Vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by dammah like in “‫”يقول‬, which is called
the soft and lengthened ‫و‬, is articulated from the jawf with the
participation of forming the dammah by rounding the two lips.

Characteristics of ‫و‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation.

This ‫ و‬is always light since it does not follow the preceding letter.
Linguistically, there is no vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by kasrah.
Third: the ‫ي‬
We have mentioned that we have two ‫ي‬
 Vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by fathah like in “‫”بَيت‬, which is called
the flexible or leen ‫ي‬, is articulated from the middle of the
tongue against what is aligned to it from the roof of the mouth,
and we have explained its characteristics.

- 31 -
  Vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by kasrah like in “‫يل‬ َ ِّ‫”ق‬, which is called
the soft and lengthened ‫ي‬, is articulated from the jawf with the
participation of lowering the middle of the tongue.

Characteristics of ‫ي‬: flabbiness – apparent – lowering – separation.

This ‫ ي‬is always light since it does not follow the preceding letter.
Linguistically, there is no vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by dammah.
Upon detailed explanation of the characteristics of the three
jawf letters, we should wonder about:
Why within the three jawf letters only the ‫ ا‬is always vowelless
preceded by fathah, soft and lengthened and follows the preceding
letter in heaviness and lightness with no other option?
The answer:
The ‫ ا‬is the only letter that does not have an articulation point with
two sides which collide with each other, hence the sound would be
blocked in between these two sides thus the letter would be
articulated.
Therefore, the ‫ ا‬must follow the jawf stipulation which is the
homogenization with the preceding harakah, otherwise the ‫ ا‬would
not have any other makhraj.
Contrarily, the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬, unlike the ‫ا‬:
When they are vowelless preceded by fathah they lose the
homogenization with the preceding harakah:
The ‫ و‬would have another makhraj other than the jawf which is the
two lips, and the ‫ ي‬would have another makhraj other than the jawf
which is the middle of the tongue.

- 32 -
Since the characteristics of elevation, lowering, adhesion and
separation are describing the position of the back of the tongue
during the collision between the two sides of the makhraj, the ‫ ا‬is
not characterized with any of them, it does not have any makhraj
with two colliding sides and as a result the ‫ ا‬would follow the
preceding letter in heaviness and lightness.
Also contrarily, the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬, unlike the ‫ا‬:
In the lengthened ‫و‬, the sound flows in the jawf with the
participation of forming the dammah by rounding the two lips.
In the lengthened ‫ي‬, the sound flows in the jawf with the
participation of lowering the middle of the tongue.
The back of the tongue in both of the letters would take the lowering
and separation position, therefore:
Both of the ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬don’t follow the preceding letter in heaviness
and lightness since they are lowering and separation letters,
thereby they are always light.

Questions
1. Define the characteristics of: The strength, the flabbiness and
the moderation and mention their letters.
2. Define the characteristics of: The whisper and the apparent and
mention their letters.
3. Define the characteristics of: The elevation and the lowering and
mention their letters.
4. Define the characteristics of: The adhesion and the separation
and mention their letters.
5. What is the meaning of the separation in the elevation letters?

- 33 -
6. What is the meaning of the separation in the lowering letters?
7. Mention the characteristics with opposites and describe each
with its opposite.
8. What are the strong characteristics of letters and what are the
strong letters?
9. Mention the individual characteristics, list the letters for each,
and are all of them strong?
10. All the letters we pronounce are articulated from five areas of
the mouth and throat, called general articulation points, mention
them.
11. How would we identify the letter articulation points and
characteristics?
12. Where do the letters ‫ ء‬and ‫ هـ‬articulate from?
Give examples of a vowelless ‫ ء‬and a vowelless ‫ هـ‬and explain:
The characteristics for each, and how would you apply
these characteristics practically?
13. Where do the ‫ ع‬and the ‫ ح‬articulate from?
Give examples of a vowelless‫ ع‬and a vowelless ‫ ح‬and explain:
The characteristics for each, and how would you apply these
characteristics practically?
14. Where do the letters ‫ غ‬and the ‫ خ‬articulate from?
Give examples of a vowelless ‫ غ‬and a vowelless ‫ خ‬and explain:
The characteristics for each, and how would you apply
these characteristics practically?

- 34 -
15. Where do the letters ‫ ق‬and the ‫ ك‬articulate from?
Give examples of a vowelless ‫ ق‬and a vowelless ‫ ك‬and explain:

The characteristics for each, and how would you apply these
characteristics practically?

16. Explain why the ‫ ك‬does not have qalqalah?

17. Where do the letters ‫ج‬, ‫ ش‬and ‫ ي‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ج‬, a vowelless ‫ ش‬and a vowelless
‫ ي‬and explain:

The characteristics for each, and how would you apply

these characteristics practically?

18. What is the benefit of the spreading characteristic for the ‫?ش‬

19. “The sound must not run in the ‫ج‬, and it is characterized with
qalqalah” explain the sentence.

20. What is the applied meaning for the flexibility in the ‫?ي‬

21. Where do the letters ‫ط‬, ‫ )د‬and ‫ ت‬articulate from?

Give an example of a vowelless ‫ط‬, a vowelless
‫ د‬and a vowelless ‫ ت‬and explain:

The characteristics for each, and how would you apply

these characteristics practically?

22. What is the difference between the whisper in the strength

letters, and the whisper in the flabbiness letters?

- 35 -
23. Where does the‫ ن‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ ن‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
24. What is the meaning of the moderation in the ‫?ن‬
25. What is the case for the ‫ ن‬to be original? And what is the case
for it to be incidental?
26. Where does the ‫ ر‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ ر‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
27. “There is no way to understand both the deviation and the
repeating in the ‫ر‬, unless we understand the moderation in it”.
Explain.
28. (The ‫ ر‬is characterized with the repeating since it has to be
repeated) is this correct? Justify.
29. Where do the letters ‫ظ‬, ‫ ذ‬and ‫ ث‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ظ‬, a vowelless
‫ ذ‬and a vowelless ‫ ث‬and explain:
The characteristics for each, and how would you apply
these characteristics practically?
30. Where do the letters ‫ ز‬,‫ ص‬and ‫ س‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ص‬, a vowelless ‫ ز‬and a vowelless
‫ س‬and explain:

- 36 -
The characteristics for each, and how would you apply
these characteristics practically?
31. What is meant by the whistle in the three letters? Does the
reciter have any control over it? What is its benefit?
32. Does the whistle in the ‫ ص‬mean that you have to form the
dammah shape with your lips? What is wrong about doing this?
33. Where does the ‫ ل‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ ل‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
34. “There is no way to understand the deviation in the ‫ل‬, unless
we understand the moderation in it.” Explain.
35. Does the deviation in the ‫ ل‬mean that you should move your
tongue right or left? And what is correct?
36. Where does the letter ‫ ض‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ ض‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
37. Why the letter ‫ ض‬have extending characteristic?
38. Where does the letter ‫ ف‬articulate from?
Give an example of a vowelless ‫ ف‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?

- 37 -
39. Where do the letters ‫ب‬, ‫ م‬and ‫ و‬articulate from?
Give an example a vowelless ‫ ب‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
40. Give an example a vowelless ‫م‬, and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
41. What is the meaning of the moderation in the ‫?م‬
42. What is the case for the ‫ م‬to be original? And what is the case
for it to be incidental? Give examples.
43. Give an example a vowelless ‫ و‬and explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
44. What is the applied meaning of the flexibility in the ‫?و‬
45. What is the Jawf articulation point? What are its letters? What
are they called? What is the condition for each letter?
46. What are the characteristics of the letter ‫?ا‬
47. “The ‫ ا‬follows the preceding letter since it can never be
characterized by elevation or lowering, adhesion or separation.”
Explain and exemplify.
48. We have mentioned two ‫ و‬in makharij, explain.
49. Give an example of a vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by dammah, and
explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply characteristics
practically?

- 38 -
50. Is there in the language vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by kasrah?
51. We have mentioned two ‫ ي‬in makharij, explain.
52. Give an example a vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by kasrah, and
explain:
Its characteristics, and how would you apply these characteristics
practically?
53. Is there in the language vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by dammah?
54. “The ‫ ا‬can only take on one form: vowelless preceded by
fathah, and it has to follow the preceding letter in heaviness and
lightness, other than the ‫ و‬and the ‫”ي‬, explain in detail.

- 39 -
 Third Chapter
Heaviness and
Lightness

- 40 -
 Heaviness and lightness
Heaviness (Tafkheem): thickening the sound of the letter.
Lightness (Tarqeeq): thinning the sound of the letter.
Arabic letters are grouped into three categories based on
their heaviness and lightness:
 Heavy letters
 Light letters
 Occasionally heavy or light letters

Heavy letters
The seven elevated letters which are collected in the sentence
(‫)خص ضغط قظ‬: ‫ خ‬- ‫ ص‬- ‫غ – ض‬- ‫ ط‬- ‫ ق‬- ‫ظ‬. All of them are heavy since
elevation causes heaviness.
These seven letters are into two groups:
 Adhesion and elevation letters, which are four: ‫ص– ظ– ض – ط‬.
 Separation and elevation letters, which are three: ‫خ –غ – ق‬.
The elevated adhesion letters are more elevated than the
separated adhesion letters, therefore: the adhesion letter is heavier
than the separated one.
The heaviness in each of the seven letters depends on the strong
and weak characteristics in it.
The stronger characteristics the letter has, the heavier it would be.
The elevation adhesion letters characteristics:
‫ط‬: strength – apparent – elevation – adhesion – qalqalah.
All are strong characteristics which cause the ‫ ط‬to be the heaviest
letter of all.

- 41 -
‫ض‬: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – adhesion – extending.
Right next to the ‫ ط‬in the heaviness, since it has one weak
characteristic which is flabbiness.
‫ظ‬: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – adhesion.
Right next to the ‫ ض‬in heaviness, since it is characterized with
flabbiness and the total of the strong characteristics in it is less than
the ‫ض‬.
‫ص‬: flabbiness – whisper – elevation – adhesion – whistle.
It has two weak characteristics (flabbiness and whisper), so it is
next to the ‫ ظ‬in strength.
Note: the closer the adhesion letter to the roof of the mouth the
more adhesion it gets which means the heavier it is, therefore the
‫ ط‬is heavier than the ‫ص‬.
As for the elevation separation letters characteristics:
‫ق‬: strength – apparent – elevation – separation – qalqalah.
All are strong characteristics except for the separation, which
causes it to be the heaviest in the elevation separation letters but it
is weaker than the ‫ص‬.
‫غ‬: flabbiness – apparent – elevation – separation.
Since it has two weak characteristics (flabbiness and separation),
it is less than the‫ ق‬in heaviness.
‫خ‬: flabbiness – whisper – elevation – separation.
This has only one strong characteristic (elevation), so it is less than
the ‫ غ‬in heaviness moreover it is the least in heaviness.
Accordingly, the letters levels due the heaviness:
‫ ط‬then ‫ ض‬then ‫ ظ‬then ‫ ص‬then ‫ ق‬then ‫ غ‬then ‫خ‬.
However the heaviness level changes due to the harkah which the
letter can be marked with:

- 42 -
The heaviest is the letter which have fathah and followed by ‫ا‬
Then the letter with fathah
Then the letter with dammah
Then the sakin (vowelless) letter
Then the letter with kasrah.

Light letters
All the lowering letters and all of them have separation as well.
They are the rest of the letters after the elevation letters except for
the ‫ ل‬and the ‫ر‬.

Occasionally heavy or light letters

Three letters: ‫ ا‬- ‫ ر‬- ‫ل‬.
The ‫ا‬
The ‫ ا‬follows the preceding letter in heaviness and lightness.

In: ٣ :‫ﱞ ﱟﱠﱡﱢﭼ الفلق‬ ‫ﭽ‬

The ‫ ا‬after the ‫ غ‬in (‫ )غاسق‬is heavy since the ‫ غ‬has elevation and
separation.
The ‫ ا‬after the ‫ ذ‬in (‫ )إذا‬is light since the ‫ ذ‬has lowering and
separation

In: ٤١ :‫ﭽ ﱔﱕﱖﭼ الليل‬

The ‫ ا‬after the ‫ ن‬in (‫)نارا‬

ً is light since the ‫ ن‬has lowering and
separation.
The ‫ ا‬after the ‫ ظ‬in (‫ )تلظى‬is heavy since the ‫ ظ‬has elevation and
adhesion.

- 43 -
Notice that the ‫ ا‬in (‫ )غاسق‬is less heavy than the ‫ ا‬in (‫ )تلظى‬since the
first is preceded by an elevation separation letter and the second
is preceded by an elevation adhesion letter.
Conclusion: the ‫ ا‬after the lowering letters is light.
The ‫ ا‬after the elevation letters is heavy.
The ‫ ا‬after the adhesion letters is heavier than the ‫ ا‬after the
separation letters.

The ‫ل‬
The ‫ ل‬is a lowering separation letter, has to be light, except in the
following:
The ‫ ل‬in the glorified word (‫)الله‬, has to be heavy after the dammah
or the fathah and it has to be light after the kasrah.

In:٤٣ :‫ﭽ ﱽ ﱾﱿﲀﲁﲂﲃﭼ الشمس‬

The ‫ ل‬is heavy in two words after the dammah and the fathah.

In:٨ :‫ﭽ ﱩ ﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﭼ البروج‬

The ‫ ل‬is light since it is preceded by kasrah.

Notice that the ‫ ل‬in (‫ )الله‬is followed by ‫ ا‬as we say (‫ )الاله‬and this ‫ا‬
has to be heavy after the heavy ‫ ل‬and light after the light ‫ل‬.

The ‫ر‬
Although the ‫ ر‬has the characteristics of being a light letter as it has
lowering and separation, it is mostly heavy except in the following
four cases:

- 44 -
  If the ‫ ر‬is marked with kasrah as in:

٢ :‫ﭽ ﱙ ﱚ ﱛ ﭼ الفلق‬

The ‫ ر‬in “‫”شر‬

ِّ is light since it has kasrah.
 If the ‫ ر‬is vowelless preceded by kasrah as in:

٢٤ :‫ﭽ ﳇ ﳈ ﳉﳊ ﭼ الغاشية‬

The ‫ ر‬in “‫”فذكر‬

ِّ is light since it is vowelless preceded by kasrah.
Also if we stopped on “‫ ”مذكر‬the ‫ ر‬will be light as it has to be
vowelless due to the stopping preceded with kasrah.
Note: if the ‫ ر‬was vowelless preceded by kasrah and the next letter
to it is heavy with fathah, the ‫ ر‬has to be heavy, this happens five
times in the Quran:

٢٤ :‫ﭽﲜ ﭼ النبأ‬

٤١ :‫ﭽ ﲔ ﭼ الفجر‬

٧ :‫ﭽ ﲭ ﭼ األنعام‬

٤٠٧ :‫ﭽ ﱉ ﭼ التوبة‬

٤٢٢ :‫ﭽﳀ ﭼ التوبة‬

If the heavy letter after the vowelless ‫ ر‬has kasrah, this ‫ ر‬can be
either heavy or light. This happens in one word in the Quran: “ٍ‫” ِف ْرق‬
shoaraa 63.

- 45 -
  If the ‫ ر‬is vowelless - due to stopping on it - preceded
by a vowelless letter preceded by kasrah as in:

٥ :‫ﱡ ﱠﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥﱠ الفجر‬

The ‫ ر‬in “‫”ح ْجر‬
ِّ is light if we stopped on it with sukoon and the letter
before it is vowelless preceded by kasrah.
Also in:

.٣٣ :‫ﭽ ﱁ ﱂ ﱃ ﱄ ﱅ ﱆ ﱇ ﱈ ﱉ ﱊ ﱋ ﭼ القصص‬

The ‫ ر‬in “‫”س ْحر‬

ِّ is light if we stopped on it with sukoon and the letter
before it is vowelless preceded by kasrah.
Note: in both of “‫”ح ْجر‬ ِّ and “‫”س ْحر‬
ِّ the letter before the ‫ ر‬was light, if
it was heavy the ‫ ر‬can be light or heavy. This happens in two words:
ْ ‫ ”ال ِّق‬if we stopped on it, as in:
“‫ط ِّر‬

٤٢ :‫ﲙ ﲚ ﲛ ﲜ ﭼ سبأ‬ ‫ﭽ‬

“‫ص َر‬
ْ ‫”م‬
ِّ if we stopped on it, as in:

٨٧ :‫ﭽ ﲨ ﲩ ﲪ ﲫ ﲬ ﭼ يونس‬

٢٤ :‫ﭽ ﲡ ﲢ ﲣ ﲤ ﲥ ﭼ يوسف‬

٩٩ :‫ﭽ ﱳ ﱴ ﭼ يوسف‬

٥٤:‫ﭽ ﱨ ﱩ ﱪ ﱫ ﱬ ﱭ ﭼ الزخرف‬

 If the ‫ ر‬is vowelless - due to stopping on it - preceded

by a vowelless ‫ ي‬as in:

” ………………………….‫ٍضي‬
ٍَ ‫”ال‬, “‫الطي‬
ٍِ ”, “ٍ‫”خبي‬, “ٍ‫“قدير‬

- 46 -
Note: since the ‫ ا‬has only to be preceded by fathah and the ‫ ر‬with
fathah is always heavy, then the ‫ ا‬for the ‫ ر‬has to be heavy.

Questions
1. Define each of heaviness and lightness in terms of arabic letters,
and based on this how many groups are the letters divided into?
2. Mention the heavy letters, and how many groups do they
contain?
3. “The more strong characteristics the elevated letter has, the
heavier is it.” explain.
4. Is the adhesion in the ‫ ص‬stronger than the ‫ ?ظ‬Explain
5. Mention the levels of heaviness for a single letter.
6. What are the light letters?
7. What are the temporary heavy and light letters?
8. “The ‫ ا‬always follows the preceding letter in heaviness and
lightness”. Explain with examples.
9. “The ‫ ل‬is a lowering and separation letter and it has to be light
anyway”. Is this right? Explain with examples.
10. “The ‫ ر‬is a lowering and separation letter but it is mostly heavy
except in four cases”. Explain with examples.
11. There are five words in which the ‫ ر‬in each was vowelless
preceded by kasrah and is heavy, mention the words with
reasoning.
12. What is the word which the ‫ ر‬in it was vowelless preceded by
kasrah, but the ‫ ر‬could be heavy or light? Explain.
ْ ‫ ”ال ِّق‬and “‫ص َر‬
13. Is the ‫ ر‬in “‫ط ِّر‬ ْ ‫”م‬
ِّ heavy or light? Explain?
14. “The ‫ ا‬for the ‫ ر‬has to be heavy” True or false? Explain?

- 47 -
 Fourth Chapter

 Vowelless ‫ ن‬and
Tanween Rules
 Vowelless ‫ م‬rules
 ‫ ن‬with Shaddah
and ‫ م‬with
Shaddah rules

- 48 -
Vowelless ‫( ن‬noon sakinah) and tanween
rules
In the Quran and the Arabic language there are two types of ‫ن‬:
1. The original ‫ن‬:

‫ ٍٍٍٍٍﱡ ﱊ ﱋﱠ‬- ٍ ‫ﱡ ﱙ ﱚﱠ‬

2. Vowelless ‫ ن‬pronounced and not written, instead of writing the

‫ ن‬we double the harakah of the preceded letter, it is called the
tanween ‫ن‬:

The word ‫ﱡ ﱑﱠ‬in surat Al Ikhlas pronounced (‫ )كُف ُ َون‬we notice

that the ‫ و‬has two fathas, the first is original and the second refers
to the ‫ ن‬of the tanween.

The word ‫ﱡ ﱠﱠ‬in surat Al Falaq pronounced (‫اسقن‬ َ ) we notice

ِّ ‫غ‬
that the ‫ ق‬has two kasras, the first is original and the second refers
to the ‫ ن‬of the tanween.

