GC University Faisalabad

Botany Department

Course Title: Intro to Computer

Submitted By:
Name: Muhammad Ayaz
Roll no: 227295
Semester: 5th
Submitted To:
Dr Sami Ullah
Computer:
A computer is an electronic device that is capable of receiving, processing, storing,
and outputting information. It consists of various components that work together to
perform these functions. Let's take a closer look at these components:

 Central Processing Unit (CPU):

 Memory:
 Storage:
 Input Devices:
 Output Devices:
 Motherboard:
 Power Supply:
 Operating System:
 Applications:

In summary, a computer is a complex device that is composed of various hardware

and software components. Each of these components plays a crucial role in the
overall operation of the computer.
 Types of computers:

Computer System Size Processing Storage Main Uses

Speed Capability
Largest taking Fastest Huge amounts Complex simulations
up large rooms computers in of data for research
Super computer world
Very large Very fast Large amount of Large organizations
data with multiple
Mainframe simultaneous users
e.g Banks
Can fit on a Fast Average 1 tera Personal,home use
Mircocomputer desktop byte of data by one user at a time
(Personal use)
Can fit on a Fast Average 1 tera Personal,home use
Mobile Computer small table or byte of data by one user at a time
laptop
Hand held Not as fast as A few gigabyte Personal use ,
above of data communication
Mobile devices
Smallest Slow but Very small but Provides logic or
sufficient for sufficient for control for electronic
specialized specialized tasks devices (phones,
Embedded system tasks microwaves etc)
 What is Ram Memory?
RAM:
RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a type of computer memory that is used to
temporarily store data and instructions that the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
needs to access quickly. RAM is considered volatile memory, which means that the
data stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
RAM is an essential component of any computer system, as it enables the CPU
to access data quickly, which helps to improve the overall performance of the
system. The more RAM a computer has, the more data it can store and the faster it
can access that data. RAM also plays a critical role in multitasking, allowing a
computer to run multiple programs at the same time.
RAM is typically measured in gigabytes (GB), and the amount of RAM a
computer has can be increased by adding additional memory modules to the
computer's motherboard. Different types of RAM, such as DDR3, DDR4, and
DDR5, are available, and the type of RAM required will depend on the
specifications of the motherboard and CPU.

Different types of RAM:

Various RAM chips have been developed to move data in and out of memory
quicker, to avoid errors and to make collections of RAM chips smaller. Here are
the most common types of RAM:-
• SRAM :- Stands for static RAM. Static RAM is able to retain all information into
static form until power supply is turn off, so due to this nature this memory is
known as volatile memory. Main objective of using the static RAM is to make
Cache Memory. Static Ram is more expensive as well as its power consumption
more to dynamic RAM, but Static Ram has higher speed compare to dynamic
RAM. In SRAM, All data has been stored in flip-flop. Flip-flop contains the every
bit of this Ram. Flip-flop uses 4-6 transistors for making a memory cell and its
circuit do not need to refreshment continuously.
• DRAM :- stands for dynamic RAM. DRAM is another type of semiconductor
memory, and it is designed specially to store data or program files which are
needed by computer processors for performing their functions. In DRAM, several
capacitors are used for storing every bit of data. This is very simple path to save
data in its memory because it needs small area to store same data to SRAM as well
as it is capable to store massive data than to SRAM but it requires the frequently
refreshing of its circuit for its charging, so it consumes more power compare to
SRAM.
• VRAM(Video): RAM optimized for video adapters. RAM optimized for video
adapters. VRAM chips have two ports so that video data can be written to chips at
the same time the video adapter continuously reads the memory to refresh the
monitor’s current display.
• Edo RAM :- EDO DRAM is an abbreviation of Extended Data Output Random
Access Memory. It doesn’t wait for the completion of the processing of the first bit
before continuing to the next one. As soon as the address of the first bit is located,
EDO DRAM begins looking for the next bit. Faster than DRAM.
• SDRAM :- SDR RAM is a full form of synchronous dynamic access memory. It
has access times between 25 and 10 ns (nanosecond), and they are in DIMM (dual
in-line memory module) modules of 168 contacts. They store data using capacitors
using IC’s (Integrated Circuits). On one of its sides, they have terminations, which
can be inserted inside of the individual slots for the Motherboard’s memory.
• DDR SRAM :- The full form of DDR SDRAM is Double Data Rate
Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory. It is just like SDRAM. The only
difference between the two is that it has a higher bandwidth, which offers greater
speed. It’s maximum transfer rate to L2 cache which is approximately 1,064 Mbps
• RD RAM :- Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory is a full form of
RDRAM. This type of RAM chips works in parallel, which allows you to achieve a
data rate of 800 MHz or 1,600 Mbps. It generates much more heat as they operate
at such high speeds.
• FPM DRAM: - FPM DRAM Stands for Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random
Access Memory. FPM DRAM this is also a type of RAM memory that comes with
a high-performance speed.FPM DRAM completes the process of reading data by
column and row and after reading the data deletes the RAS (Remote Access
Services) signal.
• ECC RAM :- Error correction code memory (ECC memory) is a type of
computer data storage that uses an error correction code[a] (ECC) to detect and
correct n-bit data corruption which occurs in memory. ECC memory is used in
most computers where data corruption cannot be tolerated, like industrial control
applications, critical databases, and infrastructural memory caches. Typically, ECC
memory maintains a memory system immune to single-bit errors: the data that is
read from each word is always the same as the data that had been written to it, even
if one of the bits actually stored has been flipped to the wrong state.
• SIMM ; - The Single In-line Memory Module or SIMM was designed to free up
most of that space. The memory chips were installed on a separate circuit board
and plugged into the motherboard at a perpendicular angle. The first generation of
SIMMs used electrical pins that went into sockets like a large SIP chip. This
design, however, was vulnerable to the pins being bent, and the pins were the most
expensive part of the SIMM.