07 Communications - GQB (Ddpanda)

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GATE QUESTION BANK Contents
Contents
Subject Name Page No.
#1. Engineering Mathematics 1 – 163
#2. Network Theory 164 – 248
#3. Signals and Systems 249 - 311
#4. Control Systems 312 – 390
#5. Analog Circuits 391 – 482
#6. Digital Circuits 483 – 545
#7. Communications 546 – 583
#8. Electronic Devices and Circuits 584 – 614
#9. Electromagnetic Theory 615 – 660
#10. General Aptitude 661 – 729
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7 Communications
Contents
Topics Page No.
#1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 546 – 548
#2. DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation 549 – 553
#3. Angle Modulation 554 – 555
#4. Receivers 556 – 558
#5. Noise in Analog Modulation 559 – 566
#6. Digital Communications 567 – 583

Syllabus
Syllabus for Communications
Random Processes, Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density, Properties of White Noise, Filtering
of Random Signals Through LTI Systems, Analog Communications, Amplitude Modulation and
Demodulation, Angle Modulation and Demodulation, Spectra of AM and FM, Superheterodyne
Receivers, Circuits for Analog Communications, Information Theory, Entropy, Mutual Information
and Channel Capacity Theorem, Digital Communications, PCM, DPCM, Digital Modulation Schemes,
Amplitude, phase and Frequency Shift Keying (ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML Decoding,
Matched Filter Receiver, Calculation of Bandwidth, SNR and BER for Digital Modulation,
Fundamentals of Error Correction, Hamming Codes, Timing and Frequency Synchronization, Inter-
Symbol Interference and its Mitigation, Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
Analysis of GATE Papers
Year ECE IN
2016 9.00 6.00
2015 7.50 3.00
2014 10.50 1.00
2013 9.00 4.00
2012 8.00 0.00
2011 10.00 0.00
2010 9.00 2.00
2009 14.00 2.67
2008 12.67 2.67
2007 15.34 0.00
Overall Percentage 10.50% 2.10%
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GATE QUESTION BANK Communications
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
ECE - 2008 ECE - 2014

1. Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) 5. Consider sinusoidal modulation in an AM
signal . For system. Assuming no over modulation,
demodulating the signal using envelope the modulation index ( ) when the
detector, the minimum value of should maximum and minimum values of the
be envelope, respectively, are 3 V and 1 V, is
(A) 2 (C) 0.5 ________
(B) 1 (D) 0
6. In the figure, M(f) is the Fourier
ECE - 2009 transform of the message signal m(t)
2. A message signal given by where and . Given
( ) ( ) and
, where >A. The cutoff frequencies
is amplitude- modulated with a carrier of
frequency to generate of both the filters are .
s(t) = [1+m(t)] . What is the power
efficiency achieved by this modulation
scheme?
(A) 8.33% (C) 20%
(B) 11.11% (D) 25%
ECE - 2010
3. Suppose that the modulating signal is The bandwidth of the signal at the output
and the carrier of the modulator (in Hz) is ________
signal is . Which one
of the following is a conventional AM 7. Let be
signal without over modulation? sampled at 20 Hz and reconstructed using
(A) an ideal low-pass filter with cut-off
(B) frequency of 20 Hz.
(C) The frequency/frequencies present in the
reconstructed signal is/are
(D)
(A) 5 Hz and 15 Hz only
(B) 10 Hz and 15 Hz only
(C) 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 15 Hz only
ECE - 2011
(D) 5 Hz only
4. A message signal
8. Consider an FM signal
modulates the carrier
f(t)
to
The maximum deviation of the
produce an AM signal. For demodulating
instantaneous frequency from the carrier
the generated AM signal using an
frequency is
envelope detector, the time constant RC
(A) (C)
of the detector circuit should satisfy.
(B) (D)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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ECE - 2016 11. A speech signal is sampled at 8 kHz and

9. Consider binary data transmission at a encoded into PCM format using 8
rate of 56 kbps using baseband binary bits/sample. The PCM data is transmitted
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) that is through a baseband channel via 4-level
designed to have a raised-cosine PAM. The minimum bandwidth (in kHz)
spectrum. The transmission bandwidth required for transmission is _________
(in kHz) required for a roll-off factor of
0.25 is ________ IN - 2008
12. Consider the AM signal
10. The amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is s(t) = . It is given
modulated by a single sinusoid to obtain that the bandwidth of the real, low – pass
the amplitude modulated signal message signal m(t) is 2 kHz. If
s(t) = 5 cos 1600 + 20 cos 1800 + 5 the bandwidth of the band-
cos 2000 . The value of the modulation pass signal s(t) will be
index is __________ (A) 2.004 MHz (C) 4 kHz
(B) 2 MHz (D) 2 kHz
Answer Keys and Explanations
ECE So, it is conventional AM signal but with

1. [Ans. A] over-modulation.
Modulated signal In option (C),
Condition for envelope detection of an AM

signal is
Therefore, it is convectional AM signal
without over-modulation.
Therefore minimum value of AC should be 2. 4. [Ans. B]
2. [Ans. C]
√
√
⁄
5. [Ans. *] Range: 0.45 to 0.55
⁄
3. [Ans. C] 6. [Ans. *] Range: 59.9 to 60.1

Convectional AM signal is
in option (B),

| |
9. [Ans. *] Range: 34.5 to 35.5

After HPF with cutoff
/2
After multiplied by and passing

through LPF with cutoff 10. [Ans. *] Range: 0.49 to 0.51
1/4 The general ATT modulated signal
expression is
So bandwidth of the modulator is
7. [Ans. A] Thus, we see that two terms have same

amplitudes.
After sampling
11. [Ans. *] Range: 0.96 to 1.04
After passing through LPF with

only 5 Hz and 15 Hz will be retained
IN
12. [Ans. C]
8. [Ans. A]
In case of AM modulation B.W becomes
Maximum frequency deviation
double of that of message signal B.W.
| |
Maximum phase deviation
| |

DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation
ECE - 2008
(C)
1. The probability density function (PDF) of
a random variable X is as shown below. (D)
PDF
1
ECE - 2009
3. For a message signal
and carrier of frequency which of the
following represents a single sideband
1 0 1 x (SSB) signal?
The corresponding cumulative (A)
distribution function (CDF) has the form (B)
(A) CDF (C)
1 (D)
ECE - 2012
4. The signal m(t) as shown is applied both
1 0 1 x to a phase modulator (with kP as the
(B) CDF phase constant) and a frequency
1 modulator (with kf as the frequency
constant) having the same carrier
frequency.
0 2
1 1 x
(C) CDF
1
–2 0 2 4 6 8 t(seconds)
1 0 1 x
–2
(D) CDF The ratio / (in rad/Hz) for the same