The word ‫ ﱡ ﲐﱠ‬in surat Al Masad pronounced (‫)حبلُن‬

َ we notice
that the ‫ ل‬has two dammas, the first is original and the second
refers to the ‫ ن‬of the tanween.
In the Quran:
We find both types of ‫ ن‬contiguous with other letters, as in:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱸﱹﱺﱻﱼﱠ المسد‬

The tanween ‫ ن‬is followed by ‫ و‬marked with fathah (‫)ل َه ِّبن َوتَب‬

- 49 -
 ٢ :‫ﱡ ﱾﱿﲀﲁﲂﲃﱠ المسد‬

The vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by ‫ ه‬marked with dammah (‫)عنْه‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲅﲆﲇﲈﱠ المسد‬

The tanween ‫ ن‬is followed by ‫ ذ‬marked with fathah (‫)نارن ذَات‬

ْ

٥ :‫ﱡ ﲎ ﲏ ﲐ ﲑ ﲒ ﱠ المسد‬

ْ ‫)حب‬
The tanween ‫ ن‬is followed by ‫ م‬marked with kasrah (‫ْلن ِّمن‬
The vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by ‫ م‬marked with fathah (‫)م ْن َّمسد‬
ِّ

Throughout the Quran, you will find that all the vowelled letters
come after both of the vowelless ‫ ن‬and the tanween.
In Quran, there is a special way to pronounce the vowelless ‫ ن‬and
the tanween depending on the next letter to each.

If the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by one of the

throat letters ( ‫ )ء – هـ – ع – ح – غ – خ‬the rule is throaty (guttural)
making clear (Idhhar).

If the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by one of (‫)يرملون‬

letters ( ‫ ن‬- ‫ )ي – ر – م – ل – و‬the rule is merging (Idghaam).

If the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by ‫ ب‬the rule is

conversion (Qalb).

If the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by one of the

remaining letters after making clear, merging and converting
letters, the rule is hiding (concealment Ikhfaa’).

- 50 -
In conclusion, the four rules are:
Throaty making clear ‫اإلظهار الحلقي‬
Merging ‫اإلدغام‬
Conversion ‫القلب‬
Concealment ‫اإلخفاء‬

There are signs for each rule in the Quran.

Now we will start explaining each rule with its signifying signs.

- 51 -
 First: Throaty (guttural) making clear
Idhaaar Halqy
‫اإلظهار الحلقي‬
The six throat letters for this category are:
(‫)ء – هـ – ع – ح – غ – خ‬.
If any of these pharyngeal/throat letters came after the vowelless ‫ن‬
or the tanween the reciter has to pronounce the vowelless ‫ ن‬without
extending its time as the ghunnah won’t be audible then pronounce
the next letter.
By this the reciter had collided in two articulation points (the ‫ ن‬and
the next letter) which is known as the making clear (‫)اإلظهار‬.
For the ‫ ن‬it is called “throaty making clear or Idhhaar halqy” since
all its six letters are the throat letters.
Here are some examples:

٨ :‫ﱡ ﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﱲﱳﱠ ال بينة‬

On the ‫ ن‬you can see this small sign ‫ ح‬written above the ‫ن‬as the
idhhaar indication in the Moshaf, this sign is found above every ‫ن‬
with idhhaar.

:‫الص‬
٤ ‫ﱡ ﱎﱏﱐﱑﱒﱠ اإلخ‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫ون أَحد‬ْ ‫ )كف‬you can see the
two fathas are written exactly aligned above each other as the
idhhaar indication for tanween with fathah in the Moshaf.

٨ :‫ﱡ ﲱﲲﲳ ﲴﲵﱠ ال تكاثر‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫) َيومئذن عن‬, you can see the
two kasras are written exactly aligned above each other as the
idhhaar indication for tanween with kasrah in the Moshaf.

٦ :‫ﱡ ﱱﱲﱳﱴﱵﱶﱷﱸﱹﱠ ال تين‬

- 52 -
The underlined words are pronounced: (‫ )أجرن غير‬you can see the
two dammas are written riding (above) each other as the idhhaar
indication for tanween with dammah in the Moshaf.
The way of pronunciation:
The The reciter has to pronounce the vowelless ‫ ن‬without
prolonging its time and then pronounce the next letter, as he has
to collide in the vowelless ‫ ن‬then the vowelled throat letter.

Questions
Vowelless ‫ ن‬and Tanween
1. There are two vowelless ‫ ن‬in the Quran, mention and give
examples.
2. If you made a search in every Quran surah, you will find that
all the vowelled letters came after both of the vowelless ‫ن‬
and the tanween, give examples.
3. Mention briefly the rules of the vowelless ‫ ن‬and the tanween.
What are the letters for each rule?
Throaty making clear
4. Complete:
Throat making clear letters are: …………………… .If any of the
throat letters came after the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween the
reciter has to…………………………….. .
By this the reciter had collided in two articulation points (the ‫ن‬
and the next letter) which …………… For the ‫ ن‬it is called
…………… since all its six letters are ………………………. .
5. Show all the making clear spots in surah (Al Falaq & Al
Masad), mentioning the signs for each and the way to
pronounce.

- 53 -
 Second: Merging (with & without ghunnah)
Idghaam bi-Ghunnah & bi-doon Ghunnah
‫اإلدغام بغنة وبدون غنة‬
The six letters for this category are collected in the word: (‫)يرملون‬
(‫)ي – ر – م – ل – و – ن‬.
If any of the above letters came after the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the
tanween in the beginning of the next word the The reciter has to
collide (merge) in this next letter articulation point and say it as a
mushaddad letter (with shaddah):
With ghunnah in the: (‫)ي – م – و – ن‬.
Without ghunnah in: (‫)ر – ل‬.
This way of pronunciation is called Idghaam (merging ‫) اإلدغام‬
The vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween are called the merged letter.
The next letter to the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween is called the
(merged in it letter).
Notice the difference between the making clear and the merging
cases:
In the making clear case we collide in two articulation points: the
vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween then the next letter which has to be
vowelled without shaddah.

In the merging case we collide in one articulation point (the

merged in it letter), and it has to have shaddah which means we
pronounce it as two identical letters, the first is vowelless and the
second is vowelled with only one collision and one parting.
As the collision happens in the merged in letter we get the first
vowelless and then we diverge so we get the second vowelled, all
in one articulation point.

- 54 -
Yet, in the merging: the next letter to the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween
must have shaddah (compulsory gemination) whether the shaddah
was written or not.

Merging with ghunnah

)‫اإلدغام بغنة ( ن – م – و – ي‬
First: The ‫ن‬
Called: Complete Merging with Ghunnah
In:

‫ﱡ ﲶ ﲷﲸﲹﱠ األع ل‬
٩ :‫ى‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)إنَّفَعَت‬,

The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ ء‬in (‫ )ﲷ‬to the ‫ن‬
in (‫) ﲸ‬, and stays in its articulation point for the needed term for a
vowelless ‫ ن‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled
‫ن‬.
Notice that the vowelless ‫ ن‬doesn’t have any written sign (sukoon
here) above while that there is a written shaddah above the ‫ ن‬in
(‫) ﲸ‬.
In:

٢١٣ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇ ………… ﱑﱒ ……………… ﱠ البقرة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫) َم ِّلكنُّقاتل‬,

The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ك‬in (‫ ) ﱑ‬to the

‫ ن‬in (‫ ) ﱒ‬and stays in its makhraj for the needed term for a

- 55 -
vowelless ‫ ن‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled
‫ن‬.
Notice that the two fathahs on the ‫ ك‬are written following each other
while there is a written shaddah on the ‫ ن‬in (‫) ﱒ‬.

In:

٨ :‫ﱡ ﲐﲑﲒﱠ الغاشية‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)يو َمئِّ ِّذنَّاعمة‬,
In this we move directly from the kasrah of the ‫ ذ‬in (‫ ) ﲑ‬to the ‫ن‬
in ( ‫) ﲒ‬, and stay in its articulation point for the needed term for
the vowelless ‫ ن‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the
vowelled ‫ن‬.
Notice that the two kasras under the ‫ ذ‬are written following each
other and there is a shaddah above the ‫ ن‬in (‫) ﲒ‬.
In:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱶﱷﱠ الغاشية‬

ِّ َّ‫املتن‬
The underlined words are pronounced: (‫اصبَة‬ ِّ ‫) َع‬,
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ت‬in (‫ ) ﱶ‬to
the ‫ ن‬in (‫) ﱷ‬, and stays in its articulation point for the needed term
for the vowelless ‫ ن‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the
vowelled ‫ن‬.
Notice that the two dammas above the ‫ ت‬are written following each
other and there is a shaddah above the ‫ ن‬in (‫) ﱷ‬.

- 56 -
 Second: The ‫م‬
Called: Complete Merging with Ghunnah
In:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱙﱚﱛﱠ الطارق‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)م َّماء‬,
ِّ
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫م‬in (‫ ) ﱙ‬to the ‫م‬
in ( ‫)ﱚ‬.
In:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲕﲖﲗﱠ البينة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)رسول ِّمن‬,
َ
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ل‬in (‫ ) ﲕ‬to
the ‫ م‬in (‫)ﲖ‬.

In:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲘﲙﲚﱠ البينة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)صحفَ ُّمطهرة‬,

The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ف‬in (‫ )ﲙ‬to the ‫م‬
in (‫) ﲚ‬.

In:

٩ :‫ﱡ ﱹﱺﱻﱠ الهمزة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫) َع َم ِّد ُّم َمددة‬,

- 57 -
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ د‬in (‫ ) ﱺ‬to the ‫م‬

in (‫) ﱻ‬.

In each of what has been mentioned, the reciter stays in the ‫م‬
articulation point for the needed term for the vowelless ‫ م‬with
ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled ‫م‬.
Notice that the ‫ ن‬doesn’t have any sign above it, and the tanween
signs (the two fathahs, dammas and kasras) are written following
each other and there is a shaddah above the ‫م‬.

Third: The ‫و‬

Called: Incomplete (partial) Merging with Ghunnah
In:

٢٠ :‫ﱡ ﳂ ﳃﳄﳅﱠ البروج‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)م َّورائِّه ْم‬,
ِّ
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫م‬in ( ‫ )ﳃ‬to the ‫ و‬in
(‫)ﳄ‬, and stays in its makhraj for the needed term for a vowelless
‫ و‬merged with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled ‫و‬.
Notice that the vowelless ‫ ن‬in ( ‫ )ﳃ‬doesn’t have any written sign
(sukoon here) above it in the time that there is no written shaddah
above the ‫ و‬in (‫)ﳄ‬.
In:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱗﱘﱙﱚﱠ الهمزة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫الوعدده‬
َّ ‫) َم‬,

- 58 -
The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ل‬in (‫ )ﱙ‬to the ‫و‬

in (‫)ﱚ‬, and stays in its articulation point for the needed term for
a vowelless ‫ و‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the
vowelled ‫و‬.
Notice that the two fathahs above the ‫ ل‬are written following each
other and there is no shaddah above the ‫ و‬in (‫)ﱚ‬.
In:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱸﱹﱺﱻﱼﱠ المسد‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫بوتب‬
َّ ‫)ل ِّه‬,
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ ب‬in (‫ )ﱻ‬to the ‫و‬

in (‫)ﱼ‬, and stays in its makhraj for the needed term for a
vowelless ‫ و‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled
‫و‬.
Notice that the two kasrahs below the ‫ ب‬are written following each
other and there is no shaddah above the ‫ و‬in (‫)ﱼ‬.
In:

٤٧ :‫ﱡ ﱟﱠﱡﱠ األعلى‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫يروأبقى‬
َّ َ‫)خ‬,
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ر‬in (‫ ) ﱠ‬to the
‫ و‬in (‫)ﱡ‬, and stays in its articulation point for the needed term for
a vowelless ‫ و‬with ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the
vowelled ‫و‬.

- 59 -
Notice that the two dammahs above the ‫ ر‬are written following each
other and there is no shaddah above the ‫ و‬in ( ‫)ﱡ‬.
Important notification
Merging is prohibited if the vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by the ‫ و‬in the
same word, as in the underlined words in:

٩٩ :‫ﱡ ﲘﲙﲚﲛﲜﱠ األنعام‬

١ :‫ﱡ ﲖﲗﲘﲙﱠ الرعد‬

The vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by the ‫ و‬in the same word, so merging
is prohibited. This rule for these special making clear cases is
called Idhhaar Motlaq (absolute clearing).
*****
Fourth: The ‫ي‬
Called: Incomplete (partial) Merging with Ghunnah
In:

٧ :‫ﱡ ﲓﲔﲕﲖﲗﲘﱠ الزلزلة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫ خيريَّره‬،‫)فميَّعمل‬,

The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫م‬in ( ‫ ) ﲓ‬to the ‫ي‬
in (‫)ﲔ‬, and from the fathah of the ‫ ر‬in ( ‫ ) ﲗ‬to the ‫ ي‬in (‫) ﲘ‬.

In:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲌﲍﲎﱠ الزلزلة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)يومئذ َّيصدر‬,

- 60 -
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ ذ‬in (‫ )ﲌ‬to the
‫ ي‬in (‫) ﲍ‬.

In:

٨ :‫ﱡ ﲐﲑﲒﱠ الغاشية‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫يو َمئِّذ‬
َ ‫)وجوه‬,
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ه‬in (‫ )ﲐ‬to the
‫ ي‬in (‫) ﲑ‬.
In each of these examples the reciter stays in the ‫ ي‬articulation
point for the needed term for a vowelless ‫ ي‬with ghunnah then
diverge to pronounce the vowelled ‫ي‬.
Notice that the ‫ ن‬doesn’t have any sign above it, and the tanween
signs (the two fathahs, dammas and kasras) are written with a
shiftiness in between and there is no shaddah above the ‫ي‬.
Important notification
Merging is prohibited if the vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by the ‫ ي‬in the
same word, as in the underlined words in:

٤٨٥ :‫ﱡ ﲢﲣﲤ ﲥﲦﲧﱠ آل عمران‬

١ :‫ﱡ ﲥﲦﲧﱠ الصف‬

The vowelless ‫ ن‬is followed by the ‫ ي‬in the same word, so merging
is prohibited. The rule for these special making clear cases is called
(absolute clearing) Idhhaar Motlaq.

By this, we have finished clarifying the merging with gunnah letters:

(‫ )ن – م – و – ي‬and now we will cover:

- 61 -
 Merging without ghunnah
)‫اإلدغام بدون غنة ( ل – ر‬
First: The ‫ل‬
Called: Complete Merging without Ghunnah
In:

١ :‫ﱡ ﱏﱐﱑﱒﱠ اإلخالص‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)ولم يَكلَّه‬,
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ك‬in (‫ ) ﱏ‬to the
‫ ل‬in (‫)ﱐ‬, and stays in its articulation point for the needed term for a
vowelless ‫ ل‬without ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the
vowelled ‫ل‬.
Notice that the vowelless ‫ ن‬doesn’t have any written sign (sukoon
here) above it while there is a written shaddah above the ‫ ل‬in (‫)ﱐ‬.
In:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﲊﲋﱠ البلد‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)ماللُّبدا‬,

The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ل‬in (‫ ) ﲊ‬to the ‫ل‬

in (‫)ﲋ‬, and stays in its makhraj for the needed term for a vowelless
‫ ل‬without ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled ‫ل‬.

Notice that the two fathahs above the ‫ ل‬in (‫ ) ﲊ‬are written following

each other and there is a shaddah above the ‫ ل‬in (‫)ﲋ‬.

In:

- 62 -
 ٤ :‫ﱡ ﱒﱓﱔﱕﱠ الهمزة‬
The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)همزتلُّ َمزة‬, (‫)ويل ِّلكل‬

The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ل‬in (‫ )ﱒ‬to the

‫ ل‬in (‫ ) ﱓ‬and from the kasrah of the ‫ ت‬in (‫ ) ﱔ‬to the ‫ ل‬in (‫)ﱕ‬,
and stays in its makhraj for the needed term for a vowelless ‫ل‬
without ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled ‫ل‬.

Notice that the two dammas on the‫ ل‬of (‫ )ﱒ‬and the two kasras

below the ‫ ت‬in (‫ ) ﱔ‬are written with a shiftiness (unalignment) in

between and there is a shaddah above the next ‫ ل‬to each.
The reciter doesn’t have to increase the time of the vowelless ‫ ل‬the
first of the mushaddad ‫ ل‬like in (‫ ﱕ‬or ‫ ) ﲋ‬as it equalizes exactly
the ‫ ل‬in (‫)ج َعلنا‬.
َ
*****
Second: The ‫ر‬
Called: Complete Merging without Ghunnah
In:

٧ :‫ﱡ ﲣ ﲤﲥﱠ العلق‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)أرءاه‬,
َّ
The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ن‬in (‫ )ﲣ‬to the ‫ر‬
in (‫) ﲤ‬.

In:

٧ :‫ﱡ ﱾﱿﲀﲁﱠ القارعة‬

- 63 -
The underlined words are pronounced: (‫اضية‬
ِّ ‫َتر‬
َّ ‫)عيش‬.
ِّ
The reciter moves directly from the kasrsh of the ‫ت‬in (‫ )ﲀ‬to the

‫ ر‬in (‫) ﲁ‬.

In:

٢٤ :‫ﱡ ﲃﲄﲅﲆﱠ نوح‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫وحرب‬
َّ ‫)ن‬,

The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ ح‬in (‫ ) ﲄ‬to

the ‫ ر‬in (‫) ﲅ‬.

In:

٠١ :‫ﱡ ﱈﱉﱊﱋﱌﱍﱠ الحاقة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)أخذترابية‬,

The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ت‬in (‫ )ﱌ‬to the

‫ ر‬in (‫) ﱍ‬.

In each of what has been mentioned, the The reciter stays in the ‫ر‬
articulation point for the needed term for a vowelless ‫ ر‬without
ghunnah then diverges to pronounce the vowelled ‫ر‬.
Notice that the ‫ ن‬doesn’t have any sign above it, and the tanween
signs (the two fathahs, dammas and kasras) are written following
each other and there is a shaddah on the ‫ر‬.
**The The reciter doesn’t have to increase the time of the vowelless
‫ ر‬in the first of the geminated (mushadad) like in ( ‫ ﱍ‬or ‫ ) ﲅ‬as it
has to have the same time as the vowelless ‫ ر‬in (‫)مريم‬.
ْ

- 64 -
So far, we have mentioned all the merging with and without
ghunnah letters.
Based on what have mentioned before, if the vowelless ‫ ن‬was
followed by one of the six merging letters (‫)يرملون‬:
 No (sukoon) sign is written on the ‫ن‬, and the tanween signs
are following each other.
 If the merging letter is ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬or ‫ ل‬or ‫ر‬, there is a written shaddah
on it.
 If the merging letter is ‫ و‬or ‫ي‬, there is no written shaddah on
it.
First attention:
If two letters were in juxtaposition, with merging in between:
The first of them is called (the merged letter) while the second of
them is called (the merged in it letter).
In the merging rule, everything happens in the second (the merged
in it letter) articulation point and nothing at all in the first (the merged
letter).
Basically, the shaddah has to be written on the second (the merged
in it letter), since practically merging is:
Geminating (the merged in it letter) which means pronouncing it as
two identical letters the first is vowelless and the second is
vowelled, but:
If we could hear - during pronouncing (the merged in it letter) – a
characteristic which is not one from its characteristics, the shaddah
won’t be found on it which means that this characteristic is for the
merged letter.
This is why:

- 65 -
 1. The shaddah is not written on the (‫ و‬or ‫ )ي‬in every example
we have mentioned before and in the whole Quran as well,
since the audible ghunnah in each is a characteristic for the ‫ن‬
not for the (‫ و‬or ‫)ي‬.
2. Merging in this case is called: incomplete (partial) merging.
Second attention:
In all the examples we have mentioned and in all what have
resembled them same for merging with or without ghunnah letters:
If the merged letter and the merged in it letter separated from each
other by stopping on the merged letter, then starting with the
merged in it letter, we start with it without (shaddah), since the first
in the geminated letter is vowelless , and we never start with a
vowelless letter.

