Chain lengthening and shortening

Killiyani-Fischer chain elongation (upgradation)

aldopentose aldohexose
Improved version
Wohl degradation:
This means that aldehyde group is not free in glucose
Mutarotation:
Epimerization of Monosaccharide:
How will you convert D-fructose to D-glucose?
Glucose to Fructose:
Via osazone
How will you prove that glucose contains pyranose ring?
 Conc. HNO3

I II

Isolation of dicarboxylic acid compound II supports a six membered (pyranose) ring.

Dicarboxylic acid II could not be obtained from furanose form.