1 maximum phase deviation is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
1 0 1 x
ECE - 2013
1 5. The bit rate of a digital communication
system is R kbits/s. The modulation used
is 32-QAM. The minimum bandwidth
2. | | | | is
required for ISI free transmission is
the probability density function for the
(A) R/10 Hz (C) R/5 Hz
real r0061ndom variable X, over the
(B) R/10 kHz (D) R/5 kHz
entire x axis. M and N are both positive
real numbers. The Equation relating M
and N is

ECE - 2014
6. A real band-limited random process X(t)
has two-sided power spectral density
|| ||
{
Where f is the frequency expressed in Hz.
The signal X(t) modulates a carrier 10. A random binary wave y(t) is given by
and the resultant signal is
passed through an ideal band-pass filter ∑
of unity gain with centre frequency of 8
where is the
kHz and band-width of 2 kHz. The output
unit step function and is an
power (in Watts) is ________
independent random variable with
uniform distribution in [0, T]. The
7. In a double side-band (DSB) full carrier
sequence { } consists of independent
AM transmission system, if the
and identically distributed binary valued
modulation index is doubled, then the
random variables with
ratio of total sideband power to the
{ } { } for each n.
carrier power increases by a factor of
The value of the auto correction
__________
( ) [ ( )]
ECE - 2015 equals _________
8. Consider the signal
̂ 11. Two sequences and have the
where ̂ (t) denotes the Hilbert transform same energy. Suppose
of m(t) and the bandwidth of m(t) is very where is a positive real number and
small compared to . The signal s(t) is a u[n] is the unit step sequence. Assume
(A) High-pass signal
(B) Low-pass signal {√
(C) Band-pass signal Then the value of is _________
(D) Double sideband suppressed carrier
signal IN - 2008
12. Ten real, band pass message signals each
9. In the system shown in Figure (a), m(t) is of bandwidth 3 kHz, are to be frequency
a low-pass signal with bandwidth W Hz. division multiplexed on a band pass
The frequency response of the band-pass channel with bandwidth B kHz. If the
filter H(f) is shown in Figure (b). If it is guard band is between any two adjacent
desired that the output signal signals should be of 500 Hz width and
, the maximum value of W there is no need to provide any guard
(in Hz) should be strictly less than band at the edge of the band pass channel
__________ the value of B should be at least
(A) 30 (C) 35
(B) 34.5 (D) 35.5
Band-pass
Filter

IN - 2013 faithful reproduction of the signal by the

13. A band – limited signal with a maximum FSK receiver without considering noise is.
frequency of 5 kHz is to be sampled. (A) 840 Hz to 1320 Hz
According to the sampling theorem, the (B) 960 Hz to 1200 Hz
sampling frequency in kHz which is not (C) 1080 Hz to 1320 Hz
valid is (D) 720 Hz to 1440 Hz
(A) 5 (C) 15
(B) 12 (D) 20 IN - 2016
15. The signal is SSB (single
14. Signals from fifteen thermocouples are side-band) modulated with a carrier
multiplexed and each one is sampled once to get s(t). The signal obtained
per second with a 16 – bit ADC. The by passing s(t) through an ideal envelope
digital samples are converted by a detector is
parallel to serial converter to generate a (A)
serial PCM signal. This PCM signal is (B)
frequency modulated with FSK modulator (C)
with 1200Hz as 1 and 960Hz as 0. The (D) 1
minimum band allocation required for

ECE 3. [Ans. C]
1. [Ans. A] Option C is for SSB with upper side band
used
4. [Ans. B]
∫ For phase modulator
Integral of increasing ramp signal is Maximum phase deviation is

increasing parabola and integral of
decreasing ramp signal is decreasing
parabola. For frequency modulator
∫
2. [Ans. A]
| | | |
[∫ ]
∫
[∫ ]
| | | |
∫{ }
[∫ ]
∫
Given,

5. [Ans. B] 7. [Ans. *] Range: 3.95 to 4.05

Number of bits per symbol =
( )
Symbol rate = ⁄
per symbol) Ratio of total side band power to carrier
⁄ kilo symbols per second power
Minimum Bandwidth required for ISI
transmission ⁄ (symbol rate)
⁄ ( )
6. [Ans. *] Range: 2.4 to 2.6 So if is doubled then, the ratio will be 4

times
8. [Ans. C]
9. [Ans. *]Range: 349 to 350
After modulation with
This is obtain the power spectral density

random process y(t), we shift the given
power spectral density process y(t)
After passing through a unity gain

bandpass filter having
So, answer is 350
10. [Ans. *] Range: 0.24 to 0.26
| |
[ ]
The output power = Total area of shaded
regular Derivation of above autocorrelation
=2[Area of triangle + Area of rectangle)] function can be found in any book dealing
[ ] with random process.
[B.P. Lathi, simon, Haykin, Schaum series]
⁄
( ) [ ]

11. [Ans. *] Range: 1.49 to 1.51
∑
Given
∑ So data rate from ADC is bits/sec

= 240 bits/sec
[ ] ( ) [ ]
(√ ) (√ )
( )
Minimum Band allocation = 720 Hz to
1440 Hz
For cross verification of obtained answer
IN As we know Bandwidth of FSK is
12. [Ans. B]
If these is ten signals then there will be
needed of 9 guard band 15. [Ans. D]
So, the required bandwidth of the channel
is ̂
̂
= 34.5 kHz
Now, the output of envelop detector can
be given by
13. [Ans. A]
| | √ ̂
So 5 kHz is not a valid one
√
14. [Ans. D]
‘ ’ for FSK NRZ coding
Transmission of 0
After FSK modulation

Angle Modulation
ECE - 2008 ECE - 2015

1. Consider the frequency modulated signal 5. A message signal is
used to modulate the phase of a carrier
with carrier to get the modulated signal
frequency of . The modulation
index is The bandwidth of y(t)
(A) 12.5 (C) 7.5 (A) Depends on But not on
(B) 10 (D) 5 (B) Depends on But not on
(C) Depends on both And
2. The signal is (D) Does not depends on Or
(A) FM only
(B) AM only IN - 2016
(C) Both AM and FM
(D) Neither AM nor FM 6. The signal is frequency
modulated (FM) with an FM modulator of
ECE - 2010 frequency deviation constant of 30
3. Consider an angle modulated signal V U ’
approximate bandwidth of the modulated
V. The average power of wave in kilohertz is ___________
is
(A) 10 W (C) 20 W
(B) 18 W (D) 28 W
ECE - 2011
4. The list-I the attributes and the list-II the
modulation system.
Match the attribute to the modulation
system that best meets it.
List-I
P. Power efficient transmission signals
Q. Most bandwidth efficient transmission
of voice signals
R. Simplest receiver structure
S. Bandwidth efficient transmission of
Signals with significant dc component
List-II
i. Conventional AM
ii. FM
iii. VSB
iv. SSB-SC
Codes:
(A) P-iv, Q-ii, R-i, S-iii
(B) P-ii, Q-iv, R-i, S-iii
(C) P-iii, Q-ii, R-i, S-iv
(D) P-ii, Q-iv, R-iii, S-i