Questions
1. Complete:
There are …….merging letters, collected in the word:
………………….
If any of them letters came after the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween
…………………………………………………………………………
…………..……:
With ghunnah in the : …………….
Without ghunnah in: ……………...
This way of pronunciation is called ……………..
The vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween are called the
…………………….
The next letter to each is called the ………………………….

- 66 -
 2. Mention what is the difference between making clear and
merging in pronunciation, clarifying how geminating
(tashdeed) is obligatory in merging?

Merging with ghunnah letters (‫)ن – م – و – ي‬

3. What is the merging with (‫ )ن – م‬called? And what is the
merging with (‫ )و – ي‬called?
4. Get all merging spots from surah (Zalzalah), clarifying their
signs and the pronunciation way.

Merging without ghunnah letters (‫)ل – ر‬

5. What is the merging with (‫ )ل – ر‬called?
6. Get all merging with the ‫ ل‬spots from surah (Homazah),
clarifying their signs and the pronunciation way.
7. Get all merging with the ‫ ر‬spots from surah (Homazah),
clarifying their signs and the pronunciation way.
8. What are the precautions while merging with the ‫ ل‬and the
‫?ر‬
9. What are reason for:
o Not putting the shaddah on the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬
o Calling merging with them (incomplete)?
10. How pronunciation would be if the merged in it letter
separated from the merged letter? Give examples.

Third: Converting (Flipping)

‫ القلب‬Qalb
One letter is for it: ‫ب‬.
If the vowelless ‫ ن‬was followed by ‫ب‬:
The ‫ ن‬has to be converted to ‫ م‬with ghunnah then pronounce the ‫ب‬
vowelled without shaddah.

- 67 -
Why is it called (Qalb) converting?
Since both of the ‫ ب‬and the ‫ م‬articulate by applying the upper lip on
the lower one, while the ‫ م‬doesn’t articulate without ghunnah and
the ‫ ب‬does.
So, when the The reciter dismisss the ‫ ن‬articulation point to the ‫ب‬
with the intention of having ghunnah, actually a vowelless ‫ م‬with
ghunnah articulates, and this is compulsory since the ‫ م‬shares the
same articulation point with the ‫ب‬.
Therefore, it is mandatory in the converting that the two lips
completely be applied to each other as what happens while
pronouncing the vowelless ‫ م‬since the ‫ ب‬articulation point is the
reason for the converting.
Now, we will give some examples about how to perform the
converting, showing the sign indicating it:
In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

١ :‫ﱡ ﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥﱠ الهمزة‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫)ليمبَذَ َّن‬.
The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ي‬to the
vowelless ‫م‬holding its makhraj for pronouncing the ghunnah then
pronounce ‫ ب‬with fathah without a shaddah.
Notice the small ‫ م‬that scholars put on the ‫ ن‬as an indication for
the Qalb.

In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

٢٣ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱠ الفجر‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫)يَو َمئِّ ِّذ مبِّ َجهنم‬.

- 68 -
The reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ ذ‬to the
vowelless ‫م‬holding its makhraj for pronouncing the ghunnah then
pronounce ‫ ب‬with kasrah without a shaddah.
Notice the small ‫ م‬that scholars put instead of the second kasrah
as an indication for the converting.

In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲾﲿﳀﱠ اإلنسان‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫)سميعَمبَصيرا‬.
ِّ
The reciter moves directly from the fathah of the ‫ ع‬to the
vowelless ‫م‬holding its makhraj for pronouncing the ghunnah then
pronounce ‫ ب‬with fathah without a shaddah.
Notice the small ‫ م‬that scholars put instead of the second fathah
as an indication for the converting.

In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

١ :‫ﱡ ﱸﱹﱺﱻﱠ التغابن‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫ع ِّلي ُمم ِّبذات‬
َ ).
The reciter moves directly from the dammah of the ‫ م‬to the
vowelless ‫م‬holding its makhraj for pronouncing the ghunnah then
pronounce ‫ ب‬with kasrah without a shaddah.
Notice the small ‫ م‬that scholars put instead of the second
dammah as an indication for the converting.

- 69 -
 Questions
1. Complete:
Converting has one letter, which is: ……., so if there is a
vowelless ‫ ن‬or tanween followed by ………, both of the two
have be converted to: ………….
2. Why this rule is called converting? Why is it mandatory?
3. Get the converting spots with their signs from surat
Abasa.
**********
Fourth: True Concealment (Ikhfaa Haqiqe)
‫اإلخفاء الحقيقي‬
Its letters are the fifteen remaining letters when taking out the:
Merging, concealment and converting letters.
How to hide:
If either the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by one of
the letters:
.‫– ف‬ ‫ق–ك–ج–ش– د–ت–ط –ض–س– ص–ز– ظ–ث–ذ‬
The vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween are called the (Concealed letter)
while the next letter to each from fifteen concealment letters is
called the (Concealed by it letter).
Scholars put signs to identify the points of concealment, and they
are:
Clearing the vowelless ‫ ن‬from any sign and drawing the tanween
two signs in the form of a sequence, with no written shaddah on
the next concealment letter.
You might have noticed that these signs are the same as the
signs of merging with both of the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬, therefore, if the next

- 70 -
letter to the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween was not ‫ و‬or ‫ ي‬then it has
to be one of the fifteen concealment letters.
And we'll give you examples where we explain how to pronounce
the concealment, letter by letter:
‫ق‬
In the Almighty sayings:

. ٣ :‫ﱡ ﱁ ﱂ ﱃﱠ الشرح‬

. ٠ :‫ ﱠ نوح‬......‫ﱡ ﱨﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭ ﱮ ﱯﱰ ﱱ‬

. ٠١ :‫ﱡ ﱤ ﱥﱦ ﱧ ﱨﱩﱪﱠ اإلنسان‬

. ٩ :‫ﱡ ﱩ ﱪ ﱫﱠ التكوير‬

. ٣ :‫ﱡ ﲜ ﲝﲞﱠ البينة‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ق‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ق‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ق‬:(‫) أَقـقَض‬, (‫)مقـقَـبل‬,
ِّ
(‫)عبُوسقـقَمطريرا‬, (‫)ذنبِّققُتلت‬, (‫)كُتُبـُقـقَيمة‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ق‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ق‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ق‬.

‫ك‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٤٤ :‫ﱡ ﲴﲵﲶﲷﲸﱠ العلق‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲱﲲﲳﱠ الشرح‬

- 71 -
 ٤٤ :‫ﱡ ﱳﱴﱠ االنفطار‬

٤٣ :‫ﱡ ﱓﱔﱕﱠ العلق‬

٧٧ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱠ الواقعة‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ك‬,

the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ك‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ك‬:(‫) إككان‬, ( َ‫)عكك‬, (‫) ِّكرامككَاتبين‬,
(‫)ناصيَتككَاذبة‬,
ِّ (‫)لقرءانُككَريم‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ك‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ك‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ك‬.

‫ج‬
In the Almighty sayings:
١ :‫ﱡ ﱎﱏﱐﱑﱒﱓﱔﱠ قريش‬

٤١ :‫ﱡ ﱓﱔﱕﱖﱗﱘﱠ المعارج‬

٥ :‫ﱡ ﲹﲺﲻﱠ المعارج‬

٤٥ :‫ﱡ ﳃﳄﳅﳆ ﳇﳈﳉﳊﳋﳌﳍﱠ ق‬

٤٢ :‫ﱡ ﲠﲡﲢﱠ الغاشية‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ج‬,

the following shall be applied:

- 72 -
Configure the ‫ ج‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ج‬:(‫) ِّمج ُجوع‬, (‫)يُج ِّجيه‬,
(‫)صبرج َجميال‬, (‫)خل ِّقج َجديد‬, (‫)عَينُج َجارية‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ج‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ج‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ج‬.

‫ش‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱙﱚﱛﱜﱠ الفلق‬

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱓﱔﱕﱠ االنشقاق‬

٤٢ :‫ﱡ ﱫﱬﱭﱮﱠ النبأ‬

٨ :‫ﱡ ﲚﲛﲜﲝﲞﲟﱠ الزلزلة‬

٣ :‫ ﱠ التحريم‬......‫ ﲶﲷ‬......‫ﱡ ﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮ‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ش‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ش‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ش‬:(‫) ِّمششَر‬, (‫)اششَقت‬,
َ ), (‫)ذرتِّششَرا‬, (‫)غالظُش ِّشداد‬.
(‫سب َعش ِّشدادا‬
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ش‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ش‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ش‬.

- 73 -
 ‫د‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٤٠ :‫ﱡ ﱰﱱﱲﱳﱠ الشمس‬

٤٩ :‫ﱡ ﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱠ الليل‬

٣١ :‫ﱡ ﱋﱌﱠ النبأ‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱘﱙﱚﱛﱠ الطارق‬

٣٥ :‫ ﲩﲪﲫﱠ النور‬......‫ﱡ ﲙﲚﲛﲜﲝ‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫د‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ د‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫د‬:(‫) َمددَساها‬, (ُ‫)عد َده‬,
ِّ
(‫سد ِّد َهاقا‬
َ ‫)وكأ‬, (‫)ماءددَافق‬,
ِّ (‫)كوكبُددُري‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ د‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫د‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫د‬.

‫ت‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱊﱋﱌﱍﱎﱠ الكافرون‬

٤٥ :‫ﱡ ﱌﱍﱎﱏﱐﱑﱠ العلق‬

٢٨ :‫ ﱠ الحديد‬......‫ ﲩﲪﲫ‬......‫ﱡ ﲝﲞ‬

١ :‫ﱡ ﲃﲄﲅﱠ الزلزلة‬

٤٤ :‫ ﱠ البروج‬......‫ﱡ ﲎﲏﲐﲑﲒﲓﲔﲕﲖﲗ‬

- 74 -
For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ت‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ت‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ت‬:(‫) أتـتُم‬, (‫)يَتـت َ ِّه‬, (‫)نُورتـتَمشون‬,
(‫)يو َمئِّذِّتـتُحدث‬, (‫)جناتُـتـتجري‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ت‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ت‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ت‬.

‫ط‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٤٩ :‫ﱡ ﲯﲰﲱﲲﱠ االنشقاق‬

٢٩ :‫ﱡ ﱬﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﱠ المرسالت‬

٢٤ :‫ ﳈﳉﱠ اإلنسان‬......‫ﱡ ﲼﲽﲾ‬

٣ :‫ ﱠ الملك‬......‫ﱡ ﱘﱙﱚﱛﱜ‬

٣٢ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈﱉﱠ الطور‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ط‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ط‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ط‬:(‫) عط َطبق‬, (‫)اط َطلقوا‬,
(‫)شَرابط َط ُهورا‬, (‫)س َماواتِّط ِّطباقا‬, (‫)قو ُمط َطاغون‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ط‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then the vowelled ‫ط‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ط‬.

- 75 -
 ‫ض‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲂﲃﲄﲅ ﲆﲇﱠ الغاشية‬

٢٩ :‫ﱡ ﱽﱾﱠ الواقعة‬

٣٤ :‫ﱡ ﳖﳗﳘﳙﳚﳛﳜﳝﳞﳟﳠﱠ ص‬

٥١ :‫ ﱠ الروم‬......‫ ﱳﱴﱵﱶ ﱷﱸ‬......‫ﱡ ﱨﱩﱪ‬

٢٢ :‫ﱡ ﲪﲫﲬﲭﱠ النجم‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ض‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ض‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ض‬:(‫ضريع‬َ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫)مض‬,
ْ ‫) ِّم‬, (‫ضود‬
َ ‫)قوتِّض‬, (‫)قسمتُض ِّضيزى‬.
(‫)عذابَض ِّضعفا‬, (‫ضعفا‬
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ض‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ض‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ض‬.

‫س‬
In the Almighty sayings:

١ :‫ﱡ ﲐﲑﲒﲓﱠ الفيل‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱃﱄﱅﱆﱠ العصر‬

٢٧ :‫ ﱠ الملك‬......‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅ‬

١٠ :‫ ﱠ الشورى‬......‫ﱡ ﲜ ﲝ ﲞ ﲟ‬

٨ :‫ ﱠ الملك‬......‫ﱡ ﲘﲙﲚﲛﲜﲝﲞﲟﲠﲡ‬

- 76 -
For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫س‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ س‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫س‬:(‫) ِّمس ِّسجيل‬, (‫سان‬
َ ‫)اإلس‬,
(‫) ُزلفَتس ِّسيئت‬, (‫سيئ َة‬
َ ‫سيِّـئ َـتَس‬
َ ), (‫سألهم‬
َ ‫)فو ُجس‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ س‬pronounce ghunnah,
as the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫س‬.
This shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫س‬.

‫ص‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٥ :‫ﱡ ﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱠ الماعون‬

٧ :‫ﱡ ﱓﱔﱕﱠ الشرح‬

٢٢ :‫ﱡ ﳌﳍﳎﳏﳐﱠ الفجر‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲳﲴﲵﲶﲷﲸﱠ الحاقة‬

٣٣ :‫ﱡ ﲆﲇﲈﱠ المرسالت‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ص‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ص‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ص‬:(‫صالتهم‬
َ ‫) عص‬, (‫صب‬
َ ‫)فاص‬,
َ ‫)صفَّص‬, (‫صرصر‬
(‫صفا‬ َ ‫)بريحص‬,
ِّ ُ ‫)جمالتُص‬.
(‫صفر‬
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ص‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ص‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ص‬.

- 77 -
 ‫ز‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٩ :‫ﱡ ﱫﱬ ﱭﱮﱠ الشمس‬

٤١ :‫ ﱠ النبأ‬.....‫ﱡ ﱴﱵﱶ‬

٧١ :‫ﱠ الكهف‬.....‫ ﳝﳞ‬.....‫ﱡ ﳕﳖﳗﳘﳙ‬

٥٢ :‫ﱡ ﱴﱵﱶﱷﱸﱠ الرحمن‬

٧ - ٣ :‫ ﱠ التغابن‬.....‫ﲙ ﲚ ﲛﲜﲝﲞﲟ‬.....
For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ز‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ز‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ز‬: (‫) َمز َزكاها‬, (‫)وأَز َزلنا‬,
(‫سز َزكية‬
َ ‫)نف‬, (‫)فاك َهتِّز َزوجان‬,
ِّ (‫)حميدُز َزعم‬.
ِّ
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ز‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ز‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ز‬.

‫ظ‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٤٤ :‫ ﱠ النمل‬......‫ُّﭐ ﱡ ﲲﲳﲴﲵﲶ‬

٤٧ :‫ﱡ ﲱﲲﲳﲴﲵﲶﱠ الغاشية‬

٤٧ :‫ ﱠ الزخرف‬......‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﲊﲋﲌﲍﲎﲏﲐ‬

٤٤٧ :‫ ﱠ آل عمران‬......‫ ﱣﱤ‬......‫ﱡ ﱖﱗﱘﱙﱚﱛﱜ‬

- 78 -
 ١٠ :‫ ﱠ النور‬......‫ ﲉﲊﲋ‬......‫ﱡ ﱽﱾﱿﲀ‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ز‬,

the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ظ‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ظ‬: (‫) َمظـ َظلَم‬, (‫)يظـظُ ُرون‬,
(‫) َمثَلظـ َظل‬, (‫)قومظـ َظلموا‬,
ِّ (‫)سحابُـظـظُلُمات‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ظ‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ظ‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ظ‬.

‫ث‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱹﱺﱻﱼﱠ القارعة‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲙﲚﲛﲜ ﱠ الليل‬

٢٧ :‫ﱡ ﱉﱊﱋﱌﱍﱎﱏﱐﱠ اإلنسان‬

٢٤ :‫ﱡ ﲝﲞﲟﱠ التكوير‬

٤٠ :‫ﱡ ﱳﱴﱵﱶﱷﱸﱹﱠ الصافات‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ث‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ث‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ث‬: (‫) َمثـثُقلت‬, (‫)األثـثـَى‬,
(‫) َيومثـث َ ِّقيال‬, (‫طاعثـث َ َّم‬
ِّ ‫) ُم‬, (‫)شهابُثـثَاقب‬.
ِّ

- 79 -
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ث‬pronounce ghunnah,
as the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ث‬.
This shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ث‬.

‫ذ‬
In the Almighty sayings:

١٥ :‫ﱡ ﳐﳑﳒ ﳓﳔﱠ النازعات‬

٤١ :‫ﱡ ﱔﱕﱖﱠ الليل‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲅﲆﲇﲈﱠ المسد‬

٤١ :‫ﱡ ﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮﲯﱠ البلد‬

٩٥ :‫ ﳋﳌ ﳍﳎﱠ المائدة‬...... ...... ......‫ﱡ ﲙﲚﲛ‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ذ‬,

the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ذ‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ذ‬: (‫) ُمذ ِّذ ُر‬, (‫)فأذذَرتكم‬,
(‫)نارذذَات‬, (‫)يومذذِّي‬,
ِّ (‫)عَزي ُزذذُو‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ذ‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ذ‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of the concealment by the ‫ذ‬.

‫ف‬
In the Almighty sayings:

٤٤ :‫ ﱠ الممتحنة‬......‫ﱡ ﳗﳘﳙﳚﳛ‬

- 80 -
 ٤٨ :‫ ﱠ النبأ‬......‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﲊﲋ‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱨﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱯﱠ االنشقاق‬

٢٧ :‫ ﱠ الجن‬......‫ﱡ ﳌﳍﳎﳏﳐﳑ‬

٤١ :‫ﱡ ﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮﲯﱠ البلد‬

For the underlined for practical training on concealment by the ‫ف‬,
the following shall be applied:
Configure the ‫ ف‬makhraj to pronounce ‫ ن‬ghunnah from it by
converting the vowelless ‫ ن‬to a vowelless ‫ف‬: (‫)وإفـفَاتكم‬, (‫خ‬
ُ َ‫)يُفـف‬,
(‫)كدحفـفَمالقيه‬, (‫)رسو ِّلفـفَإنه‬, (‫)إطعا ُمفـ ِّفي‬.
Then, instead of pronouncing vowelless ‫ ف‬pronounce ghunnah, as
the two actions are consecutive: ghunnah then vowelled ‫ف‬. This
shall be applied in all the words of concealment.
By then concealment has ended, which was the fourth and the last
of the vowelless ‫ ن‬and the tanween rules.
*****
By combining the four rules: Making clear (Idhhaar Halqy), Merging
(Idghaam), Converting (Qalb) and Concealment (Ikhfaa), we
notice:
(1) In the rule of Idhhaar Halqy: the action is at the articulation point
of the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween, and at the articulation point of
the next letter following them.
(2) In the rule of Idghaam, Qalb, and Ikhfaa: the action is fully at
the articulation point of the next letter to the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the
tanween.
(3) Gemination (having the shaddah) is inevitable in all types of
merging because we pronounce two identical letters, the first of
which is vowelless and the second vowelled.

- 81 -
(4) Non- gemination is inevitable in both of Qalb and Ikhfaa:
 In Qalb we pronounce a vowelless ‫ م‬then a vowelled ‫ب‬.
 In concealment we pronounce a ghunnah and then a vowelled
letter from the fifteen letters of concealment.