ECE contains no intelligible information below

1. [Ans. B] 300Hz.
Modulation index, AM-VSB – SC is same as AM, expects a
vestige of LSB is transmitted. This
requires less band width.
Where
5. [Ans. C]
= maximum frequency component
Given that
= 1500 Hz Since y(t) is phase modulated signal,
Deviation,
as well as . Thus
Bandwidth depends on both and
IN
6. [Ans. *] Range: 60.0 to 60.2
2. [Ans. C]
Let
√
⁄V
Hence x(t) is both AM and FM
3. [Ans. B]
Here,
4. [Ans. B]
In AM, the power of the carrier after
modulation is more than before
Modulation. But, in FM, it remains the
same.
AM-SSB-SC is more suitable for Voice
signal Transmission, since the signal

Receivers
ECE-2007 Pdf of received

1 signal for bit 0 Pdf of received
1. In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist
signal for bit 1
in 200 kHz bandwidth using TDMA. A 0.5
GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5

MHz bandwidth. Assuming a frequency 1 0 1 2 4
reuse factor of ⁄ , i.e. a five-cell repeat 4. If the deflection threshold is 1, the BER
pattern, the maximum number of will be
simultaneous channels that can exist in (A) ⁄ (C) ⁄
one cell is (B) ⁄ (D) ⁄
(A) 200 (C) 25
(B) 40 (D) 5 5. The optimum threshold to achieve
minimum bit error rate (BER) is
2. In a direct sequence CDMA system the (A) ⁄ (C)
chip rate is chips per second. (B) ⁄ (D) ⁄
If the processing gain is desired to be AT
LEAST 100, the data rate ECE - 2014
(A) Must be less than or equal to 6. The phase response of a passband
bits per sec waveform at the receiver is given by
(B) Must be greater than
bits per sec where is the centre frequency, and 𝛼
(C) Must be exactly equal to and 𝛽 are positive constants. The actual
bits per sec signal propagation delay from the
(D) Can take any value less than transmitter to receiver is
bits per sec
(C)
ECE - 2012
(D)
3. A binary symmetric channel (BSC) has a
transition probability of 1/8. If the binary
transmit symbol X is such that ECE - 2015
P(X = 0) = 9/10, then the probability of 7. The input X to Binary Symmetric Channel
error for an optimum receiver will be ‘ ’
(A) 7/80 (C) 9/10 probability 0.8. The cross-over
(B) 63/80 (D) 1/10 probability is 1/7. If the received bit
‘ ’
ECE - 2013 was transmitted is ____________
Common Data Questions 4 and 5
Bits 1 and 0 are transmitted with equal
probability. At the receiver, the PDF of the
respective received signals for both bits
are as shown below.

8. A source emits bit 0 with probability ⁄ ECE - 2016

and bit with probability ⁄ . The emitted 9. A super heterodyne receiver operates in
bits are communicated to the receiver. the frequency Range: of
The receiver decides for either 0 or 1 . The intermediate frequency
based on the received value R. It is given and local oscillator frequency are
that the conditional density functions of R chosen such that . It is required
are as that the image frequencies fall outside the
band. The minimum
| { | required (in MHz) is ________
10. For a superheterodyne receiver, the

{
intermediate frequency is 15 MHz and the
The minimum decision error probability local oscillator frequency is 3.5 GHz. If the
is frequency of the received signal is greater
(A) 0 (C) 1/9 than the local oscillator frequency, then
(B) 1/12 (D) 1/6 the image frequency (in MHz) is __________
ECE
1. [Ans. B]
Allocated Band width = 5 MHz For optimum receiver
Frequency reuse factor = 1/5 ⁄ ⁄
( )
Maximum number of channel
4. [Ans. D]
2. [Ans. A]
‘ ’ ‘ ’
bit/sec ‘ ’
defined so
3. [Ans. D]
⁄ ⁄
So Bit error rate
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄

5. [Ans. B] 8. [Ans. D]
Optimum threshold = the point of The conditional density function for
’
| | | | | {
( )
Point of intersection which decides | {
Optimum threshold
So error region will be
| ∫
| ∫
6. [Ans. C] }
Given phase response And
| ∫
So, propagation delay,
| ∫
}
[ ( ) ] So minimum decision error probability
| |
[ ]
9. [Ans. *] Range: 4.9 to 5.1

7. [Ans. *] Range: 0.39 to 0.41
The relation between image frequency
and intermediate frequency is given by
[ ] [ ]
If image frequency is 69 MHz then
|
[ ]
frequency IF= 0.5 MHz
[ ] 10. [Ans. *] Range: 3485 to 3485
[ ] [ ]
By dividing columns of by
and
( )

Noise in Analog Modulation
ECE - 2007 3. During the transmission over a certain

Common data for questions 1 and 2 binary communication channel, bit errors
Two 4-ary signal constellations are occur independently with probability p.
shown. It is given that constitute The probability of AT MOST one bit in
an orthonormal basis for the two error in a block of n bits given by
constellations. Assume that the four
(A)
symbols in both the constellations are
equiprobable. Let ⁄ denote the power (B)
spectral density of white Gaussian noise. (C)
(D)
√ a
4. A Hilbert transformer is a
(A) Non-linear system
(B) Non casual-system
√ a √ a
0 (C) Time-varying system
(D) Low-pass system
√ a
ECE - 2008
Constellation 1
5. Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel
(BSC) with probability of error being p.
To transmit a bit, say 1, we transmit a
sequence of three 1s. The receiver will
a 0 a interpret the received sequence to
represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The
probability that the transmitted bit will
Constellation 2 be received in error is
1. The ratio of the average energy of (A)
constellation 1 to the average energy of (B)
constellation 2 is (C)
(A) 4a2 (C) 2 (D)
(B) 4 (D) 8
6. Noise with double – sided power spectral
density of K over all frequencies is passed
2. If these constellations are used for digital
through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut
communication over an AWGN channel,
–off frequency of . The noise power at
then which of the following statement is
the filter output is
true?
(A) K (C) K
(A) Probability of symbol error for
(B) K (D)
constellation 1 is lower
(B) Probability of symbol error for 7. A memory less source emits n symbols
constellation 1 is higher each with a probability p. The entropy of
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal the source as a function of n
for both the constellations (A) Increases as log n
(D) The value of will determine which (B) Decreases as log (1/n)
of the two constellations has a lower
(C) Increases as n
probability of symbol error
(D) Increases as n log n