Questions
True Concealment
1. Complete the following statements:
The number of the concealment letters........... which remain
after................
How to conceal:
If the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween were followed by: ........, the
vowelless ‫ ن‬or the tanween are called ........, and the following
letter to them is called .............., scholars put a sign to indicate
the words of the true concealment, which is: ..........., and note that
this sign..........., so, if the next letter to the vowelless ‫ ن‬or the
tanween was not.........
2. Get the true concealment words from surat: Al- Tareq.
***
3. Mention the notes by combining the four rules: Making clear,
Merging, Converting and Concealment.
******

- 82 -
 The Vowelless ‫ م‬Rules
The ‫ م‬like any other letter can be vowelled, like in:

.٧ :‫ ﭼ الزلزلة‬......‫ﭽ ﲓ ﲔ ﲕ‬

.٩ :‫ ﭼ العاديات‬......‫ﭽ ﱑ ﱒ ﱓ ﱔ ﱕ‬

And can be vowelless.

If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by ‫ م‬the rule is: Merging.
If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by ‫ ب‬the rule is: Concealment.
If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by any other letter except for the ‫م‬
and the ‫ ب‬the rule is: Making Clear.

First: Merging
Al-Idghaam
‫اإلدغام‬
If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by ‫م‬, then the first has to be merged
with the second, and this is called (Small Merging for the two
identical letters).
The two identical (motamaathileen) since both of the two letters
are the same.
Small (sagheer) since - In tajweed - if two letters are merged into
each other, the first is vowelless and the second is vowelled, it is
called (small merging); and if the two letters are vowelled, this is
called (big merging).
Note:

- 83 -
In the big merging, the first letter (the merged) must turn to be
vowelless, and replaced with a letter similar to the second (the
merged in it).
Since - in all types of merging – we have to pronounce two identical
letters, the first of them is vowelless and the second is vowelled,
with the mandatory gemination (shaddah), regardless the name of
merging.
Here is an example, through which we explain to you how to merge
‫ م‬with ‫م‬, and its indication.
In the Almighty saying:

.٨ :‫ﭽ ﱶ ﱷﭼ الهمزة‬

The underlined words are pronounced: (‫)علي ِّهمـؤصدة‬,

Reciter moves directly from the kasrah of the ‫ه‬in (‫ ) ﱶ‬to the ‫ م‬in

(‫) ﱷ‬, thereafter stays in the ‫ م‬makhraj for the needed termfor
having a vowelless ‫ م‬with ghunnah then diverge to pronounce a
vowelled ‫ م‬and so in every match.
Notice the small merging sign which is:

The ouster of the ‫ م‬in (‫ ) ﱶ‬from any sign while there is a shaddah
ْ
on the ‫ م‬in (‫) ﱷ‬. However, if we strated with (‫ )مؤص َدة‬the ‫ م‬would
َ ُ
not have shaddah but only dammah.

Questions
The vowelless ‫ م‬rules
1- Complete the following statements:

- 84 -
The letter ‫م‬, like any other letter, can be vowelled with one of the
three ḥarakat as in........................
And vowelless:
If the ‫ م‬comes after the vowelless ‫م‬........................
If the ‫ ب‬comes after the vowelless ‫م‬........................
And if a letter other than the ‫ م‬and the ‫ م‬comes after vowelless
‫م‬.............................
The First rule of the Vowelless ‫م‬
(Small Merging)
2- Complete the following statements:
If the vowelless ‫ م‬is followed by ‫…م‬..…, this is called: ......., it is
called ………, because .......... and called ..........., since – In
tajweed - we ……….,and it is known for you: ........., since - in all
types of merging - ................
3- Get the small merging words from surat (Nuh).

Second: Labial Concealment

Al-Ikhfaa Ash-Shafawy
‫اإلخفاء الشفوي‬
If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by ‫ب‬, then the ‫م‬has to be concealed
by the‫ ب‬, which is called (Labial Concealment).
Here is an example, through which we explain to you how to hide
the ‫ م‬by the ‫ب‬, and its indication.
In the Almighty saying:

١ :‫ﭽ ﲐ ﲑ ﲒ ﲓ ﭼ الفيل‬

- 85 -
The underlined words are pronounced same as written, vowelless
‫ م‬then ‫ ب‬with kasrah.
There are two ways to pronounce the vowelless ‫م‬:
o The first (the headmost):
To hold on the ‫ م‬until the ghunnah is audible then pronounce the ‫ب‬.
This way is called (labial concealment) and you can notice:

There is no difference between the concealed ‫م‬sound in (ٍ‫هيم‬ ْ

ِ ‫َتر ِم‬
ٍ‫)ب ِحجارة‬
ِ and the ‫م‬sound in the Qalb as in (‫) َمنم بَعْد‬. Qalb had been
َ
explained in the vowelless‫ ن‬rules.
o The second
To pronounce a short vowelless ‫ م‬without audible ghunnah then
pronounce the ‫ب‬.
This way is called (labial making clear or idhhaar shafawy).
Both of the two ways are used for all the narrators of recitation
regardless if the separate allowed madd was in the short or the
long form.
Notice the labial concealment sign which is:
The ouster of the ‫ م‬from any sign while there is no shaddah on the
‫ب‬.
Important Notice:
The mother rule in Concealment is:
The reciter has to dismiss the first letter makhraj (the concealed) to
the second letter makhraj (the concealed by it).
This is completely verified in:

- 86 -
 o Concealment the vowelless ‫ ن‬and the tanween by the fifteen
concealment letters.
o Concealment the vowelless ‫ ن‬and the tanween by the ‫ ب‬which
in known as the Qalb.
This is why the ‫ ن‬concealment is called (True Concealment or
Ikhfaa Haqiqy) since the true object denotes or signifies the truth of
its meaning.
While, in concealment the ‫م‬by the‫ ب‬, the rule is not really applied
and the ikhfaa is not accurate:
Since the reciter didn’t dismiss the concealed letter makhraj to the
concealed by it letter makhraj, however the ‫م‬is recited the ‫ب‬, same
with or without ghunnah in the ‫م‬.
Wherefore:
The ‫ م‬concealment by the ‫ ب‬is called (Metaphorical Concealment
Ikhfaa Majazy), since the metaphorical object doesn’t denote the
truth of its meaning.
To learn about the difference, think about the idiom (it is raning cats
and dogs), this is a (metaphor) since it is not really happening but
it expresses the heavy rain which is the (truth).
Questions
The Second rule of the Vowelless ‫م‬
(Labial Concealment)
1- Complete the following statements:
If the vowelless ‫ م‬is followed by ‫…ب‬..…, this is called: ......., there
are two ways to pronounce the vowelless ‫م‬: the first is ………, which
is called…….. and we notice .........., the second is ..........., which
is called…….. and we notice .........., both of the two ways are
used for all the narrators of recitation ………. .

- 87 -
2- Get the labial concealment words from surat (Al-balad),
clarifying: the sign in the Quran, the way to pronounce and which
is overwhelming?
3- Why concealing the vowelless ‫ ن‬is called (true concealment
Ikhfaa Haqiqy) while concealing the vowelless ‫ م‬is called
(Metaphorical Concealment Ikhfaa Majazy)?

Third: Labial Making Clear

Al-Idhaar Ash-Shafawy
‫اإلظهار الشفوي‬
If the vowelless ‫ م‬was followed by any letter other than ‫ م‬or ‫ب‬, the
rule would be Idhhaar, and it is called (Labial Making clear or
Idhhaar shafawy).
Its modality:
Reciter would collide the vowelless ‫ م‬makhraj hence, the ghunnah
wouldn’t be audible then he collides the next letter makhraj.
Its examples are so many and we will get you one to recognize its
sign in the Quran.
In the Almighty sayings:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱜ ﱝ ﱞ ﱟ ﱠ الكافرون‬
On the ‫ م‬you can see the small drawn ‫م ح‬and no shaddah on the
next letter, however this sign is found on every ‫ م‬with idhhaar.
Questions
The third rule of the Vowelless ‫م‬
(Labial making clear)

- 88 -
1- Complete the following statements:
If the vowelless ‫ م‬is followed by..…... the rule is …..….and this is
called: ......., its modality ………. .
2- Get the labial making clear words from surat (Al-kaferoon),
clarifying: the sign in the Quran, the way to pronounce.
***********

Rule of ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬with shaddah

‫ ن‬with shaddah like in:

........................‫ﱡ ﲩ ﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﱦ ﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﲾ ﱠ‬

Modality:
Reciter holds on the ‫ ن‬makhraj up until a vowelless ‫ ن‬with audible
ghunnah would be heared, then he parts to pronounce the voweled
‫ن‬.
‫ م‬with shaddah like in:

........................‫ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﲋ ﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﱝ ﱠ‬

Modality:
Reciter holds on the ‫ م‬makhraj up until a vowelless ‫ م‬with audible
ghunnah would be heard, then he parts to pronounce the doweled
‫م‬.
Stimulation:
If the ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬with shaddah where the last like in:

........................‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﲩ ﱠ‬

And reciter would stop on the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬with shaddah:

- 89 -
Reciter holds on the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬up until a vowelless ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬with audible
ghunnah would be heared, then he cuts the sound without parting
to pronounce the voweled.
Extending the ghunnah aside from its audibility is
indispensable for denoting that the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬have shaddah in the
continuation case.

As if we stopped on ‫ ﱡ ﲡ ﱠ‬or ‫ ﱡ ﱛ ﱠ‬with a ‫ ن‬with no audible

ghunnah, we won’t be able to differentiate between voweled one
without shaddah and the one with shaddah.

As if we stopped on ‫ ﱡ ﲦ ﱠ‬or ‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬with a ‫ م‬with no audible ghunnah,

we won’t be able to differentiate between voweled one without
shaddah and the one with shaddah.
Questions
Rule of ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬with shaddah
1- Get the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬with shaddah words from surat An – Nabaa
clarifying the performance modality.
2- If the ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬with shaddah where the last in a word extending
the ghunnah is indispensable if stopping on their word, explain
with examples.
So far we have ended up explaining the:
o Vowelless ‫ ن‬rules.
o Vowelless ‫ م‬rules.
o ‫ ن‬And ‫ م‬with shaddah rules.
In a simple applied methodology for helping the student or the
beginner reciter to perform each rule correctly without going
through so many details.

- 90 -
 Fifth Chapter

The succession of a
vowelless letter
(apart from the ‫ن‬
and ‫ )م‬with another
letters

- 91 -
 The Succession of a vowelless letter
(apart from the ‫ ن‬and ‫ )م‬with another
letters
‫حكم التقاء حرف ساكن (غير النون والميم) بحروف الهجاء األخرى‬
As what is known previously:
o The vowelless ‫ ن‬has four rules:
Al-Idhhaar – Al- Idghaam – Al - Qalb – Al – Ikhfaa
o The vowelless ‫ م‬has four rules:
Al-Idhhaar – Al- Idghaam – Al – Ikhfaa
All these rules happened due to juxtaposition of the vowelless ‫ ن‬or
the ‫ م‬with the next letter.
So, what is the rule if another vowelless letter apart from the
vowelless ‫ ن‬or the ‫ م‬preceded any of the alphabets?
It has to be either: Al-Idhhaar or Al- Idghaam
Initialy before the start, you have to know:
There are two types of the vowelless letters:
o Constantly clear vowellesses (idhhaar)
o Occasionally clear or merged vowellesses (idhhaar or
idghaam)

Constantly clear vowellesses (idhhaar)

The letters which are articulated from the hollow space in the throat
and the oral cavity (jawf), which are three letters:
The ‫ ا‬and it is always vowelless preceded by fathah as in:

- 92 -
‫ﱡ ﱮﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﳂﱠ‬,……………………………………….…………………….
The vowelless ‫ و‬preceded by dammah as in:

‫ﱡ ﲈ ﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﲟ ﱠ‬,……………………….

The vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by kasrah as in:

‫ﱡ ﱕ ﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﲮ ﱠ‬,……………………….

In the almighty saying:

٥ - ١ :‫ﱡ ﲐ ﲑ ﲒ ﲓ ﲔ ﲕ ﲖ ﲗ ﱠ الفيل‬
In the underlined words there are vowelless or saakin ‫ ي‬preceded
by kasrah, vowelless or saakin ‫ ا‬preceded by fathah and vowelless
or saakin ‫ و‬preceded by dammah.
It is mandatory to lengthen the ‫ ا‬by the time of two fathas, lengthen
the ‫ ي‬by the time of two kasras and lengthen the ‫ و‬by the time of
two dammas, or else a letter would be omitted from the word,
therefore the three aforementioned letters are called (madd wa
leen) or lengethining and soft letters since they can’t occur unless
if extending the sound by two ḥarakat with the probability of the
exceeding with more vowel counts.
If a letter followed the three (madd wa leen) letters, the rule is Al –
Idhhaar, with the modality:
Pronouncing the (madd wa leen) letter then colliding in the next
letter to it.
Wherefore:
If a madd ‫ و‬was followed by ‫ و‬like in:

‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﱠ‬

- 93 -
And if a madd ‫ ي‬was followed by ‫ ي‬like in:

‫ﱡ ﲬﲭﱠ‬

The rule has to be: Al – Idhhaar.

*****
Occasionally clear or merged vowellesses (idhhaar or
idghaam)
The consonants which can be voweled or vowelless, called the
specified letters and produced from the throat, the tongue and the
lips.
If any of them was vowelless followed by a voweled letter, the rule
can be either idhhaar or idghaam (taam or naqis which means
complete or partial) and will explain each by examples and its signs
in Quran.
Consonants with idhhaar (clear):
There are many examples for it like:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﲓﲔﱠ التكاثر‬

٤٤ :‫ﱡ ﱵﱶﱷﱠ الشمس‬

٢٠ :‫ﱡ ﲔﲕﲖﲗﱠ النبأ‬

In the underlined words you can notice the sukoon sign which is
the small ( ‫ )حـ‬above the vowelless letters, if you found this sign
above any letter you have to pronounce it clearly (idhhaar),
means that you have to collide in its makhraaj and then the next
makhraaj to it.

- 94 -
Consonants with complete merging (idghaam taam):
If the letter was stripped of any sign and written shaddah on the
next letter to it, the rule has to be complete merging (idghaam
taam) with the modality:
The dismissal of the merged letter makhraaj however holding on
the makhraaj of the next letter to it (the merged in it) for a term that
wich a vowelless (sakin) letter would be produced (all its
characteristics is for the merged in it letter) thereafter the parting
for pronouncing the voweled one.
Examples:

٤١ :‫………ﱠ الصف‬.…….‫ﳨ‬
‫ﳩ‬ ‫…………ﳧ‬..…‫………………ﳢﳣ‬.‫ﱡ ﳋﳌ‬
In the underlined words:
The ‫ ت‬has to be merged with the ‫ط‬, hence dismissing the ‫ت‬
makhraaj and holding on the ‫ ط‬makhraaj for a term that wich a
vowelless (sakin) ‫ ط‬would be produced, thereafter parting for
pronouncing a voweled ‫ط‬, as a mushaddad ‫ ط‬would be produced
same like vocalizing the ‫ ط‬in: ‫ﱡ ﲗ ﱠ‬.

Notice that there isn’t any sign on the ‫ ت‬while there is a shaddah
on the ‫ط‬.

In:

٤٠ :‫ﱡ ﱙﱚﱛﱜﱠ العاديات‬

In the underlined word:
The ‫ ل‬has to be merged with the ‫ص‬, hence dismissing the ‫ل‬
makhraaj and holding on the ‫ ص‬makhraaj for a term that wich a

- 95 -
vowelless (sakin) ‫ ص‬would be produced, thereafter parting for
pronouncing a voweled ‫ص‬, as a mushaddad ‫ ص‬would be produced.
Notice that there isn’t any sign on the ‫ ل‬while there is a shaddah on
the ‫ص‬.

In:

٤٧٣ :‫………………ﱠ األعراف‬.‫ﲬﲮﲯ‬

‫ﲭ‬ ……………….‫ﱡ ﲘﲙ‬
In the underlined words:
The ‫ ث‬has to be merged with the ‫ذ‬, hence dismissing the ‫ث‬
makhraaj and holding on the ‫ ذ‬makhraaj for a term that wich a
vowelless (sakin) ‫ ذ‬would be produced, thereafter parting for
pronouncing a voweled ‫ذ‬, as a mushaddad ‫ ذ‬would be produced
same like vocalizing the ‫ ذ‬in: ‫ﱡ ﱌ ﱠ‬.

Notice that there isn’t any sign on the ‫ ث‬while there is a shaddah
on the ‫ذ‬.

In:

١٢ :‫………………ﱠ هود‬. ‫………………ﲘﲙ‬.‫ﱡ ﲋﲌ‬

In the underlined words:
The ‫ ب‬is merged with the ‫م‬, hence dismissing the ‫ ب‬makhraaj and
holding on the ‫ م‬makhraaj for a term that wich a vowelless (sakin) ‫م‬
would be produced, thereafter parting for pronouncing a voweled ‫م‬,
as a mushaddad ‫ م‬would be produced same like vocalizing the ‫ م‬in:
‫ ﱡ ﱝﱠ‬.

- 96 -
Notice that there isn’t any sign on the ‫ ب‬while there is a shaddah
on the ‫م‬.
Thus, whenever the aforementioned sign was found in the quran it
indicates the complete merging or idghaam tam. Subsequently by
following this you will find in Quran:

The ‫ ل‬is merged with the ‫ ر‬as in: ‫ﱡ ﱊ ﱋ ﱠ‬, as a mushaddad ‫ر‬
would be produced.
The ‫ ت‬is merged with the ‫ د‬as in:

٤٨٩ :‫ﱡ ﱶﱷﱠ األعراف‬

٨٩ :‫ﱡ ﱃﱄﱠ يونس‬

A mushaddad ‫ د‬would be produced same like vocalizing the ‫ د‬in:
‫ ﱡ ﱌﱠ‬.

The ‫ د‬is merged with the ‫ ت‬which is a lot in Quran as in:

..............،‫ﱡ ﱜﱠ‬،‫ﱡ ﱂﱠ‬،‫ ﱡﱴﱠ‬،‫ ﱡ ﳓﳔﱠ‬، ‫ﱡ ﱔﱠ‬

A mushaddad ‫ ت‬would be produced same like vocalizing the ‫ ت‬in:
‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬.
The ‫ ذ‬is merged with the ‫ ظ‬as in:

٣١ :‫ﱡ ﲞﲟﱠ النساء‬

٣٩ :‫ﱡ ﱹﱺﱠ الزخرف‬

A mushaddad ‫ ظ‬would be produced same like vocalizing the ‫ ظ‬in:
‫ ﱡ ﳝﱠ‬.

- 97 -
The ‫ ق‬is merged with the ‫ ك‬as in:

٢٠ :‫ ﱠ المرسالت‬...........‫ﱡ ﱁﱂ‬
A mushaddad ‫ ك‬would be produced same like vocalizing the ‫ ك‬in:
‫ ﱡ ﱃﱠ‬.

Yet: each two identical letters the first of them is vowelless (sakin)
and the second is voweled (mutaharrik), as in:

..............،‫ﱡ ﲕﲖﱠ‬،‫ﱡﱐﱑﱠ‬،‫ﱡ ﲭﱠ‬

The first is merged with the second as one geminated
(mushaddad) letter would be produced, same the second genus.
***
Consonants with partial merging (idghaam naqis) :
If the sakin letter was stripped of any sign, whereas not having a
shaddah on the following letter, the rule is the partial merging
(idghaam naqis).
In it the reciter dismisses the merged letter makhraaj however
holding on the makhraaj of the following letter (the merged in it) for
a term that wich a characteristic for the merged letter would be
audible thereafter parting for pronouncing the voweled one.
Exclusively it is found in three words where only the ‫ ط‬was
merged with the ‫ت‬:
In the almighty saying:

٢٨ :‫ ﱠ المائدة‬.............. ‫ﱡ ﲎﲏﲐﲑﲒ‬

٨٠ :‫ ﱠ يوسف‬..............‫ ﱣﱤﱥﱦ‬.............. ‫ﱡ‬

٥٣ :‫ ﱠ الزمر‬..............‫ ﳎ ﳏﳐﳑﳒﳓ‬.............. ‫ﱡ‬

- 98 -
 ٢٢ :‫ ﱠ النمل‬..............‫ ﳅﳆﳇ‬.............. ‫ﱡ‬
In the underlined words:
The ‫ ط‬is merged with the ‫ت‬, hence dismissing the ‫ ط‬makhraaj and
holding on the ‫ ت‬makhraaj for a term that wich a vowelless (sakin)
‫ ت‬would be produced in conjunction with elevating the back of the
tongue to have a heavy (mofakham) ‫ت‬, thereafter parting with
lowering for pronouncing a voweled light ‫ت‬.
As what is known:
The elevation which had happened in the first sakin ‫ ت‬is a
characteristic for the merged letter ‫ ط‬and not a characteristic for the
merged in it letter ‫ت‬.
Be alert not to collide in the ‫ ط‬makhraaj then the ‫ ت‬makhraaj
since this is idhhaar not idghaam.
In the aforementioned words we notice:
The ‫ ط‬is stripped of any sign as a significance of its indispensable
merging with the ‫ت‬, dimissing its makhraaj and not making it clear
(no idhhaar).
The shaddah is not found on the ‫ ت‬as an indication for the elevation
(istilaa’) occurance in it whilest it is a characteristic for the ‫ط‬.
Attention:

The word: ٢٠ :‫ ﱠ المرسالت‬...........‫ﱡ ﱂ‬

It has been narrated through some people of Qur’anic recitation
(ahl al- adaa’) the possibility of the partial merging of the ‫ ق‬with ‫ك‬
(idghaam naqis):
The ‫ ق‬is merged with the ‫ك‬, hence dismissing the ‫ ق‬makhraaj and
holding on the ‫ ك‬makhraaj for a term that wich a vowelless (sakin)
‫ ك‬would be produced in conjunction with elevating the back of the

- 99 -
tongue to have a heavy (mofakham) ‫ك‬, thereafter parting with
lowering for pronouncing a voweled light ‫ك‬.
The complete merging (idghaam tam) is more illustrious and has
precedence over the partial merging, moreover the sign is written
due to it in the Quran since the ‫ ق‬was stripped of any sign and
shaadah is written on the ‫ك‬.
***
Questions
1- “The three (madd wa leen) letters have to have idhhaar
always” explain with examples.
2- Complete
The vowellesses with idhhaar or idghaam are ………… and if
any of them was vowelless (sakin) followed by a voweled
letter the rule has to be……….. .
3- What is the idhhaar sign in Quran? Get all the idhhaar spot in
surat: Al- Ghashiyah, clarifying the performance modality.
4- What is the idghaam tam sign in Quran? Get all the idghaam
tam spots in surat: As- Saff, clarifying the performance
modality.
5- Give examples for merging the ‫ ث‬with ‫ ذ‬- ‫ ب‬with ‫ م‬- ‫ ل‬with ‫ ر‬-
‫ ت‬with ‫ د‬- ‫ د‬with ‫ ت‬- ‫ ذ‬with ‫ ظ‬- ‫ ق‬with ‫ ك‬and a letter and its like.
6- What is the idghaam naqis sign in Quran? Give examples
clarifying the performance modality.
ْ
7- In the word (‫قكٍم‬ُ ُ ‫)ن‬,
‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ َ the possibility of the idghaam naqis
was narrated through some of (ahl al- adaa’) explain,
clarifying the performance modality.
*****

- 100 -
 Sixth Chapter

Lengethining and
Shortening

- 101 -
In both of Quran and language, there are three letters are called
(madd wa leen) letters, collected in the acronym (‫هي ا‬
ٍ ‫ح‬ٍِ ‫) ٍن ُو‬:
َ

The vowelless or sakin ‫ و‬preceded by dammah: (‫) ٍن ُو‬

The vowelless or sakin ‫ ي‬preceded by kasrah: (ٍ‫)ح‬

ِ

The vowelless or sakin ‫ ا‬preceded by fathah: (‫ه ا‬

ٍ َ ).

The three of them are produced from the hollow space in the throat
and the oral cavity (Jawf) only by lengthening the preceded letter
harakah with two vowel counts, this is why the three letters have to
be vowelless (sakin) preceded by a homogeneous vowel
(harakah).
Likewise, in Quran and language, there are two letters are called
(leen) letters, which are:

The vowelless or sakin ‫ و‬preceded by fathah: (ٍ‫ت‬ ْ ‫)الم‬

‫و‬
َ َ

The vowelless or sakin ‫ ي‬preceded by fathah: (ٍ‫)ب ْي ت‬.

َ
The leen letters are not produced from the (Jawf), otherwise the ‫و‬
is produced from the lips and the ‫ ي‬from the middle tongue since
they both don’t have any lengethining, however:
The two letters can be produced from the (Jawf) on the condition
of having a cause afterwards and then their sound would flow in
the jawf for a term measured by ḥarakat just like the three (madd
wa leen) letters.

- 102 -
In tajweed:
The needed time for producing the three (madd wa leen) letters
which is two harakas is called: shortening. And lengethining the
two leen letters with two ḥarakat is called shortening also or (madd
ma).
While lengethining the the three (madd wa leen) letters and the two
leen letters with more than two ḥarakat is called lengethining.
And it is must to know:
1- Increasing the three (madd wa leen) letters time with more
than two harakas and the littlest increasment in the two leen
letters should happen for a cause which is exclusively the
cutting hamzah (Hamzatul Qata’) or sukoon.
2- This increasment doesn’t happen due to the reciter breath
length rather it is adjusted by the narration through the
prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
We will initiate by clarifying the types of the madd due to hamzah
then the madd due to sukoon.

Madd due to Hamzah Types

We will give examples through which you will know:
1- The madd type
2- Madd letter essence
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number)
In the almighty saying:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱠ الكافرون‬

- 103 -
The ‫ ا‬in (‫ )يا‬is followed by (hamzatul Qata’) in the next separate
word, so we say (‫ )يا أيها‬but the ‫ ا‬is written in the lowercase form in
Quran.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the small ‫ ا‬to indicate the
lengthening in it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and so
in every like.
In the almighty saying:

٥ :‫ﱡ ﲬ ﲭ ﲮ ﲯ ﲰ ………… ﱠ البينة‬

The ‫ و‬in (‫ )ﲭ‬is followed by (hamzatul Qata’) in the next separate

word.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ و‬to indicate the lengthening in
it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and so in every like.
In the almighty saying:

٤٥ :‫ﱡ ﲖ ﲗ ………… ﲟ ﲠ ﱠ الفجر‬

The ‫ ي‬in (‫ )ﲟ‬is followed by (hamzatul Qata’) in the next separate

word.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ي‬to indicate the lengthening in
it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and so in every like.
In the almighty saying:

٢٣ :‫ﱡ ﱩ ﱪ ﱫ ﱬ ﱭ ………… ﱠ البقرة‬

The second ‫ ي‬in (‫ )ﱬ‬is followed by (hamzatul Qata’) in the next

separate word.

- 104 -
In this word the second ‫ ي‬is not written but it is vocalized and the
word wouldn’t be correct without it wherefore the scholars put small
‫ ي‬instead of the omitted one.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the small ‫ ي‬to indicate the
lengthening in it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and so
in every like.
In tajweed:
The aforementioned madd is called the: The Separate (munfasil)
madd, since the (madd wa leen) letter is the last in the first word
and the (hamzatul Qata’) is the first in the next word.
Attention:
Connecting the two words is a must to have this madd and stopping
on the madd letter turns it to be only two ḥarakat which is known
as Natural or Basic madd, which doesn’t need a cause and without
which the madd letter wouldn’t be produced.
The reason for not exceeding madd for more than two ḥarakat
while stopping on it:
Since stopping separates the madd letter from the
exceeding or the lengethining cause which is (hamzatul
Qata’).
Through the given examples it is clear that:
1- The madd type: Separate madd
2- Madd letter essence: The three (madd wa leen) letters
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number): Four ḥarakat.
*****
There is another type of madd subjoins the separate madd called
The Greater Connective Madd (Madd Silah Kobraa), happens

- 105 -
out of connecting the pronoun ‫ ه‬at the end of the first word with
(hamzatul Qata’) in the beginning of the next word to it by ‫ و‬or ‫ي‬.
Pronoun ‫ ه‬refers to the masculine form of the third singular entity
and its connection is pronunciational, pronounced not written in the
word, retained while connection, dismissed in stopping.
Diacritical scholars put a small ‫ و‬and a small ‫ ي‬for denoting the
connective madd (silah), which has to be by two ḥarakat if is not
followed by hamzah, and by four ḥarakat if is followed by hamzah.
In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

٨ :‫ﱡ ﱣﱤﱥﱦﱠ الطارق‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫)إنَّ ُهو‬, (‫)رج ِّع ِّهي‬.
َ
In tajweed this is called: Lesser Connective Madd (Madd Silah
Soghraa) subjoins the natural madd.

So, if stopping on (‫) ﱣ‬, (‫) ﱥ‬, the pronoun ‫ ه‬has to be vowelless
(sakin) with no connection.
In what is underlined in the Almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ………… ﱞﱟﱠ الهمزة‬

٢٥ - ٢١ :‫ﱡ ………… ﲤﲥ ﲦﲧﲨ ………… ﱠ عبس‬

In

In the underlined words:

While joining the two words: the connective ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬have to be
lengthened by four ḥarakat and it is called In tajweed: Greater
Connective Madd (Madd Silah Kobraa).
Notice the madd sign (~) above the small ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬to indicate the
lengthening in it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and so
in every like.

- 106 -
If stopping on the pronoun ‫ ه‬it has to be vowelless (sakin) with no
connection.

Like the pronoun ‫ ه‬like the ‫ ه‬in the demonstrative name (‫) ﱆ‬
refers to the feminine singular person.
In the Almighty saying:

١٣ :‫ﱡ ﱆﱇ ………… ﱠ الرحمن‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫ ) َها ِّذ ِّهي‬by lengethining the ‫ ي‬sound
with two ḥarakat. Diacritical scholars put a small ‫ ي‬to indicate the
silah.
If stopping on the pronoun ‫ ه‬it has to be vowelless (sakin) with no
connection and so on in every alike.
In the Almighty saying:

٩٢ :‫ﱡ ﱍ ﱎ ﱏ ………… ﱠ األنبياء‬

What is underlined pronounced: (‫ ) َها ِّذ ِّهي أ َمتُكُم‬by lengethining the ‫ي‬
sound with four ḥarakat as a greater connective madd (madd silah
kobraa).
If stopping on the pronoun ‫ ه‬it has to be vowelless (sakin) with no
connection.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the silah ‫ ي‬to indicate the
lengthening in it as it should be lengthened by four ḥarakat and
so in every like.
Through the given examples it is clear that:
1- The madd type: Greater connective madd (Silah Kobraa)
2- Madd letter essence: The ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬madd letters
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number): Four ḥarakat .

- 107 -
 ***
In the almighty saying:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥﱠ النصر‬

٤٩ :‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﲊﲋﲌﲍﲎ ………… ﱠ الحاقة‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱴﱵﱶﱷﱸ ………… ﱽ ………… ﱠ الممتحنة‬

١٣ :‫ﱡ ﲷﲸﲹ ………… ﱠ المرسالت‬

In the underlined words:

The (madd wa leen) letters were followed by the cutting hamzah
(hamzatul Qata’) in the same word, so the should be lengthened
by four ḥarakat.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ي‬, ‫ و‬and ‫ ا‬to indicate the
lengthening in it as it and so in every like.
In tajweed:
The aforementioned madd is called the: the Connected
(muttasil) madd, since the (madd wa leen) letter is connected to
(hamzatul Qata’) in the same word.
Through the given examples it is clear that:
1- The madd type: Connected madd
2- Madd letter essence: The three (madd wa leen) letters
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number): Four ḥarakat.
***

- 108 -
The outcome:
Having (hamzatul Qata’) following the (madd wa leen) letters
causes:
The separate (munfasil) madd – The greater connective (silah)
mad - The connected (muttasil) madd.
The madd measure in the three types is four ḥarakat .
So far, the madd due to (hamzatul qata’) is done, and we will
begin:

Madd due to Sukoon Types

1- There are two types of sukoon:
Permanent Sukoon: the letter is vowelless (sakin) always,
same while connecting it with the next to it or stopping on
it, it is called: compulsory (sukoon laazim).
2- Temporary Sukoon: the letter is vowelless (sakin) while
stopping on it, and voweled (mutaharrik) while connecting
it with the next letter, this is called: submissive (sukoon
aa’red).
Initially, we will illustrate the (sukoon laazim):
Found in a word and in the disconnected letters in the beginning
of some Quran surahs.
Madd due to Permenant Sukoon (Sukoon Lazim)
In a word
We will give examples through which you will know:
1- The madd type
2- Madd letter essence
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number)

- 109 -
In the almighty saying:

٧ :‫ﱡ ﱛﱜﱝﱞﱟﱠﱡﱢﱣﱠ الفاتحة‬

٨٠ :‫ﲣﲥﲦﲧﲨ ………… ﱠ األنعام‬

‫ﲤ‬ ‫ﱡﲢ‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲔﲕﲖ ………… ﲢﲣﲤﱠ المائدة‬

In the underlined words:

The (madd wa leen) letters were followed by mushaddad letters in
the same word, and as what is knowm that any letter with shaddah
is assembled of two letters, the first is vowelless (sakin) while the
second is voweled (mutaharrik), the first being sakin is compulsory
for having the shaddah.
This is called the Intensive compulsory madd in a word, and
should be lengthened by six ḥarakat .
Notice the madd sign (~) above the (madd wa leen) letter to
indicate the lengthening in it as it and so in every like.
***
In the almighty saying:

٥٤ :‫ﳀﳂ ………… ﱠ يونس‬

‫ﱡ ﲻﲼﲽﲾﲿ ﳁ‬

٩٤ :‫ﱡ ﱫﱬﱭﱮ ………… ﱠ يونس‬

In the underlined words:

The word (‫ ) ﳂ‬which was repeated twice in surah Yunus, the ‫ا‬
was followed by ‫ ل‬with permanent sukoon which is not included in
a mushaddad letter in the same word.

- 110 -
This is called the Lightened compulsory madd in a word, and
should be lengthened by six ḥarakat .
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ا‬letter to indicate the
lengthening in it without any other like in the entire Quran.
***
Based on the aforementioned examples:
1- The madd type: Intensive compulsory madd in a word
Lightened compulsory madd in a word
2- letter essence: The three (madd wa leen) letters
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number): Six ḥarakat .
***
Madd due to Permenant Sukoon (Sukoon Lazim)
In a letter
The term letter means: the disconnected letters in the beginning
of some Quran suras, hence these letters have to be red by
names not sounds as usual.
In the start of surahs:
‫ السجدة‬- ‫البقرة – آل عمران – العنكبوت – الروم – لقمان‬

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬has to be red: Alif, Laam, Meem.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ل‬and the ‫ م‬that indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫)الم‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
Pronouncing the (‫)ميم‬, which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
Moreover, the ‫ م‬at the end of (‫ )الم‬has to be merged with the ‫ م‬in
the beginning of (‫)ميم‬, as we pronounce one ‫ م‬mushaddah with

- 111 -
stretched ghuunah, for which the ‫ ا‬in middle of ‫ ل‬is followed by ‫م‬
mushaddah, be alert.
***
In the start of surah ‫األعراف‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬has to be red: Alif, Laam, Meem,Saad.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ل‬, the ‫ م‬and the ‫ ص‬that
indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫)الم‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
Pronouncing the (‫)ميم‬, which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
Pronouncing the (‫)صاد‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length and
notice the Qalqalah in the ‫د‬.
Moreover, the ‫ م‬at the end of (‫ )الم‬has to be merged with the ‫ م‬in
the beginning of (‫)ميم‬, as we pronounce one (‫ )ميم‬mushaddah with
stretched ghuunah, for which the ‫ ا‬in middle of (‫ )الم‬is followed by ‫م‬
mushaddah, be alert.
***
In the start of surahs:
‫ احلجر‬- ‫يونس – هود –يوسف– إبراهيم‬

The word:‫ ﱡ ﱒﱠ‬has to be red: Alif, Laam, Raa.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ل‬that indicates:

Pronouncing the (‫)الم‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
While the (‫ )را‬was stripped of the madd sign since the ‫ا‬at the end
of it has to be lengthened by two vowel counts only and it is not
followed by ‫ء‬.

- 112 -
 ***
In the start of surah ‫الرعد‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬has to be red: Alif, Laam, Meem, Raa.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ل‬and the ‫ م‬that indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫)الم‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
Pronouncing the (‫)ميم‬, which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
Moreover, the ‫ م‬at the end of (‫ )الم‬has to be merged with the ‫ م‬in
the beginning of (‫)ميم‬, as we pronounce one ‫ م‬mushaddah with
stretched ghuunah, for which the ‫ ا‬in middle of (‫ )الم‬is followed by ‫م‬
mushaddah, be alert.
While the ‫ ا‬at the end of (‫ )را‬has to be lengthened by two ḥarakat
only with no following ‫ء‬.
***
In the start of surah ‫مريم‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬has to be red: kaaf, Haa, Yaa, Aa’ein,

Saad.
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ك‬, the ‫ ع‬and the ‫ ص‬that
indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫)كاف‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
Pronouncing the (‫)عين‬, which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length
(regarding stimulation will be mentioned later).
Pronouncing the (‫)صاد‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
The ‫ ن‬at the end of (‫ )عين‬has to be concealed by the following ‫ص‬,
with ghunnah as the aforementioned modality in true concealment

- 113 -
lesson within the vowelless ‫ ن‬lessons. The ‫ د‬at the end of ‫ ص‬must
have Qalqalah.
***
In the start of surah ‫طه‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱥﱠ‬has to be red: Taa, Haa.

No madd sign above the (‫ )طا‬and the (‫ )هـا‬since the ‫ا‬at the end of
both has to be lengthened by two ḥarakat only with no following ‫ء‬.
***
In the start of surahs:
‫الشعراء – القصص‬

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬has to be red: Taa, Seen, Meem.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ س‬and the ‫ م‬that indicates:
Pronouncing both of the (‫)سين‬, and (‫ )ميم‬which include ‫ ي‬with six
ḥarakat length.
The ‫ ن‬at the end of (‫ )سين‬has to be merged with the following ‫ م‬in
the beginning of (‫)ميم‬, with stretched ghunnah for which one ‫م‬
mushaddah has to be vocalized after the ‫ ي‬in middle of (‫)سين‬, be
alert.
No madd sign above the (‫ )طا‬since the ‫ا‬at the end of it has to be
lengthened by two ḥarakat only with no following ‫ء‬.
***
In the start of surah ‫النمل‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁﱠ‬has to be red: Taa, Seen.

- 114 -
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ س‬that indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫ )سين‬which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
The ‫ا‬at the end of (‫ )طا‬has been stimulated previously.
***
In the start of surah ‫يس‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱜ ﱠ‬has to be red: Yaa, Seen.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ س‬that indicates:

Pronouncing the (‫ )سين‬which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
No madd sign above the ‫ ي‬since the ‫ا‬at the end of it has to be
lengthened by two ḥarakat only with no following ‫ء‬.
***
In the start of surahs:
‫غافر – فصلت – الشورى – الزخرف – الدخان – الجاثية – األحقاف‬

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬has to be red: Ḥaa, Meem.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ م‬that indicates:

Pronouncing the (‫ )ميم‬which includes ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat length.
No madd sign above the ‫ ح‬since the ‫ا‬at the end of it has to be
lengthened by two ḥarakat only with no following ‫ء‬.
***
In the second verse (aayah) of surah ‫الشورى‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱃﱠ‬has to be red: Aa’ein, Seen, Qaaf.