ECE - 2009 ECE - 2012

8. A communication channel with AWGN 11. The power spectral density of a real
operating at a signal to noise ratio process X(t) for positive frequencies is
and band width B has capacity shown below.
. If the SNR is doubled keeping B The values of and ,
constant, the resulting capacity is given respectively, are
by Sx - 104)
(A) (C) +2B
6
(B) (D) +0.3B
ECE - 2010
9. is a stationary process with the
power spectral density for all . 0 9 10 11 3rad/s)
The process is passed through a system (A)

shown below. (B)
(C) ( √ )
(D) ( √ )
ECE - 2014
Let be the power spectral density of 12. Let X be a real-valued random variable
. Which one of the following with E[X] and denoting the mean
statements is correct? values of X and , respectively. The
(A) for all relation which always holds true is
(B) for | | kHz (A)
(C) for kHz, (B)
(C)
is any integer
(D)
(D) for ,
kHz, is any integer 13. Consider a random process
√ where the
ECE - 2011
random phase is uniformly distributed
10. X(t) is a stationary random process with
in the interval [0,2 ]. The auto-
autocorrelation function
correlation is
This process passed
(A)
through the system shown below. The
(B)
power spectral density of the output
(C)
process Y(t) is
(D) ( )
H(f) = j
+
X(t) Y(t) ECE - 2015
–
14. A sinusoidal signal of amplitude A is
quantized by a uniform quantizer.
(A) Assume that the signal utilizes all the
(B) representation levels of the quantizer. If
(C) the signal to quantization noise ratio is
(D) 31.8 dB. the number of levels m the
quantizer is __________

15. A zero mean white Gaussian noise having and the noise power at the output of
power spectral density ⁄ is passed the preamplifier, respectively, are
through an LTI filter whose impulse (A)
response h(t)is shown in the figure. The
variance of the filtered noise at t = 4 is (B)
(C)
(D)
18. An information source generates a binary

sequence { }. can take one of the
two possible values and +1 with
equal probability and are statistically
independent and identically distributed.
ECE - 2016 This sequence is recoded to obtain
16. An analog pulse s(t) is transmitted over another sequence { }, as
an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) . The sequence { } is
channel. The received signal is r(t) = s(t) used to modulate a pulse to generate
+ n(t), where n(t) is additive white the baseband signal
Gaussian noise with power spectral
∑
density . The received signal is
passed through a filter with impulse
response h(t). Let and denote the {
energies of the pulse s(t) and the filter If there is a null at ⁄ in the power
h(t), respectively. When the signal-to- spectral density of , then is __________
noise ratio (SNR) is maximized at the
output of the filter , which of the 19. Consider a random process
following holds? V , where V is a zero
mean stationary random process with
| |
autocorrelation . The
power in is _________
20. A wide sense stationary random process

passes through the LTI system
shown in the figure. If the autocorrelation
function of is , then the
autocorrelation function of the
17. An antenna pointing in a certain direction output is equal to
has a noise temperature of 50 K. The
ambient temperature is 290 K. The
antenna is connected to a pre-amplifier
that has a noise figure of 2 dB and an
available gain of 40 dB over an effective
bandwidth of 12 MHz. The effective input
noise temperature for the amplifier
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
IN - 2011
21. A square wave (amplitude ± 10 mV,
frequency 5 kHz, duty cycle 50%) is
passed through an ideal low pass filter
with pass band gain and cut-off frequency
of 0dB and 10 kHz, respectively. The
“ ”
additively into a zero mean noise process
of one sided power spectral density (PSD)
of 25 pWH up to a frequency of 2 MHz.
the PSD of the noise is assumed to be zero
beyond 2 MHz. the signal to noise ratio of
the output is
(A) 0 dB (C) 1.0 dB
(B) 0.1 dB (D) 3 dB
IN - 2015
22. A signal is band-limited to 0 to 12 kHz.
The signal spectrum is corrupted by
additive noise which is band-limited to 10
to 12 kHz. Theoretically, the minimum
rate in kilohertz at which the noisy signal
must be sampled so that the
UNCORRUPTED PART of the signal
spectrum can be recovered, is ________ kHz.
IN - 2016
23. Let (t) = rect ( ) be a signal passed
through an AWGN (Additive White
Gaussian Noise) channel with noise
power spectral density (PSD) to get
v(t). If v(t) is passed through a matched-
filter that is matched to s(t), then output
signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of the
matched-filter is

ECE 5. [Ans. A]
1. [Ans. B] Probability of Error = 3 error + 3 (2
Constellation 1 error and 1 correct)
√ √
√
√ √ = +3
Energy of
6. [Ans. C]
Average Energy of constellation
j j
| |
Constellation 2
| |
Average Energy of constellation ∫
The required Ratio is 4 ∫
2. [Ans. A]
The distance between the two closet
7. [Ans. A]
points in constellation -1 is = 2a
The same in constellation-2, = √ ∑
Since, , Probability of symbol
error in constellation 1 is lower Where Pi = Probability of individual
symbol. Since probability of each symbol
3. [Ans. C] is same, therefore,
Probability of no error in n bits
Probability of one error in n bits

∑
8. [Ans. B]
4. [Ans. C] SNR >> 1
The o/p y(t) of an Hilbert Transformer
( )
for an i/p of
( )
∫
When SNR is doubled
This is not a Time Invariant system ( )
( ) ⏟
⏟

9. [Ans. D]
j j
j j
⁄
As we know | | for
| |
| | [ ] ∫
Either
[( ) ]
As there in no component on
So, No DC component
10. [Ans. A]
12. [Ans. B]
+
x(t) y(t) We know that standard deviation of any
– real valued random variable x is greater
than or equal to zero
j
j
|j |
13. [Ans. D]
√
→
The first term on the right hand side
contains no Real value
11. [Ans. B] Now,
Sx - 104)
∫
6
14. [Ans. *] Range: 32 to 32

⁄
0 9 10 11 3rad/s)
As we know P.S.D is even function so V

part can be expected,

17. [Ans. A]
’
Given signal to quantization noise ratio =
31.8dB or 1513.56
Now, effective noise temperature of

amplifier input
15. [Ans. A]
Let N(t) be the noise at the output of
filter.
V
Now, noise power at the preamplifier
( ) ( )
output,
Since the input noise is zero mean,
Output noise mean is also zero. is the input
noise temperature at amplifier input
( ) ( )(∫ )
( )
W (t) is white noise
( ) ( )
Thus, option A is correct.
18. [Ans. *] Range: to

Power spectral density of
| |
∑
16. [Ans. A] Hence auto correction function can be

The SNR is maximum when the filter is defined as:
matched to the input signal. And when the
filter is matched to the input the energies { }
of both the input and matched filter
responses is same. Power spectral density

odd signal therefore only odd harmonics

of sine term will present.
Cut off frequency of L.P.F is 10 kHz so it
will allow only to pass fundamental
19. [Ans. *] Range: 99 to 101 component at 5 kHz of amplitude V
V V (y out can calculate)
| |
So power of message
V V ( )
V V
watt
V
Power in noise signal
( )
= 100
20. [Ans. B] ( ) ( )= 2.098 dB
22. [Ans. *] Range: 22 to 22
[
]
The signal is corrupted from 10 to 12 kHz.

So the ideal sampling,
then the spectrum will

be
Thus,
So the overlapping is starting from 8 kHz

onwards, but we want it should be from
IN 10 kHz onward because the uncorrupted
21. [Ans. *] is up to 10 kHz.
Square wave is as should
V increase by 2kHz.
10 mV So, , the spectrum.
10 mV
It has half wave symmetry so it will

contain odd harmonics only as it is also
23. [Ans. B]

Digital Communications
ECE - 2007 5. In the following scheme, if the spectrum

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 1 M(f) of m(t) is as shown, then the
&2 spectrum Y(f) of y(t) will be
An input to a 6-level quantizer has the M(f)
probability density function f(x) as shown
in the figure. Decision boundaries of the
quantizer are chosen so as to maximize
f
the entropy of the quantizer output. It is B 0 +B
given that 3 consecutive decision

‘ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ m(t)
f(x)
a +
y(t)
+
Hilbert
b
transformer
5 1 0 1 5 x
1. The values of a and b are (A) Y(f)
(A) a = 1/6 and b = 1/12

(B) a = 1/5 and b = 3/40
(C) a = 1/4 and b = 1/16 B 0 +B
f
(D) a = 1/3 and b = 1/24 (B) Y(f)
2. Assuming that the reconstruction levels of

the quantizer are the mid-points of the 2B B 0 +B +2B
f
decision boundaries, the ratio of signal
(C) Y(f)
power to quantization noise power is
(A) ⁄ (C) ⁄
(B) ⁄ (D) 28
f
B 0 +B
3. The raised cosine pulse p(t)is used for
zero ISI in digital communications. The (D) Y(f)
expression for p(t) with unity roll-off

factor is given by
f
2B B +B +2B
6. Three functions , which

(A) 0.5 (C) 0.5 are zero outside the interval [0,T], are
(B) 0 (D) shown in the figure. Which of the
following statements is correct?
4. In delta modulation, the slope overload
distortion can be reduced by
(A) Decreasing the step size
(B) Decreasing the granular noise
(C) Decreasing the sampling rate
(D) Increasing The Step Size
10. Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W,

3W respectively are to be multiplexed
using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
The minimum bandwidth required for
transmission of this TDM signal is
(A) W (C) 6W
(B) 3W (D) 7W
ECE - 2009
Common Data for Questions 11 & 12
The amplitude of a random signal is
uniformly distributed between – 5V and
5V.
11. If the signal to quantization noise ratio
required in uniformly quantizing the
(A) signals is 43.5dB, the step size of the
(B) quantization is approximately
(C) (A) 0.0333V (C) 0.0667V
(D) (B) 0.05V (D) 0.10V
ECE - 2008 12. If the positive values of the signal are

Common Data for Questions 7, 8 and 9 uniformly quantized with a step size of
A speech signal, band limited to and 0.05 V, and the negative values are
peak voltage varying between +5 V and uniformly quantized with a step size of
5V, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. Each 0.1V, the resulting signal to quantization
sample is quantized and represented by noise ratio is approximately
8bits. (A) 46 dB (C) 42 dB
7. If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using (B) 43.8 dB (D) 40 dB
bipolar pulses, the minimum band width
required for distortion free transmission ECE - 2010
is Statement for Linked Answer Questions 13
(A) 64kHz (C) 8kHz and 14
(B) 32kHz (D) 4kHz Consider a baseband binary PAM receiver
shown below. The additive channel noise
8. Assuming the signal to be uniformly is white with power spectral density
distributed between its peak to peak W/Hz. The low pass
value, the signal to noise ratio at the
filter is ideal with unity gain and cut-off
quantizer output is
frequency 1 MHz. Let represent the
(A) 16dB (C) 48dB
random variable .
(B) 32dB (D) 64dB
if transmitted bit
if transmitted bit
9. The number of quantization levels
where represents the noise sample
required to reduce the quantization noise
value. The noise sample has a probability
by a factor of 4 would be | |
density function,
(A) 1024 (C) 256
(This has mean zero and variance 2/ ).
(B) 512 (D) 64.

Assume transmitted bits to be 17. Assuming high SNR and that all signals
equiprobable and threshold z is set to a/2 are equally probable, the additional
= V. average transmitted signal energy
required by the 8-PSK signal to achieve
the same error probability as the 4-PSK
signal is
(A) 11.90 dB (C) 6.79 dB
{
(B) 8.73 dB (D) 5.33 dB
13. The value of the parameter V ) is ECE - 2012

(A) (C) 1.414× 18. A BPSK scheme operating over an AWGN
(B) (D) 2 × channel with noise power spectral
density of N0/2, uses equiprobable signals
14. The probability of bit error is
√
(A) 0.5 × (C) 0.5 ×
(B) 0.5 × (D) 0.5 × √
ECE - 2011 over the symbol interval, (0, T). If the

15. An analog signal is band-limited to 4 KHz. local oscillator in a coherent receiver is
Sampled at the Nyquist rate and the ahead in phase by with respect to the
samples are quantized into 4 levels. The received signal, the probability of error in
quantized levels are assumed to be the resulting system is
independent and equally probable. If we (A) (√ ) (C) (√ )
transmit two quantized samples per
second, the information rate is (B) (√ ) (D) (√ )
(A) 1 bit/sec (C) 3 bits/sec
(B) 2 bits/sec (D) 4 bits/sec 19. A source alphabet consists of N symbols
with the probability of the first two
Statement for Linked question 16 and 17 symbols being the same. A source
A four-phase and an eight-phase signal encoder increases the probability of the
constellation are show in the figure ε
below. ε
encoding, the entropy of the source
(A) Increases
(B) Remains the same
(C) Increases only if N = 2
(D) Decreases
16. For the constraint that the minimum 20. In a baseband communications link,
distance between pairs of signal points be frequencies upto 3500 Hz are used for
d for both constellations, the radii r1 and signaling. Using a raised cosine pulse with
r2 of the circles are 75% excess bandwidth and for no inter-
(A) symbol interference, the maximum
(B) possible signaling rate in symbols per
(C) second is
(D) (A) 1750 (C) 4000
(B) 2625 (D) 5250