- 115 -
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ع‬, the ‫ س‬and the ‫ ق‬that
indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫ )عين‬and the (‫ )سين‬which include ‫ ي‬with six ḥarakat
length (regarding stimulation about the ‫ ع‬will be mentioned later).
Pronouncing the (‫)قاف‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
The ‫ ن‬at the end of (‫ )عين‬has to be concealed by the following ‫س‬,
with ghunnah as the aforementioned modality in true concealment
lesson within the vowelless ‫ ن‬lessons.
***
In the start of surah ‫ص‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬has to be red: Saad.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ص‬that indicates:

Pronouncing the (‫)صاد‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
The ‫ د‬at the end of ‫ ص‬must have Qalqalah.
***
In the start of surah ‫ق‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱁ ﱠ‬has to be red: Qaaf.

Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ق‬that indicates:

Pronouncing the (‫)قاف‬, which includes ‫ ا‬with six ḥarakat length.
***
In the start of surah ‫القلم‬:

The word: ‫ ﱡ ﱹ ﱠ‬has to be red: Noon.

- 116 -
Notice the madd sign (~) above the ‫ ن‬that indicates:
Pronouncing the (‫)نون‬, which includes ‫ و‬with six ḥarakat length.
***
In tajweed:
If the letter was lengthened by six ḥarakat in conjunction with a
following shaddah on the next letter, the madd would be called: The
Intensive compulsory madd in a letter.
While if it was not followed by shaddah on the next letter, the madd
would be called: Lightened compulsory madd in a letter.

A stimulation of ‫ع‬:
‫ ع‬is the only in the disconnected letters which the middle letter in it
ْ
is vowelless ‫ ي‬preceded by fathah: ‫ي‬ ٍ ‫ع‬
ٍ , as this middle letter is (leen)
َ
letter, so:
It is permitted to lengthen it with six ḥarakat (which is the foremost
and the precedent) or with four ḥarakat.
***
Yet, after the pre detailed presentation for the compulsory madd
in a letter, it is clear that:
1- The madd type: Intensive compulsory madd in a letter
Lightened compulsory madd in a letter
2- Letter essence: The three (madd wa leen) letters except for
the ‫ ع‬since the lengthening letter in it is the leen ‫ي‬.
3- Madd measure (ḥarakat number): Six ḥarakat except for the
‫ ع‬as the middle ‫ ي‬could be lengthened by four or six ḥarakat.

- 117 -
 ***
So far the permanent sukoon is done and we will initiate
declaring:
Madd subject to Sukoon
Only in a word
We will give examples through which you will know:
4- The madd type
5- Madd letter essence
6- Madd measure (ḥarakat number)
In the almighty saying:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱰﱱﱲﱳﱠ الناس‬

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱠ الكافرون‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱠﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥﱠ الماعون‬

In the underlined words:
The (madd wa leen) letters were followed by voweled (mutaharrik)
letters in the same word, wich incidentally came to be vowelless
or sakin due to stopping, regarding this stopping, the ‫ ا‬in (‫)ﱳ‬, the ‫و‬
in (‫ ) ﱃ‬and the ‫ ي‬in (‫ )ﱤ‬have to be lengthened by
two – four – six moras.
Adopting any of the three values is allowable, while the four is
preferable and so in every like.
In tajweed:
This madd is called Madd subject to sukoon:

- 118 -
Since the madd occured regarding having an incidental sukoon
due to stopping following the (madd wa leen) letter.
Madd sign is not found since the diacritical scholars usally right
the signs due to continuation not stopping.

***
In the almighty saying:

‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈﱉﱊﱋﱌﱍ‬
١ – ٤ :‫ﱎﱏ ﱐﱑﱒﱓﱔﱠ قريش‬

In the underlined words:

The (two leen) letters which are ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬preceded by fathah were
followed by voweled (mutaharrik) letters in the same word, wich
incidentally came to be vowelless or sakin due to stopping.

Regarding this stopping, the ‫ ي‬in (‫) ﱂ‬, ( ‫) ﱇ‬, (‫ ) ﱌ‬and the

‫ و‬in (‫ ) ﱔ‬have to be lengthened by two – four – six moras.

Adopting any of the three values is allowable, while the 4 is

preferable, and so in every like.

In tajweed:
This madd is called Leen madd subject to sukoon:
Since the madd occured regarding having an incidental sukoon
due to stopping following the (leen) letter.

- 119 -
Madd sign is not found since the diacritical scholars usally right
the signs due to continuation not stopping.

- 120 -
Through the given examples:
1- The madd type: Madd subject to sukoon
Leen madd subject to sukoon
2- Letter essence: The three (madd wa leen) letters in (Madd
subject to sukoon) and the two (leen) letters in (Leen madd
subject to sukoon).
3- Madd measure (moras or harakat number): two – four – six
moras.
*****
Stimulation:
Madd length is the same in the two types, however the (four) is the
best to choose in each.
The voweled (mutaharrik) letter at the end of a word turns to be
vowelless (sakin) in stopping on it. If this last letter was preceded
by (madd wa leen) or (leen) letter, it has to be lengthened by four
moras. Yet, continus reciting subjoining this word with the next
brings the (madd wa leen) letter to its origin with two moras only,
and brings the two (leen) letters to thier origin to be articulated from
their intrinsic makhraaj (middle tongue for ‫ ي‬and lips for ‫ و‬not from
the incidental one (jawf).
***
In conclusion:
Having permanent sukoon following the (madd wa leen) letter
causes:
o Intensive compulsory madd in a word
o Lightened compulsory madd in a word
o Intensive compulsory madd in a letter
o Lightened compulsory madd in a letter

- 121 -
The madd length in each is six moras except for the ‫ ع‬since it can
be four or six.
Having incidental sukoon following the (madd wa leen) letter
causes:
o Madd subject to sukoon
o Leen madd subject to sukoon
The madd length in each is two – four – six moras however, the
four is preferable.
***
Questions
1. Lengthening (madd) and shortening (qasr) lesson is
concerned about five letters, mention them in details
clarifying: the meaning of lengthrning and shortening and the
madd cause.
Madd due to Hamzah
2. Get the Separate (munfasil) madd spots from surat: Al-
Kafiroon, clarifying: the lengthened letter essence and its
measure.
3. What is the natural lengthening? Get examples from suart:
Al- Fatehah.
4. What is the lesser connective madd? Get spots from surat:
Al-Mutaffeen, clarifying: its sign and measure.
5. What is the greater connective madd? Get spots from surat:
Al- Homazah, clarifying: its sign and measure.
6. Get the Connected (muttasil) madd spots from surat: Abasa,
clarifying: the lengthened letter essence and its measure.
Madd due to Sukoon
7. What are the permanent and the incidental sukoon?

- 122 -
8. What is the intensive compulsory madd in a word? It length?
Get examples from Quran?
9. What is the lightened compulsory madd in a word? It length?
Where is it found in Quran?
10. How the words: (‫) ﱁ‬, (‫ ) ﱁ‬and (‫ )ﱒ‬would be red?
What is the madd type, madd letter essence and measure?
11. How the words: (‫) ﱁ‬, (‫ ) ﱁ‬and (‫ )ﱥ‬would be
red? What is the madd type, madd letter essence and
measure?
12. How the words: (‫)ﱁ‬, (‫ ) ﱁ‬and (‫ ) ﱜ‬would be red?
What is the madd type, madd letter essence and measure?
13. How the words: (‫ )ﱁ‬and (‫ )ﱃ‬would be red? What is
the madd type, madd letter essence and measure?
14. How the words: (‫)ﱁ‬, (‫ )ﱁ‬and (‫ ) ﱹ‬would be red? What
is the madd type, madd letter essence and measure?
15. From surat Al – Feel get the madd subject to sukoon
spots clarifying the madd letter essence and measure.
16. From surat Qurayish get the leen madd subject to
sukoon spots clarifying the madd letter essence and
measure.
17. “Madd subject to sukoon is invariable in both of
stopping and continuation” is the sentence right? Account.
*****

- 123 -
 Seventh Chapter
Connecting and
Cutting Hamzahs

- 124 -
In Quran and language there are two
Hamazahs:
o Cutting Hamzah (Hamzatul Qat’)
o Connecting Hamzah (Hamzatul Wasl)
Cutting Hamzah (Hamzatul Qat’): should be written as ‫ ء‬and it
would be:

Vowelless (sakinah): ‫ﱡ ﲤ ﱠ‬

Voweled with (Fathah): ‫ﱡ ﱂ ﱠ‬

Voweled with (Kasrah): ‫ﱡ ﱝ ﱠ‬

Voweled with (Dammah): ‫ﱡ ﱙ ﱠ‬

As for the hamzah with shaddah it is never found in Quran.

It is written and pronounced same if it was first, middle or last in the

utterance. Sukoon (ٍٍ ٍْْ ) should be written on it if it was vowelless

(saakinah).

Connecting Hamzah (Hamzatul Wasl):

The main theme for this lesson, not included in numbering the
alphapets and mainly would be added up to the word for:
Pronouncing a word that which the first letter in it is saakin. This is
why it is called (Hamzatul Wasl).

- 125 -
Diacritical scholars chose ‫ ا‬topped with small ‫ ص‬to indicate it as
in: ‫ﱡ ﱤ ﱠ‬, however:

Why do we learn (Hamzatul Wasl) In

tajweed?
For answering we shall have some examples:
In the almighty saying:

٢٢ :‫ﱡ ﲣ ﲤ ﲥ ﲦ ﱠ المطففين‬

If starting with (‫) ﲤ‬, we start (Hamzatul Wasl) with fathah.

While, connecting it with (‫ )ﲣ‬the two words should be pronounced:

ْ ْ
(‫)إنٍْلبرار‬:
َ
(Hamzatul Wasl) has been dropped, since we pronounce ‫ن‬
mushaddah then ‫ل‬saakinah.
In the almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱉ ﱊ ﱋ ﱌ ﱍ ﱠ المزمل‬

If starting with (‫)ﱋ‬, we start (Hamzatul Wasl) with dammah.

While, connecting it with (‫ ) ﱊ‬the two words should be pronounced:

ْ
(‫)أون ُقص‬:
ِ

(Hamzatul Wasl) has been dropped, since we pronounce ‫ و‬with

kasrah then ‫ن‬saakinah.

- 126 -
In the almighty saying:

١٨ :‫ﱡ ﳑﳒﳓﳔﳕﳖﱠ المرسالت‬

If starting with (‫)ﳔ‬, we start (Hamzatul Wasl) with kasrah.

While, connecting it with (‫ ) ﳓ‬the two words should be pronounced:

(‫ك ُعوا‬ ْ
َ ‫)ل ُُهٍ ٍُر‬:
َ

(Hamzatul Wasl) has been dropped, since we pronounce ‫ م‬with

dammah then ‫ر‬saakinah.
By observing the aforementioned examples:
1. (Hamzatul wasl) is the intiate letter in the word and has to be
wriiten as ‫ ا‬topped with small ‫ص‬.
2. It is a must for the next letter to it to be saakin.
3. It is enduring while initiating the utterance, dimissed whilst
connecting with the preceding word, thus it is not included in
the alphapets.
4. Pronouncially, (hamzatul wasl) would have the three diacritics
(fathah, dammah and kasrah) but not textually.

We need to know why (hamzatul wasl) in (‫ ) ﲤ‬had fathah?

And why it had dammah in (‫?)ﱋ‬

However why it had kasrah in (‫?)ﳔ‬

ْ
Basically, (hamzatul wasl) must have fathah in (ٍ‫ )ال‬for definition.

In addition, it has dammah if the third letter in the word - including

(Hamzatul Wasl) - has an intrinsic (original) dammah.

- 127 -
Another pertinent point, it has kasrah in any other case.

For having a complete vision about

(hamzatul wasl) three stimulations must
be considered:
The first:
For differentiating between the original and the incidental dammah:
Bring back the trilateral verb to the pronoun less present form, if
the third letter still has dammah so the dammah is original, however
if it turned to be another harakah the it is incidental, as in the
following examples:

o The word (‫ )ﱋ‬is a verb whereas the third letter ‫ ق‬has

dammah:
ْ
The present form for it (‫)ين ُقص‬: the ‫ ق‬kept the dammah, so the
َ
dammah is original, as we start by connected hamzah (hamzatul
wasl) with dammah.
ْ
o The word (‫ك روا‬
ُ ‫ ) اذ‬is a verb whereas the third letter ‫ ك‬has
dammah:
ْ
The present form for it (‫)يذكُر‬: the ‫ ك‬kept the dammah, so the
َ
dammah is original, as we start by connected hamzah (hamzatul
wasl) with dammah.

o The word (‫ض وا‬ ْ

ُ ‫ )وام‬is a verb whereas the third letter ‫ ض‬has
dammah:

- 128 -
 ْ
The present form for it (‫ضي‬
ِ ‫)يم‬: the ‫ ض‬has kasrah, so the dammah
is incidental, as we start by connected hamzah (hamzatul wasl)
with kasrah.
The verbs in Quran contain thirds with incidental dammahs and we
intiate them by (hamzatul wasl) with kasrah are five:

٧٤ :‫ﱡ ﱟﱠ يونس‬

٢٤ :‫ﱡ ﱔﱠ الكهف‬

٣٥ :‫ﱡ ﲫﱠ الحجر‬

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱳﱠ ص‬

٣١ :‫ﱡ ﳍﱠ طه‬
Note one:
In the language there are quinquelateral and hexilateral verbs start
with (hamzatul wasl) with kasrah while they start with (hamzatul
wasl) with dammah if they were passive and the dammah in them
is original, here are examples:

Active verb Passive verb

ْ ْ
ٍ‫اِئتمن‬ ٍ‫ؤ َتمن‬
ٍ ُ ‫ٍا‬
َ َ َ َ َ
ْ ْ
ٍ‫ع‬
َ َ ‫ٍِا‬
‫َت‬
َ ‫خ‬ ٍ‫ع‬
َ ‫َت‬
ِ ُ ‫خ‬ ُ ‫ٍا‬

ْ ْ
ٍ‫اٍِ ْستحسن‬ ٍ‫ٍا ُ ْستُح ِسن‬
َ َ َ َ

- 129 -
 ْ ْ
ٍ‫اٍِ ْستقبح‬ ٍ‫ٍا ُ ْستُق ِبح‬
َ َ َ َ

Note two:
The word which starts with (hamzatul wasl) whilest connected with
the preceded word which ends with a madd letter:
Both of the madd letter and (hamzatul wasl) have to be
pronouncially dismissed, there are several examples, from them:

٣ :‫ﱠ االنفطار‬...................... ‫ﱡ ﱗﱘ‬

٥ :‫ﱠ البينة‬................. .....‫ ﲵﲶﲷﲸ‬...................... ‫ﱡ‬

١ :‫ ﱤﱥﱠ الهمزة‬...................... ‫ﱡ‬

In those examples and their likes:
The voweled letter precedes the madd letter at the end of the first
word would be pronounced followed directly by the vowelless letter
next to (hamzatul wasl) in the beginning of the second word.
Pay attention that if the two words would be joined with lengethining
the madd letter at the end of the first word, consequently (hamzatul
wasl) in the beginning of the second word has to be pronounced
and this is a linguistic error since (hamzatul wasl) is vocalized
exclusively in the beginning of the utterance while it is dropped
when connected with the preceding word.
Note three:
The word which starts with (hamzatul wasl) whilest connected with
the preceded word which ends with a vowelless (saakin) that is
consonant (not a madd letter):

- 130 -
(Hamzatul wasl) has to be pronouncially dismissed and the
preceding saakin letter must turns to be vowelled (has harakah)
called (incidental harakah for the meeting of the two vowelless
letters).
The two vowelless letters are:
The vowelless letter precedes (hamzatul wasl) in the first word and
the vowelless letter follows it in its word, to prvent the succession
of the two saakin letters, the preceding letter must have harakah
while the following one stays saakin, there are several examples,
from them:
In the almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲆﲇﲈﱠ الناس‬

The ‫ ن‬of (‫ ) ﲆ‬is originally vowelless since it is preposition, when it

is connected to the next (hamzatul wasl) it takes an incidental
fathah while (hamzatul wasl) has been dismissed.
In the almighty saying:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﲓﲔﱠ التكاثر‬

The ‫ م‬of (‫ )ﲓ‬is originally vowelless since it is ‫ م‬for pluralization,

when it is connected to the next (hamzatul wasl) it takes an
incidental dammah while (hamzatul wasl) has been dismissed.
In the almighty saying:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱄﱅ ﱆﱇﱠ المزمل‬

The ‫ م‬of (‫ ) ﱄ‬is originally vowelless since it is structured on sukoon

of its last, when it is connected to the next (hamzatul wasl) it takes
an incidental kasrah while (hamzatul wasl) has been dismissed.

- 131 -
In the almighty saying:

٢ - ٤ :‫ﱡ ﱁ ﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇﱠ اإلخالص‬

While connecting the two ayas, the word (‫ ) ﱄ‬ends with tanween,
ْ
so it is pronounced (ٍ‫دن‬ُ ‫)أح‬
َ
with vowelless ‫ ن‬at its end. The glorified

word (‫ ) ﱆ‬starts with (hamzatul wasl). By connecting the two words

(‫د ِنٍالهل‬
ُ ‫أح‬
َ
) the ‫ ن‬of the tanween takes an incidental kasrah while

(hamzatul wasl) has been dismissed and the ‫ ل‬of (‫ ) ﱆ‬has to be

light since it is preceded by ‫ ن‬with kasrah.

*****

If (Hamzatul Wasl) precedes (Hamzatul

Qata’)
In Quran there are words include two adjacent hamzas:
o The first is (hamzatul wasl).
o The second is (hamzatul qata’).
In case of connecting this word with the preceding one:
(Hamzatul wasl) has to be dropped and we pronounce vowelless
(hamzatul qata’).
In case of strating with this word:
(Hamzatul wasl) has to be enduring while (hamzatul qata’) has to
be replaced with a madd letter homogenizes (hamzatul wasl)
harakah.

- 132 -
The replacement in this case is only pronouncially and there no
sign to indicate it and this why some reciters would mistake it by
pronouncing both of the two hamzas (hamzatul wasl and qata’)
with taḥqeeq or affirmation and this a linguistic and quranic
mistake.
Now these are examples through which we know how to
pronounce the connected and the initiate utterance.
In the almighty saying:

٢٨٣ :‫…………………ﱠ البقرة‬.‫……………ﱐﱑﱒﱓ‬.‫ﱡ ﱂﱃﱄﱅ‬

In case of connecting (‫) ﱑﱒ‬:

ْ
َِ
The ‫ ذ‬of (‫ ) ﱑ‬directly joins the saakin hamzah (ٍ‫)اّلؤت ُ ِمن‬.
َ

In case of starting with (‫)ﱒ‬:

(Hamzatul wasl) has to be enduring with dammah since the third

letter in the word has original dammah. As for (hamzatul qata’) it
has to be replaced with ‫ و‬saakinah two moras length (ibdaal): (
ٍ‫)اُوت ُ ِمن‬.
َ
Primarily, the (hamzah) is written above ‫ و‬for denoting the
pronounced letter while replacement.
In the almighty saying:

٧٧ :‫…………ﱠ األعراف‬.‫………… ﲄﲅﲆﲇﲈ‬. ‫ﱡ‬

١٩ :‫…………ﱠ التوبة‬.‫ﱡ ﱒﱓﱔﱕﱖ‬

٣١ :‫…………ﱠ طه‬.‫ﱡ ﳊﳋﳌﳍﳎ‬

- 133 -
 ١ :‫…………ﱠ األحقاف‬.‫…………ﲭ‬.
‫ﲬ‬ ‫ﱡ ﲛﲜﲝﲞ‬
In the underlined words, in case of connecting the words with the
preceding utterance, (hamzatul wasl) has to be dropped while
saakin (hamzatul qata’) has to be vocalized.
In case of starting with the word:
(Hamzatul wasl) has to be enduring with kasrah since the third
letter in the word has incidental dammah. As for (hamzatul qata’) it
has to be replaced with ‫ ي‬saakinah two moras length (ibdaal):
(‫) اِيتِنا‬, (‫يذن‬
َ ِ‫)ا‬, (‫)اِيتُوا‬, (‫)اِيتُوين‬.
Primarily, the ‫ ء‬is written above ‫ ي‬for denoting the pronounced letter
while replacement.
Pay attention of falling in the mistake of initiating the utterance with
two affirmed hamzas (hamzatul wasl and qata’).
*****

The word (‫) ﲭ‬

In the almighty saying:

١١ :‫……………ﱠ فصلت‬.‫ﲫﲭ‬
‫ﲬ‬ ‫ﱡ ﲤﲥﲦﲧﲨﲩﲪ‬

The word (‫ ) ﲭ‬has two consecutive cutting hamzah (hamzatul

qata’)
The first has to be pronounced with affirmation (taḥqeeq), means:
Colliding in the hamzah makhraj as a strength and apparent letter
and then parting for the ḥarakah.
The second has to be pronounced with easiness (tasheel),
means:

- 134 -
Colliding lightly in the hamzah makhraj and then parting for the
ḥarakah.
Notice the (tasheel) sign above the ‫ ا‬which is a small solid circle
(•).