ECE/IN - 2013 If the BER of this system is Q( √ ), then

21. Let U and V be two independent and the value of b is _________
identically distributed random variables
such that U U ⁄ . 26. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly until a
The entropy H(U+V) in bits is ‘ ’
the number of tosses to get this first
(A) ⁄ (C) ⁄
‘ ’ n bits is _________
(B) 1 (D)
27. The capacity of a band-limited additive
ECE - 2013
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is
22. Consider two identically distributed zero-
mean random variables U and V. Let the given by ( ) bits per
cumulative distribution functions of U second (bps), where W is the channel
and 2V be F(x) and G(x) respectively. bandwidth, P is the average power
Then, for all values of x received and is the one-sided power
(A) spectral density of the AWGN.
(B) For a fixed 1000, the channel
(C) ( ) capacity (in kbps) with infinite
(D) ( ) bandwidth (𝑊
(A) 1.44 (C) 0.72
ECE - 2014 (B) 1.08 (D) 0.36
23. In a code-division multiple access
(CDMA) system with N = 8 chips, the 28. The input to a 1-bit quantizer is a random
maximum number of users who can be variable X with pdf
assigned mutually orthogonal signature and .
sequences is _________ For outputs to be of equal probability, the
quantizer threshold should be _________
24. The capacity of a Binary Symmetric
Channel (BSC) with cross-over 29. Coherent orthogonal binary FSK
probability 0.5 is ___________ modulation is used to transmit two
equiprobable symbol waveforms
25. Let Q (√ ) be the BER of a BPSK system and
over an AWGN channel with two-sided , where V.
noise power spectral density . The Assume an AWGN channel with two-sided
parameter is a function of bit energy noise power spectral density
and noise power spectral density. W/Hz. Using an optimal
A system with two independent and
receiver and the relation
identical AWGN channels with noise
power spectral density is shown in ∫ , the bit error probability
√
the figure. The BPSK demodulator for a data rate of
receives the sum of outputs of both the 500 kbps is
channels. (A) (C)
(B) ( √ ) (D) ( √ )

30. The power spectral density of a real 35. If calls arrive at a telephone exchange
stationary random process ( ) is given such that the time of arrival of any call is
by independent of the time of arrival of
earlier or future calls, the probability
||
{ distribution function of the total number
|| of calls in a fixed time interval will be
The value of the expectation
(A) Poisson (C) Exponential
[ ( )] is ________ (B) Gaussian (D) Gamma
31. An analog voltage in the Range: 0 to 8 V is 36. Consider a communication scheme where
divided in 16 equal intervals for
the binary valued signal X satisfies
conversion to 4-bit digital output. The
maximum quantization error (in V) is { } and { } .
__________ The received signal Y = X + Z, where Z is
a Gaussian random variable with zero
32. Let X(t) be a wide sense stationary (WSS) mean and variance . The received signal
random process with power spectral Y is fed to the threshold detector. The
density (f). If Y(t) is the process defined output of the threshold detector ̂ is:
as Y(t) = X(2t 1), the power spectral
̂ {
density (f) is
To achieve a minimum probability of
( )
error P{̂ }, the threshold should be
( ) (A) Strictly positive
(B) Zero
( ) (C) Strictly negative
(D) Strictly positive, zero, or strictly
( ) negative depending on the nonzero
value of
33. In a PCM system, the signal
{ }V is 37. Consider the Z-channel given in the
sampled at the Nyquist rate. The samples figure. The input is 0 or 1 with equal
are processed by a uniform quantizer probability.
with step size 0.75 V. The minimum data
rate of the PCM system in bits per second
is _________
34. A binary random variable X takes the

If the output is 0, the probability that the
value of 1 with probability 1/3. X is input
input is also 0 equals __________
to a cascade of 2 independent identical
binary symmetric channels (BSCs) each
38. An M-level PSK modulation scheme is
with crossover probability 1/2. The
used to transmit independent binary
output of BSCs are the random variables
digits over a band-pass channel with
and as shown in the figure.
bandwidth 100 kHz. The bit rate is 200
kbps and the system characteristic is a
raised- cosine spectrum with 100%
The values of in bits is excess bandwidth. The minimum value of
__________ M is ___________

39. Consider a discrete-time channel

, where the additive noise Z is
signal-dependent. In particular, given the
transmitted symbol { } at any
instant, the noise sample Z is chosen
independently from a Gaussian
distribution with mean X and unit
variance. Assume a threshold detector
with zero threshold at the receiver.
When = 0, the BER was found to be
∫
( √ )
When 0.3, the BER is closest to

(A) (C)
(B) (D)
ECE - 2015
40. A sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz frequency is
applied to a delta modulator. The
sampling rate and step-
modulator are 20,000 samples per second
and 0.1 V, respectively. To prevent slope
overload, the maximum amplitude of the
sinusoidal signal (in Volts) is
(A) ⁄ (C) ⁄
(B) ⁄ (D)
41. The transmitted signal in a GSM system is 43. The modulation scheme commonly used
of 200 kHz bandwidth and 8 users share a for transmission from GSM mobile
common bandwidth using TDMA. If at a terminals is
given time 12 users are talking in a cell, (A) 4-QAM
the total bandwidth of the signal received (B) 16-PSK
by the base station of the cell will be at (C) Walsh-Hadamard orthogonal codes
least (in kHz) ___________ (D) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK)
42. Consider a binary, digital communication
system which uses pulses g(t) and 44. The complex envelope of the bandpass
for transmitting bits over an AWGN signal
channel. If the receiver uses a matched
⁄
filter, which one of the following pulses √ ( ) ( )
will give the minimum probability of bit
error?

48. An ideal band-pass channel

⁄
( ) is deployed for
communication. A modem is designed to
transmit bits at the rate of 4800 bits/s
⁄
( ) using 16-QAM. The roll-off factor of a
pulse with a raised cosine spectrum that
utilizes the entire frequency band is
⁄
√ ( ) __________
49. A binary communication system makes

⁄
√ ( ) use of the symbols "zero" and "one".
There are channel errors. Consider the
following events:
ECE - 2016 : a "zero" is transmitted
45. Consider a discrete memory less source : a "one" is transmitted
with alphabet { } : a "zero" is received
and respective probabilities of occurrence : a "one" is received
{ } The following probabilities are given:
The entropy of the source (in bits) is |

_______
⁄ |
46. A digital communication system uses a The information in bits that you obtain
repetition code for channel when you learn which symbol has been
encoding/decoding. During transmission, received (while you know that a "zero"
each bit is repeated three times (0 is has been transmitted) is __________
transmitted as 000, and 1 is transmitted
as 111). It is assumed that the source puts 50. An analog baseband signal, band limited
out symbols independently and with to 100 Hz, is sampled at the Nyquist rate.
equal probability. The decoder operates The samples are quantized into four
as follows: In a block of three received message symbols that occur
bits, if the number of zeros exceeds the independently with probabilities
number of ones, the decoder decides in and . The
favor of a 0, and if the number of ones information rate (bits/sec) of the
exceeds the number of zeros, the decoder message source is __________
decides in favor of a 1. Assuming a binary
symmetric channel with crossover 51. A voice-grade AWGN (Additive White
probability , the average Gaussian noise) telephone channel has a
probability of error is ________ bandwidth of 4.0 kHz and two-sided noise
power spectral density
47. A discrete memory less source has an
Watt per Hz. If information at the rate of
alphabet { } with
52 kbps is to be transmitted over this
corresponding probabilities { }. channel with arbitrarily small bit error
The minimum required average code rate, then the minimum bit-energy (in
word length in bits to represent this mJ/bit) necessary is __________
source for error-free reconstruction is
_________

52. The bit error probability of a memory less an ideal phase demodulation circuit
binary symmetric channel is . If (Circuit that produces an output
bits are sent over this channel, then the proportional to the difference in phase of
probability that not more than one bit will the modulates signal from that of the
be in error is __________ carrier). The output of the circuit is
(A) A square wave
53. A binary baseband digital communication (B) A train of impulses with alternating
system employs the signal signs
(C) A triangular wave
{√ (D) A sinusoidal wave
for transmission of bits. The graphical IN - 2010

representation of the matched filter 55. In a pulse code modulated (PCM) signal
output y(t) for this signal will be sampled at and encoded into a n – bit
code, the minimum bandwidth required
for faithful reconstruction is
(A) 2 (C) ⁄
(B) (D)
56. A signal with frequency components

, and only is
sampled at 150 samples/sec. The ideally
reconstructed signal will have frequency
components of
(A) 50 Hz only
(B) 75 Hz only
(C) 50 Hz and 75 Hz
(D) 50 Hz, 70 Hz and 100 Hz
IN - 2014
57. A full duplex binary FSK transmission is
made through a channel of bandwidth 10
kHz. In each direction of transmission the
two carriers used for the two states are
separated by 2 kHz. The maximum baud
rate for this transmission is:
(A) 2000 bps (C) 5000 bps
(B) 3000 bps (D) 10000 bps
IN - 2015
IN - 2009 58. The highest frequency present in the
54. A 50% duty cycles square wave with zero signal x(t) is The highest frequency
mean used as a baseband signal in an present in the signal y(t) = (t) is
ideal frequency modulator with
sinusoidal carrier of frequency . the
modulated signal is given as and input to

IN - 2016
59. A signal m(t) varies from V to
V with an average power of 3 W. The
signal is quantized using a midtread type
quantizer and subsequently binary
encoded. With the code word of length 3,
the signal to quantization noise ratio in
dB is ___________
ECE
1. [Ans. A] ( )
To maximize the entropy, all the decision
boundaries should be equiprobable.
∫ ∫
∫
4. [Ans. D]
By increasing step size, slope overload
2. [Ans. D]
distortion can be reduced.
∫
5. [Ans. A]
y(t) is equal to SSB wave having LSB and
carrier frequency equal to B.
∫ ∫ ∫
Highest frequency component in message
is also of B Hz.
M(f)
V
B 0 B f
SSB having LSB

Y(f)
3. [Ans. C]
f
B 0 B
( )
( )
As it comes in the form of 0/0 so applying
LH rule

6. [Ans. A] 10. [Ans. D]

Two functions f(x) & g(x) are said to be
orthogonal if
∫ ∫
11. [Ans. C]
7. [Ans. B]
While using the bipolar pulses to transmit We know that
bits 0 and 1, the minimum bandwidth
requires for distortion free transmission
is four times the theoretical bandwidth
(Nyquist Bandwidth).
Nyquist bandwidth,
V V
Minimum bandwidth in bipolar signaling is
V
Hence closest answer is 0.0667 V so
8. [Ans. C] correct option is C
Signal to noise ratio
( ) 12. [Ans. B]
For +ve values
Where V
n = number of bits per sample quantized
( )
9. [Ans. B]
( )
To Reduce Noise by a factor 4. L should V

be increased by a factor of 2. So required
levels
( )
2 256 = 512 levels.
Best SNR

13. [Ans. B] The distance between the points is

0.76r2=d. Hence r2 = 1.307d
17. [Ans. D]
Symbol error Probability in M-ary PSK is
√ η b in
4-PSK and 3.Eb in 8-PSK. Considering in
14. [Ans. D] general as erfc(x), the ratio between x in
When a 1 transmitted: QPSK to 8-PSk is 1.508. This is the
requirement in increase in the signal
energy per bit. For, 3 bits, the increase is
(1.508)3. This in decibels is
10log (1.508)3, i.e.5.35dB
18. [Ans. B]
Probability of error in coherent BPSK
( ) ∫
[√ ]
∫
Phase difference 450 decreases the signal
15. [Ans. D]
[√ ]
Since all the 4 levels are equi-probable,
the entropy of the source will be
maximum. Since, two quantized samples
19. [Ans. D]
are transmitted per sec, message rate
If all the symbols are equi-probable, the
r = 2. Thus, the information rate
entropy of the source will be maximum.
R = r.H=4bps.
Since, only the first two are of same
16. [Ans. D] probability, the entropy will not be
The points in the Constellation diagram of maximum, but will be less than the
4-PSk are with co-ordinates (0, r1) and maximum. Because of the source encoder,
(– r1, 0). The distance between them is the first two are also of different
probability. Hence, the entropy will be
√ . Hence, ⁄√
further reduced.
In M-ary PSK, the points in the
constellation diagram lie on a circle, with
20. [Ans. C]
√
Where { } , where is the
energy in one bit duration.
The points in the Constellation diagram Symbol rate = 4000
are given by (OR)
{√ √ “ ”
“ S”
The given points in the constellation diagram “ ”
of 8-PSK are with co-ordinates and Hz, r “ S”
√ √ where √ .
21. [Ans. C] 25. [Ans. *] Range: 1.4 to 1.42

u v
+1 +1 2
+1 0
+1 0
So signal energy increases 4 times as

( ) ( ) [ ]
V
( ) ( ) Noise energy increase 2 times
( )
(√ ) √
(√ √ ) √
26. [Ans. *] Range: 1.99 to 2.01

22. [Ans. D] The number of losses read and the
F (x) = P{X x} probability of its occurrence is given
G (x) = P {2X x} below
= P {X x/2} L=1
For positive value of x,
F(x G(x) is always greater than zero L=2
For negative value of x.
F(x G(x) is ve L=3
but .[F (x G(x)].x 0
L=4
23. [Ans. *] Range: 7.99 to 8.01
∑
If single symbol is represented by a code

of 8 chips ∑ ∑
Chip rate = 8 symbol rate
27. [Ans. A]
Spread factor (or) process gain and ( )
determine to a certain extent the upper
limit of the total number of uses ( )
supported simultaneously by a station.
[ ( )
24. [Ans. *] Range:
Channel capacity of BSC is
( ) ]

28. [Ans. *] Range: 0.34 to 0.36 31. [Ans. *] Range: 0.24 to 0.26
For output to be of equal probability The minimum quantisation error
V
∫
[ ] 32. [Ans. C]
Shifting operation does not change PSD
Scaling operating change PSD