Stimulation 1:
Two consecutive actions must happen to have a voweled letter:
Collision in no time then parting to the jawf.
This collision is the same in both of the hamzahs with taḥqeeq or
tasheel with only one difference which is the collision strength or
grade as it is stronger in the affirmed hamzah (the one with
taḥqeeq).
For this:
o The tasheel was from the methods to lighten the hamzah, and
it must be through a narration.
o Some scholars called the hamzah with (tasheel): the soft
hamzah.

Stimulation 2:
Tasheel happens only in the voweled hamzahs.
The needed time for both of the hamzahs with taḥqeeq or tasheel
is the same, so be careful of:
o Increasing the tasheel hamzah time as a madd letter would
be produced.
o Using the ‫ ه‬makhraj instead of ‫ ء‬claiming the tasheel so the ‫ء‬
would be exchanged by ‫ه‬.

- 135 -
These two mistakes are clear ones that which a lot would make
and actually each has a consensus of forbiddening since the first
is exceeding while the second is distortion.
*****
If (Hamzatul Qata’) precedes (Hamzatul
Wasl) (‫)ﱌ‬, (‫)ﱬ‬, (‫)ﱫ‬
In Quran there are words include two successive hamzas:
o The first is interrogative with fathah.
o The second is definte article (hamzatul wasl) with fathah.
In case of strating with this word or connecting it with the
preceding one:
(Hamzatul qata’) has to be enduring with fathah while (hamzatul
wasl) has to be replaced with ‫ ا‬lengthened by six moras (ibdaal).
Some scholars would call this (madd al-farq) or distinction madd.
To indicate the replacement spots and the long madd, diacritical
scholars put the long madd sign (~) on the ‫ ا‬instead of (hamzatul
wasl), and here the declaration of the three words:

: (‫) ﱌ‬

٤١٣ :‫………ﱠ األنعام‬.‫ﱉ ﱋﱌ‬

‫ﱊ‬ ‫ﱂﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈ‬
‫ﱃ‬ ‫ﱡﱁ‬
٤١١ :‫………………………ﱠ األنعام‬. ‫ﱡﱣﱤ‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱜﱝﱞﱟﱠ‬
The madd is intensive compulsory in a word.
: (‫) ﱬ‬

٥٩ :‫………………ﲗﲘﲙﲚﱠ يونس‬. ‫ﱡ ﲋﲌ‬

٥٩ :‫……………ﱬﱭﱠ النمل‬...…………
‫ﱫ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱣﱤﱥ‬

- 136 -
The madd is intensive compulsory in a word.

: (‫)ﱫ‬

٥٤ :‫………………ﱠ يونس‬.‫ﳀﳂ‬
‫ﱡ ﲻﲼﲽﲾﲿ ﳁ‬

٩٤ :‫ﱡ ﱫﱬﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﱠ يونس‬

The madd is lightened compulsory in a word.

Stimulation:
There is another option in the three words which is:
Pronouncing the first ‫ ء‬with taḥqeeq and the second with tasheel,
as the aforementioned explanation including the precautions in
(‫) ﲭ‬.

Since both of the ibdaal and tasheel have diacritical signs to

indicate it, this why it was impossible to put both of two signs on
the ‫ ا‬of (hamzatul wasl), therefore the scholars put the ibdaal and
long madd sign which means it is the precedent.
*****
Questions
1. What is (hamzatul qata’)? Give examples.
2. What is (hamzatul wasl)? What its use?
3. Mention the cause of learning about (hamzatul wasl) In
tajweed? Prove clarifying the dominant rule for it.
4. How would the original dammah and the incidental one be
known? Give examples.

- 137 -
5. Mention the five verbs in the quran with incidental dammah in
their thirds, clarifying how to start with each and how to
connect with the preceding word.
6. From surat:An-Nazea’at, get (hamzatul wasl) spots clarifying
how to start with each and how to connect with the preceding
word, and their harakahs.
7. From surat:Al-Ikhlaas, get (hamzatul wasl) spots clarifying
how to start with each and how to connect with the preceding
word, and its effect on ‫ ل‬of the glorified word (‫)الله‬.
8. In Quran there are words include (hamzatul wasl) followed by
(hamzatul qata’), clarify how to start with each and how to
connect with the preceding word.
9. Where the word (‫ ) ﲭ‬would be found in quran? And how
it would be pronounced?
10. What is the tasheel diacritical mark? And what is the
difference between taḥqeeq and tasheel?
11. What are the tasheel precautions?
12. Mention the words which include (hamzatul qata’) followed
by (hamzatul wasl), clarify how to start with each and how to
connect with the preceding words, what is the madd type?
And is there another mode? Mention.
*****

- 138 -
 Eighth Chapter
Stoppage and
Initiation

- 139 -
The purpose of reciting quran is to understand and contemplate its
meanings. Since it is not possible to recite a whole surah with one
breath, in addition the verse (aayah) would be as long as the breath
would end up before reaching its end, therefore if the recitation
would only follow the breath extent, most probably the quran
meanings wouldn’t be understood or contemplated, since both of
the stoppage and the initiation wouldn’t serve complete meanings
and might contradict the linguistic rules.
Achieving the completeness in stoppage and the initiation means:
The awareness of the word that which stopping on it or starting with
it would complete the meaning which requires knowledge of Arabic
grammer rules and interpretation (tafseer) rules, which is
communally not available for every reciter.
Wherefore, diacritical scholars put guiding signs denote the right
stoppage (waqf) that which complete the meaning, and here is the
clarification:
The sign (‫)صلَى‬
ِّ
In the almighty saying:

٥ :‫ﱧﱩﱪﱫﱠ البقرة‬
‫ﱨ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱣﱤﱥﱦ‬

The indicator (ٍ‫)ص َل‬

ِ with kasrah for ‫ ص‬and fathah for ‫ ل‬denotes the
permissible stoppage (jaaiz) on (‫ ) ﱧ‬then initiation from ( ‫) ﱩ‬,
while continuation is precedent and preferable.

And so on with each (aayah) with the indicator (ٍ‫)ص َل‬

ِ on whatever
word yet, this stoppage called the sufficient (waqf kaafee) and it is
frequently found in quran.
***

- 140 -
 The sign (‫)ج‬

In the almighty saying:

‫ﱡ ﱚﱛﱜﱝﱞﱟﱠﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥﱦﱧﱨ‬
٤٩ :‫ﱩﱫﱬﱭﱠ البقرة‬
‫ﱪ‬
The indicator ‫ ج‬denotes the permissible stoppage (jaaiz) on (‫ﱩ‬
‫ﱪ‬ )

then initiation from (‫) ﱫ ﱬ‬, while both continuation and stoppage
are the same with no precedence for any of them.
And so on with each (aayah) with the indicator ‫ ج‬on whatever word
yet, this stoppage called the sufficient (waqf kaafee) as well and it
is frequently found in quran.
***

The sign (‫)قِّلَى‬

In the almighty saying:

‫ﲠﲢﲣﲤﲥ‬
‫ﲡ‬ ‫ﱡ ﲕﲖﲗﲘﲙﲚﲛﲜﲝﲞﲟ‬

٤٣ :‫ﲦﲧﲨﱠ البقرة‬

The indicator (ٍ‫ ) ِق َل‬with kasrah for ‫ ق‬and fathah for ‫ ل‬denotes the

obligatory stoppage (wajib) on ( ‫ﲠ‬

‫ﲡ‬ ) then initiation from ( ‫)ﲢﲣ‬.
Yet the meaning won’t change or deteriorate if the reciter didn’t
stop regard the stoppage precedence.

- 141 -
And so on with each (aayah) with the indicator (ٍ‫ ) ِق َل‬on whatever
word yet, this stoppage called the complete (waqf tamm) and it is
frequently found in quran.
***
The sign (‫)م‬
In the almighty saying:

٣٣ :‫ﱅﱇﱈ ﱉﱊﱋﱌﱠ األنعام‬

‫ﱆ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱂﱃﱄ‬

The indicator ‫ م‬denotes the mandatory stoppage (lazim) on (‫)ﱅ‬

then initiation from ( ‫)ﱇ ﱈ ﱉ‬.

If if the reciter didn’t stop the meaning will change and deteriorate
since it would be something other than Allah’s intended purpose.
And so on with each (aayah) with the indicator ‫ م‬on whatever word
yet, this stoppage called the mandatory (waqf laazim) and it is
rarely found in quran.
***
The sign (‫)ال‬

In some quran scripts the indicator (‫ )ال‬would be found, called the

forbidden or ugly stoppage.
It denotes the mandatory connection (lazim) with the following
word or else the meaning would be corrupted and other than
Allah’s intended purpose.
In the almighty saying:

- 142 -
 ‫ﱡ ﲛﲜﲝﲞﲟﲠﲡﲢﲣﲤﲥﲦﲧ‬
٤٣٣ :‫ﲨ ﲩﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮالﲯﲰﱠ األعراف‬

If the reciter stopped on (‫ ) ﲭ ﲮ‬the meaning would be that the

fishes come to them on Saturday same as other days and this is
what Allah didn’t signify here.
This sign has been omitted from some of the new quran prints.
***
The embrace sign
In the almighty saying:

٢ :‫ﱈﱊﱋﱠ البقرة‬ ‫ﱡ ﱃﱄﱅ ﱇ‬

‫ﱆ ﱉ‬

The indicator on (‫ﱆ‬

‫ ) ﱅ ﱇ‬and (‫ﱈ‬
‫ ) ﱉ‬denotes three reciting options:

1. The stop on the first indicator on (‫ ) ﱅ ﱆ‬and start from (‫ ) ﱈ‬up

until the end of the (aayah).
2. The stop on the second indicator on (‫ ) ﱈ‬and start from (‫) ﱊ‬
up until the end of the (aayah).
3. Connecting all the words in the (aayah) without any stoppage.
So reciting the (aayah) continuously is permissible so as stop on
any of two words with the embrace sign.

***

- 143 -
Stimulations:
First:
All the aforementioned stoppage types follow the optional
stoppage types which the reciter intends to do and chooses
where to stop.
There is another type reciter would be compelled to do it called the
forcible stoppage. This type doesn’t have indicators, and no worries
if the reciter was forced to do regardless the meaning distortion or
deterioration since he is excused due to the shortness of breath or
any kind of disability, however the reciter has to rerecite the (aayah)
after the demise of necessity.
Second:
Perhaps the (aayah) would be long without any stoppage indicator
therefore reciter has to choose a spot to stop on before being out
of breath and choose another spot to start from that wich the serve
the meaning and the utterance would be correctly connected, and
here is an example:
In the almighty saying:

‫ﱡ ﲲﲳﲴﲵﲶﲷﲸﲹﲺﲻﲼﲽﲾﲿﳀ‬
٤٠٤ :‫ﳁﳂﳃﳄﳅﳆﳇﱠ البقرة‬

If the reciter stopped on (‫ ) ﳁ ﳂ‬he has to start from (‫ )ﲻ ﲼ‬to

serve the correct meaning.
Third:
Stop at the end of the (aayah) is a sunnah, however:
There might be two (aayahs) connected since the first needs the
second for the meaning complement, in this case:

- 144 -
It is permitted to stop at the end of the first and start from the
second and it is not permitted to cut of the recitation on the first end
and do something else.
Here are two examples and it is the same in every like:
The end of (aayah) 219 and start of 220 from surat al- Baqarah:

٢٢٠ - ٢٤٩ :‫ﱡ…………… ﳎﳏ ﳐﱁﱂﱃ……………ﱠ البقرة‬

The end of (aayah) 4 and start of 5 from surat al- Mao’oon:

٥ - ١ :‫ﱡ ﱦﱧﱨﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱠ الماعون‬

Reciter is allowed to stop at the end of the first (aayah) for resting
without cutting off the recitation to complete the meaning and then
start from the second (aayah).
******
Breathless pause (sakt) spots
Stoppage is:
The reciter cuts the voice intending rest and taking a breath to
continue on reciting, stopping correctly on a word or at the end of
the (aayah) or beacause he is out of breath.
Breathless pause (sakt) is:
The reciter cuts the voice on a saakin letter for a short time
without taking a breath then vocalize the next word. So it is
shorter than the stoppage and happens only in connected
utterance.
Sakt indicator:
A small ‫ س‬on the letter and in in the counter margin a square in it
(nice pause) is written.

- 145 -
In the quran there are five spots denote obligatory (sakt) which
are:
The first word:

‫ﱡ ﲭﲮﲯﲰﲱﲲﲳﲴﲵﲶ ﲸ‬
‫ﲷﲹﲺﲻﲼﲽﲾﲿ‬
٢ - ٤ :‫ﳀﳁﳂﳃﳄﳅﳆﳇﳈﱠ الكهف‬

Sakt on the ‫ ا‬at the end of (‫ ) ﲷ‬while connecting the two aayahs.

The second word:

٥٢ :‫ﲼﲿﳀﳁﳂﳃﳄﱠ يس‬
‫ﲽﲾ‬ ‫ﱡ ﲷﲸﲹﲺﲻ‬

Sakt on the ‫ ا‬at the end of (‫ﲼ‬

‫ﲽﲾ‬ ) while connecting this word with
the next one.
The third word:

٢٧ :‫ﱡﱣﱠ القيامة‬
‫ﱡﱠ ﱢ‬
Sakt on the ‫ ن‬at the end of (‫ ) ﱡ‬while connecting this word with the
next one, the ‫ ن‬has to be pronounced clearly with written sukoon
on it denotes idhhaar.
The fourth word:

٤١ :‫ﱴﱶﱷﱸﱹﱺﱻﱠ المطففين‬ ‫ﱡ ﱳ‬
‫ﱲ ﱵ‬
Sakt on the ‫ ل‬at the end of (‫ )ﱴ‬while connecting this word with the
next one, the ‫ ل‬has to be pronounced clearly with written sukoon
on it denotes idhhaar.

Stimulation about the four words:

- 146 -
The aforemrntioned four sakt spots are obligatory for Hafs on the
authority of A’asem recitation, but with lengthening the separate
madd (munfasil) not with shortening it.
The fifth word:
٢٩ - ٢٨ :‫ﳄﳆﳇﳈﳉﱠ الحاقة‬
‫ﳅ‬ ‫ﱡ ﳁﳂﳃ‬
Sakt on the ‫ ه‬at the end of (‫ )ﳄ‬while connecting the two aayahs.

In this spot there are two modes:

 To join the two aayahas by sakt and idhhaar.
 To join the two aayahas by merging the ‫ ه‬at the end of (‫)ﳄ‬

with the ‫ ه‬in the beginning of (‫ ) ﳇ‬without sakt at all.

Means the sakt in (‫ )ﳄ‬is permissible not obligatory.

Stimulation:
There is a sixth sakt not for Hafs only but for all the ten reciters in:
Joining the end of surat al-Anfaal with the beginning of surat at-
Tawabah.
As what is known surat at-Tawabah is the only surah which doesn’t
have basmalah in its beginning and there are two modes are
permissible for all the reciters:
1. Connecting the end of surat Al-Anfaal with the beginning of
surat At-Tawabah:

‫…………………ﱠ‬.. ‫………………… ﳑ ﳒ ﳓ ﳔ ﳕ ﳖ ﱁ ﱂ ﱃ‬.. ‫ﱡ‬

At that the Qalb has to be applied.

- 147 -
 2. Sakt on (‫ )ﳕ‬by pronouncing a short ‫ م‬saakinah without
taking breath then reciting (‫)ﱁ ﱂ‬.
Both of the two modes are permissible with no indicators in quran.

******

Questions

1. What is the significance of learning al – waqf and al –

ibtidaa In tajweed?
2. What does the sign (ٍ‫)ص َل‬
ِ denote? Give examples from
quran.
3. What does the sign ‫ ج‬denote? Give examples from quran.
4. What does the sign (ٍ‫ ) ِق َل‬denote? Give examples from
quran.
5. What does the sign ‫ م‬denote? Give examples from quran.
6. What does the sign (‫ )ال‬denote? Give examples from quran.

7. What is sign on (‫ ) ﱅ ﱆ‬and (‫ ) ﱈ‬aayah no. 2 in surat al -

Baqarah called? What does it mean?
8. What the optional stoppage and what is the forcible
stoppage? Give examples.
9. What does the reciter have to do if the aayah was long
without any stopping signs? Give examples.
10. “Stopping at the end of each aayah is a sunnah, however
there might be two aayahs that which the second
completes the first meaning” explain with examples.

- 148 -
11. What is the difference between the waqf and tha sakt?
12. What is the indicator for the obligatory sakt in quran?
Mention them clarifying how to recite and their spots.
13. Is the sakt on (‫ )ﳄ‬in surat al – ḥaqqah obligatory? Give
cause.
14. What is the ruling of connecting the end of surat al-Anfaal
with the beginning of surat at-Tawabah?

*******

- 149 -
 Ninth Chapter
Stoppage at the end
of the Utterance

- 150 -
While reciting quran it is a must to stop on a word either to be the
end of the aayah, in a stopping stop, being out of breath or for a
rest.
How we do stop on a quranic word?
The last letter of the word we stop on it either to be:
Saakin: stopping on it with sukoon.
Voweled with fathah: stopping on it with sukoon.
Voweled with dammah: stopping on it with sukoon or ishmaam or
rawm.
Voweled with kasrah: stopping on it with sukoon or rawm.
Through the upcoming examples we will understand it more:
In the almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱉ ﱊﱋﱌﱠ اإلخالص‬

Each of the ‫ م‬in (‫)ﱉ‬, the the ‫ د‬in ( ‫ ) ﱊ‬and the ‫ د‬in (‫ )ﱌ‬are
vowelless (saakin) in both of stopping and continuation.