So threshold should be 0.35 ( )
29. [Ans. C] ( )
For BFSK, we know the average
probability of symbol error is
33. [Ans. *] Range: 199 to 201
(√ ) Nyquist frequency
The peak to peak amplitude = 2V
Step size = 0.75V
j
So, minimum = ⁄
required
Thus, minimum data rate
(√ ) (√ )
34. [Ans. *] Range: 1.9 to 2.1

30. [Ans. *] Range: 3.9 to 4.1
We know auto correlation function
↔
||
{
||
∫
To get we should find probability of
[ ]
j
[ ]
j
[ ( )] [ ]
[ ( )]

35. [Ans. A] 38. [Ans. *] Range: 15.9 to 16.1

It is properly of Poisson distribution For M-PSK we know
event occur with known average rate and
independent of time
36. [Ans. C]
39. [Ans. C]
|
√ |
{ |
|
( )
√
( )
√
At optimum threshold for minimum
probability of error
⁄
|
⁄
( )
37. [Ans. *] Range: 0.79 to 0.81 √ √
40. [Ans. A]
To avoid slope overload,
| |
| |
|
|
41. [Ans. *] Range: 400 to 400

Eight users share a channel of bandwidth
200 kHz
So for 12 users two channels will be used
bandwidth will be

42. [Ans. A] 45. [Ans. *] Range: 2 to 2

Optimum receiver for AWGN channel is
given by matched filter.
In case of matched filter receiver,
(√ )
Probability of error is minimum for

which E is maximum.
Now looking at options
Energy in option (C) and (D) is same = 1/3

⁄
[ ∫ ]
[∫ ]
( )
⁄
( )| ( )
⁄
43. [Ans. D]
46. [Ans. *] Range: 0.025 to 0.030
44. [Ans. C] Probability of decoding correctly
⁄
√ ( ) ( )
⁄
We can write above expression as
⁄
√ ( )[ ]
⁄ ⁄
47. [Ans. *] Range: 1.74 to 1.76
⁄ ⁄ Minimum required average code word
Also length in bits for error free reconstruction
[Low pass representation of Band pass

signals]
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
j
⁄ √ ⁄ 48. [Ans. *] Range: 0.24 to 0.26
⁄
j Channel spectrum 500 Hz
⁄ ⁄
Hence, BW = 1500 Hz

51. [Ans. *] Range: 30.0 to 33.0
49. [Ans. *] Range: 0.80 to 0.82

( )
Given Binary Communication channel
information content in receiving y it in
given that is transmitted is
η
η
( )
( )
η
( ) ( )
⁄
[ ]
⁄ 52. [Ans. *] Range: 0.70 to 0.75
Let the number of errors be given by the
random variable P is
50. [Ans. *] Range: 360 to 363

Now, since the probability of error is very
’
distribution.
We know
approximation
We have number of trials and
error probability

53. [Ans. C] 58. [Ans. C]

Since, p(t) is time long signal. So, Multiplication in time domain
matched filter h(f) will also be time corresponds to convolution in frequency
long. So, convolution of P(t)*h(t) will be domain
2 time long signal.
Using limit property of convolution (t)
∫ ( )
√ have maximum frequency 2
∫ 59. [Ans. *] Range: 15 to 16

Signal power = 3 W
It is the rule that is always followed by

Quantization noise power
outputs of matched filters. The output has
duration that is twice the duration of
input signal (due to convolution) and its
Signal to noise ratio
peak value is the energy of input signal.
IN
54. [Ans. A] ( )
We will get square wave at the output
55. [Ans. C]
According to Nyquist sampling theorem
for the faithful reconstruction of signal
56. [Ans. A]
Given
samples/sec
We know that,
In given signals only 50 Hz signal is

satisfying Nyquist criteria, and there are
no signals like 70 Hz and 75 Hz. Hence
correct option is (a)
57. [Ans. B]
Bandwidth for each direction = baud rate
+separation of carriers
(10Hz/2) = baud rate +2kH
Then, baud rate is
= 5000 2000=3000bps

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GATE QUESTION BANK

Electronics & Communication

Subject Name Page No.

#1. Engineering Mathematics 1 – 163

#2. Network Theory 164 – 248

#3. Signals and Systems 249 - 311

#4. Control Systems 312 – 390

#5. Analog Circuits 391 – 482

#6. Digital Circuits 483 – 545

#7. Communications 546 – 583

#8. Electronic Devices and Circuits 584 – 614

#9. Electromagnetic Theory 615 – 660

#10. General Aptitude 661 – 729

: 080-617 66 222, info@thegateacademy.com ©Copyright reserved. Web:www.thegateacademy.com I

#1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 546 – 548

#2. DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation 549 – 553

#3. Angle Modulation 554 – 555

#4. Receivers 556 – 558

#5. Noise in Analog Modulation 559 – 566

#6. Digital Communications 567 – 583

Syllabus for Communications

Analysis of GATE Papers

2016 9.00 6.00

2015 7.50 3.00

2014 10.50 1.00

2013 9.00 4.00

2012 8.00 0.00

2011 10.00 0.00

2010 9.00 2.00

2009 14.00 2.67

2008 12.67 2.67

2007 15.34 0.00

Overall Percentage 10.50% 2.10%

: 080-617 66 222, info@thegateacademy.com ©Copyright reserved. Web:www.thegateacademy.com

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

ECE - 2008 ECE - 2014

: 080-617 66 222, info@thegateacademy.com ©Copyright reserved. Web:www.thegateacademy.com 546

ECE - 2016 11. A speech signal is sampled at 8 kHz and

Answer Keys and Explanations

ECE So, it is conventional AM signal but with

Condition for envelope detection of an AM

Therefore minimum value of AC should be 2. 4. [Ans. B]

3. [Ans. C] 6. [Ans. *] Range: 59.9 to 60.1

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9. [Ans. *] Range: 34.5 to 35.5

After multiplied by and passing

So bandwidth of the modulator is

7. [Ans. A] Thus, we see that two terms have same

11. [Ans. *] Range: 0.96 to 1.04

After passing through LPF with

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DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation

(D) CDF The ratio / (in rad/Hz) for the same

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: 080-617 66 222, info@thegateacademy.com ©Copyright reserved. Web:www.thegateacademy.com 550

IN - 2013 faithful reproduction of the signal by the

Answer Keys and Explanations

Integral of increasing ramp signal is Maximum phase deviation is

: 080-617 66 222, info@thegateacademy.com ©Copyright reserved. Web:www.thegateacademy.com 551

5. [Ans. B] 7. [Ans. *] Range: 3.95 to 4.05

6. [Ans. *] Range: 2.4 to 2.6 So if is doubled then, the ratio will be 4

9. [Ans. *]Range: 349 to 350

After modulation with