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱺﱻﱼﱽﱠ الكوثر‬

The ‫ ر‬in (‫ )ﱼ‬is vowelless (saakin) in both of stopping and

continuation.
***
In the almighty saying:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﱵﱶﱷﱸﱠ الزلزلة‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﲕﲖﲗﲘﲙﲚﱠ البينة‬

٤١ :‫ﱡ ﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮﲯﱠ البلد‬

- 151 -
The underlined words end with (madd wa leen) letters which are
permanently vowelless (saakin) in both of stopping and
continuation.
***
In the almighty saying from surat al – Falaq:

‫ﱡ ﱙﱚﱛﱜﱠ‬
‫ﱡﱞﱟﱠﱡﱢﱠ‬
‫ﱡﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱠ‬
The underlined words end – in continuation – with voweled letters
(mutaḥrrik) by fathah, stopping on each has to be with sukoon only
in addition to qalqalah since the three last letters are from qalqalah
letters.
***
In the almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱾﱿﲀﲁﱠ الكوثر‬

The ‫ ر‬in (‫ ) ﲁ‬ends – in continuation – with voweled ‫( ر‬mutaḥrrik)

by dammah, stopping on it has three modes:
1. Stopping with Sukoon (the precedent): the dammah of the ‫ر‬
has to be omitted as we vocalize a saakin heavy ‫ ر‬since it is
preceded by fathah.
2. Stopping with Ishmaam: pronouncing a saakin heavy ‫ ر‬then
immediately forming a soundless dammah only with rounding
the two lips to denote the ‫ ر‬harakah in cotinuation.
3. Stopping with Rawm: pronouncing a heavy ‫ ر‬with quick
dammah in undertone as a ‫ ر‬with very short and low voice
dammah would be audible.

- 152 -
Stimulation:
If the last letter was voweled with an incidental dammah or if it was
‫ ت‬for feminine: stopping on it with sukoon is the only option while
both of Ishmaam and rawm are not allowed like in:
In the almighty saying:

٢ - ٤ :‫ﱡ ﲓﲔﲕﲖﲗﲘﱠ التكاثر‬

Each of the ‫ م‬in (‫ )ﲓ‬and (‫ ) ﲗ‬has only stopping on it with sukoon

option, since the ‫ م‬for plural is originaly vowelless and any harakah
it might have must be incidental.
In the almighty saying:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱬ ﱭ ﱮ ﱠ الهمزة‬

Stopping on the ‫ ت‬for feminine at the end of (‫ )ﱮ‬has to be only

with sukoon since it is ‫ ه‬in stopping and ‫ ت‬in continuation and if the
letter is not the same in both of stopping and continuation so
stopping with ishmaam or rawm is not allowed.
***
In the almighty saying:

٣ - ٢ :‫ﱡ ﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈﱉﱊﱋﱌﱠ قريش‬

The underlined words end with voweled letters (mutaḥrrik) by

original kasrah therefore they have two stopping modes:
1. Sukoon: omitting the last letter of any harakah.
2. Rawm: pronouncing a quick kasrah in undertone.

- 153 -
Stimulation:
If the last letter was voweled with an incidental kasrah or if it was ‫ت‬
for feminine: stopping on it with sukoon is the only option while the
rawm is not allowed like in:

٤ :‫ﱡ ﲏﲐﲑﲒﱠ األعلى‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱄﱅ ﱆﱇﱠ المزمل‬

Stopping on the underlined words has to be only with sukoon since
each of (‫ )ﲏ‬and (‫ ) ﱄ‬are imperative verbs with structured ends and
since they are followed by vowelless letters their last letters must
be incidentally voweled with kasrah.
In thye almighty saying:

٤٨ - ٤٧ :‫……………………ﳁﳂﳃﳄﳅﳆﱠ البلد‬. ‫ﱡ‬

Stopping on the underlined words has to be only with sukoon since
the last letter in each is ‫ ه‬in stopping and ‫ ت‬in continuation and if
the letter is not the same in both of stopping and continuation so
stopping with rawm is not allowed.
***
Important stimulations (seven):
First:
Mandatory stopping consensus only by sukoon with no rawm or
ishmaam occures in five states:
1. If the last stopped on it letter in a word was originally vowelless
(saakin) in both of stopping and continuation.
2. If the last stopped on it letter in a word was voweled with
original or incidental fathah.

- 154 -
 3. If the last stopped on it letter in a word was voweled with
whichever incidental harakah.
4. If the last stopped on it letter in a word was the ‫ م‬for plural.
5. If the last stopped on it letter in a word was the ‫ ت‬for feminine.
Second:
For stopping on the pronoun ‫ ه‬which refers to the masculine form
of the third absent singular (haa al – kinaayah) and is always
diacraticed with dammah like (ٍ‫)ل‬ or kasrah like (ٍ‫)ب ِه‬,
ُ َ ِ there are three
schools:
1. Absolute forbidding for stopping on it with rawm or ishmaam
(prevention school).
2. Absolute allowance for stopping on it with rawm or ishmaam
(allowance school) as if it has dammah all of stopping with
sukoon or rawm or ishmaam are permissible while only
sukoon or rawm are admissible if it has kasrah.
3. Conditional allowance for stopping on it with rawm or
ishmaam (chosen School) or the majority school who allowes
this if it was preceded by:
 A vowelless (saakin) consonant like: (‫) ﱤ ﭐ‬, (‫) ﲘ‬,
………..
 ‫ ا‬like in: (‫) ﲧ‬, (‫) ﳄ‬, …………….

 A voweled consonant with fathah letter like in: (‫) ﲡ‬,

(‫)ﲿ‬, …………….

Otherwise only sukoon is admissible.

- 155 -
Third:
Stopping on the words which end with tanween fath like in:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱧﱨﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱠ النصر‬

The word (‫ ) ﱭ‬in continuation is red as (‫ )أفواجن‬while in stopping

it is (‫)أفواجا‬, as the ‫ ن‬saakinah is subistituted by ‫ ا‬like in: (‫) ﱶ‬,

(‫) ﲞ‬, …..

Fourth:
Stopping on the words which end with tanween damm like in:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱠ العاديات‬

The word (‫ )ﱄ‬in continuation is red as (‫ )لكنودن‬while in stopping

ُ
the tanween ‫ ن‬has to be omitted aside from stopping on the ‫ د‬with
three modes: stopping with (sukoon or ishmaam) with qalqalah or
rawm like in: (‫) ﱄ‬, (‫………………… ) ﲫ‬.

Fifth:
Stopping on the words which end with tanween kasr like in:

٣ :‫ﱡ ﲅﲆﲇﲈﱠ المسد‬

The word (‫ ) ﲈ‬in continuation is red as (ٍ‫)هلب‬

ِ while in stopping the
tanween the ‫ ن‬has to be omitted aside from stopping on the ‫ ب‬with
two modes: stopping with (sukoon) with qalqalah or rawm like in:
(‫) ﲓ‬, (‫………………… ) ﲖ‬.

- 156 -
Sixth:
The words:

(‫) ﱣ‬, (‫ ) ﲳ‬and every like for every incidental tanween which
was originally sukoon, only stopping on it with sukoon is allowed
since the last ‫ ذ‬is originally vowelless and when the tanween
subjoins it, its ‫ ن‬must have incidental harakah and this tanween
substitutes an omitted phrase interpreted by what has preceded it.
Seventh:
Stopping with complete harakah is completely forbidden and
whoever does this is infringing the principles of the language and
the recitation and he would be away from the correct reciting
methodology.

Questions

1. Mention generally how we stop on voweled and on vowelless

letters?
2. How do we stop on an original vowelless letter? Give
examples.
3. How do we stop on a (madd & leen) letter? Give examples.
4. How do we stop on a letter diacraticed with fathah? Give
examples.
5. How do we stop on a letter diacraticed with original dammah
and other diacraticed with incidental dammah? Give
examples.
6. How do we stop on a letter diacraticed with original kasrah
and other diacraticed with incidental kasrah? Give examples.
7. What is the rule of stopping on the ‫ ت‬for feminine? And what
is the cause? Give examples.

- 157 -
8. “Mandatory stopping consensus only by sukoon with no rawm
or ishmaam occures in five states”, mention them.
9. What are the three schools for stopping on (haa al –
kinaayah)? Give examples.
10. How do we stop on tanween fath, damm or kasr?
11. How do we stop on (‫) ﱣ‬, (‫ ?) ﲳ‬And is it permissible to
stop with harakah?

*******

- 158 -
 Tenth Chapter
Complements

- 159 -
 First Complement

In Quran diacritical scholars put one sign in two words indicates

different significances in each word, which is the rhombus sign
(◊).
The first word is:

In the almighty saying:

١٤ :‫ﲄﲆﲇﲈﲉﱠ هود‬
‫ﲅ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱾﱿﲀﲁﲂﲃ‬
The rhombus sign here indicates the (imaalah) in the ‫ ا‬which follows
the ‫ر‬. The (imaalah) is to vocalize a fathah inclines twards the
kasrah and the ‫ ا‬inclines twards the ‫ي‬.
The fathah with imaalah and the ‫ ا‬with imaalah sound the same like
a kasrah mixed with fathah sound, which is the ineloquent and
verbal practice with a professional teacher is a must to get
it.
The second word is:

In the almighty saying:

٤٤ :‫ﱡ ﲦﲧﲨﲩﲪﲫﲬﲭﲮﲯﲰﱠ يوسف‬

The rhombus sign had put in between the ‫ م‬and the ‫ ن‬with shaddah
to indicate rounding the two lips to form the dammah shape during
vocalizing the ghunnah of the ‫ ن‬the first in the ‫ ن‬with shaddah.
In tajweed this is called (ishmaam) and verbal practice with a
professional teacher is a must to get it.

- 160 -
There is another mode in this word which is making clear with
shortening (ikhtilaas), means pronouncing two ‫ن‬, the first with short
and quick dammah without lowering the sound then ‫ ن‬with fathah.
The (ishmaam) is the precedent and the word is diacraticed due it
in Quraan.
*******

Second Complement
Circular and rectangular zeros
Circular zero:
A small hollow circle denotes that the ‫ ا‬or the ‫ و‬or the ‫ ي‬under it
are silent, not pronounced in both of stopping and continuation
like in:

١ :‫…………………………ﱠ البينة‬..…..‫ﱡ ﲠﲡﲢﲣ‬

٣ :‫………………ﱠ الطالق‬..‫………………ﱌﱍﱎﱏ‬.. ‫ﱡ‬

٨ :‫…… ﱠ األنعام‬.……..‫……………… ﱇﱈﱉ‬..‫ﱡ‬

٣١ :‫…………………… ﳆﳇﳈﱠ األنعام‬..………..‫ﱡ‬

٤١١ :‫………………… ﱠ آل عمران‬..‫……………… ﱭﱮ‬..‫ﱡ‬

٩٧ :‫……………ﱠ هود‬.………..‫……………… ﳈ‬.. ‫ﱡ‬

٢٣ :‫………………………ﱠ الكهف‬.……….. ‫ﱡ ﲊﲋﲌ‬

٢٣ :‫……………… ﱠ الفجر‬..……….………..‫ﱡ ﱁﱂ‬

٤١٥ :‫………ﱠ األعراف‬.……….. ‫……………ﱢ‬.……….. ‫ﱡ‬

Rectangular zero:

- 161 -
A hollow oval only found on the ‫ ا‬as a diacritical mark denotes the
‫ ا‬under it is vocalized in stopping on it however it is omitted in
continuous reciting.
In the recitation of Hafs on the authority of Aasim this is found in
seven words called (the seven ‫ا‬s) which are:
The ‫ ا‬in each of:

٤٠ :‫ ﱡ ﲄﱠ األحزاب‬.٤

٣٣ :‫ ﱡ ﱯﱠ األحزاب‬.٢

٣٧ :‫ ﱡ ﱸﱠ األحزاب‬.٣
The ‫ ا‬of
‫ ﱡ ﱑﱠ‬.١

Wherever found like in:

١ :‫ﱡ ﱐﱑﱒﱓﱔﱠ الكافرون‬

Stimulation: in the almighty saying:

٨٩ :‫ﱡ ﳆﳇﳈﱠ الحجر‬

The word (‫ ) ﳆ‬was followed by a saakin letter, wherefore diacritical

scholars didn’t put the rectangular zero on it, and this doesn’t mean
that it is pronounced in both of stopping and continuation, however
it is dropped in continuation due to the succession of the two saakin
letters and it is pronounced in stopping, the cause of not putting the
sign:
Diacritical scholars put the signs due to continuation and likewise
in every like.

- 162 -
 ٣٨ :‫ ﱡ ﱬﱠ الكهف‬.٥

٤٥ :‫ ﱡ ﲕﱠ اإلنسان‬.٣

The ‫ ا‬at the end of (‫ ) ﲗ‬in the beginning of aayah no 16 in the same
surah is dropped in both of stopping and continuation wherefore it
has a circular zero.

١ :‫ ﱡ ﳍﱠ اإلنسان‬.٧
The ‫ ا‬at the end of this word is dropped in continuation, and there
are two admissible modes to stop on it:
o The presence with the rectangular zero denotes it.
o The omitting with the circular zero denotes it.
Since it is impossible to put the two signs conjunctionally, diacritical
scholars choosed to put the circular zero which denotes the
omitting in both of stopping and continuation since the word is in
the middle of the aayah and it isn’t a stopping spot.

*******

Third Complement
In Quran there are words contain ‫ ء‬holded by ‫ ا‬or ‫ و‬or ‫ ي‬and it has
to be red as ‫ ء‬in both of stopping and continuation, like in:
Examples for ‫ ء‬holded by ‫ا‬:

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱄﱅﱆﱠ النبأ‬

٤٨ :‫ﱡ ﲈﲉﲊﲋﲌﲍﱠ النبأ‬

Examples for ‫ ء‬holded by ‫و‬:

٣٢ :‫ﱡ ﳝﳞﳟ ﳠﳡﳢﱠ المطففين‬

- 163 -
 ١٨ :‫ﱡ ﲊﲋﱠ النحل‬
Examples for ‫ ء‬holded by ‫ي‬:

٤٥ :‫ﱡ ﱘﱙﱚﱠ يونس‬

٣٧ :‫ﱡ ﳕﳖﱠ عبس‬

*******

Fourth Complement
In Quran there are words contain letters written as ‫و‬s and should be
vocalized as ‫ا‬s, to distinguish them diacritical scholars put small ‫ ا‬on
the ‫ و‬in these words called the dagger ‫( ا‬alif khanjariyah).
This is found in eight words:

‫ﱡ ﲶ ﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﲸﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﱜ ﱠ‬,‫ ﱡ ﲰ ﱠ‬wherever found in Quran.

٢٨ :‫ الكهف‬،٥٢ :‫ﱡ ﳅ ﱠ األنعام‬

٣٥ :‫ﱡ ﲠﱠ النور‬

١٤ :‫ﱡ ﱇﱠ غافر‬

٢٠ :‫ﱡ ﲡﱠ النجم‬
Stimulation:

The word (‫ ) ﲶ‬was revealed in both of single and plural forms.

If it was single the ‫ ا‬should be written obove the ‫و‬: (‫) ﲶ‬

If it was plural the ‫ ا‬should be written after the ‫و‬: (‫) ﱃ‬

- 164 -
As in:

٢٣٨ :‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈﱠ البقرة‬

The first is plural while the second is single.
*******

Fifth Complement
In Quran diacritical scholars put small ‫ س‬above the ‫ ص‬in two
words denoting the obligatory exchange for the ‫ ص‬to be ‫س‬, in:

٢١٥ :‫………………ﱠ البقرة‬..‫……………ﲾﲿﳀ‬.. ‫ﱡ‬

٣٩ :‫……………ﱠ األعراف‬..‫……………ﱜ ﱝﱞﱟ‬.. ‫ﱡ‬

In addition, diacritical scholars in one word put small ‫ س‬under the

‫ ص‬denoting the admissible exchange for the ‫ ص‬to be ‫ س‬considering
the precedence of pronouncing the word with ‫ ص‬in:

٣٧ :‫ﱡ ﱬﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﱲﱠ الطور‬

*******

Sixth and last Complement

In Quran there are words contain vocalized letters despite omitting
these letters from the written script wherefore diacritical scholars
put small letters (lower case) to indicate the omitted ones thatwhich
have to be vocalized same as if they were normal (upper case).
Exclusively these letters are four:
‫ ا‬- ‫ و‬- ‫ ن– ي‬.
The ‫ا‬

- 165 -
 ١ :‫ﱡ ﱤﱥﱦﱧﱨﱠ الفلق‬

٢٧ :‫ﱡ ﱜﱝﱞﱠ الفجر‬

٣٢ :‫ﱡ ﳝﳞﳟ ﳠﳡﳢﱠ المطففين‬

The ‫و‬

٨ :‫ﱡ ﱥﱦﱧﱠ التكوير‬

٩١ :‫ﱡ ﱿﲀﲁﲂﱠ الشعراء‬

٢٢ :‫ﱡ ﱭﱮﱯﱰﱱﱲﱠ ص‬
The ‫ي‬

٢٣ :‫ﱡ ﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭﱮﱯﱠ البقرة‬

١٠ :‫ﱡ ﲣﲤﲥﲦﲧﲨﲩﱠ القيامة‬

٢ :‫……………ﱠ البقرة‬..‫…………… ﲔﲕﲖﲗﲘﲙﲚ‬..‫ﱡ‬

٣٣ :‫……………ﱠ النمل‬.. ‫ﱡ ﱁﱂﱃﱄﱅﱆﱇﱈﱉﱊ‬

٢ :‫ﱡ ﱄﱅﱆﱇﱠ قريش‬

Stimulation:

Generally the word (‫ ) ﲖ‬in Quran was written with one ‫ ي‬while
originally it has two the first has kasrah and the second has
sukoon therefore diacritical scholars put small ‫ ي‬instead of the
omitted one.
Since that diacritical scholars always put diacritic signs due to
continuation, wherefore if (‫ ) ﲖ‬was followed by a voweled letter

like in (‫ ) ﲺ ﲻ‬the second should be written in both of

- 166 -
continuation and stopping. While if (‫ ) ﳂ‬was followed by a

vowelless letter like in (‫ ) ﳂ ﳃ‬the second ‫ ي‬should be omitted in

continuation due to the succession of the two saakin letters and
should be vocalized in stopping, wherefore the small ‫ ي‬wouldn’t be
written since that diacritic signs are always written due to
continuation.
The ‫ن‬
Only in one spot in the almighty saying:

٨٨ :‫ﱡ ﲖﲗﲘﲙﲚﲛﲜﲝﲞﱠ األنبياء‬

The underlined word has two ‫ ن‬one with dammah ond one with
sukoon.
Questions
1. “In Quran diacritical scholars put one sign in two words
indicates different significances in each word” Explain with
details.
2. What is the circular zero? Denotes what? Get examples from
Quran.
3. What is the rectangular zero? Denotes what? Mention where
it is found in Quran.
4. “Since there is no rectangular zero on (‫ ) ﳆ ﳇ ﳈ‬this
means that it is pronounced in both of stopping and
continuation”, is this right? Why?
5. “The circular zero on (‫ ) ﳍ‬denotes vocalizing the ‫ ا‬in both of
continuation and stopping”, is this right? Why?

- 167 -
6. “In Quran there are words contain ‫ ء‬holded by ‫ ا‬or ‫ و‬or ‫ ”ي‬give
examples clarifying how it has to be red in both of stopping
and continuation.
7. “In Quran there are words contain letters written as ‫و‬s and
should be vocalized as ‫ا‬s” mention them clarifying the
vocalizing method and the diacritic sign.
8. The word (‫ ) ﲶ‬was revealed in both of single and plural
forms, give examples clarifying the diacritic sign for each.
9. What does placing small ‫ س‬on the ‫ ص‬mean? And placing
small ‫ س‬under the ‫ ?ص‬And how should it be red in the two
cases?
10. In Quran there are words contain small ‫ا‬, give examples
clarifying the reciting technique.
11. In Quran there are words contain small ‫و‬, give examples
clarifying the reciting technique.
12. In Quran there are words contain small ‫ي‬, give examples
clarifying the reciting technique.
13. “The two ‫ ي‬in (‫ ) ﲖ‬within (‫ ) ﲺﲻ‬have to be
pronounced in both of continuation and stopping, while
within (‫ ) ﳂﳃ‬the two ”should be pronounced in
continuation however stopping with one ‫ ”ي‬is the sentence
right?
14. What is the word in Quran that diacritical scholars put a
small ‫ ن‬in it? Clarify the way of reciting?
Done alhamdulliaah
*******

- 168 -