Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"# 40
( )
% 565 7 ( 8# 9 5: 4 &
: =
94 C . " ; <9& 5( <: 5 ? ) 1 @ A 4 "
D 7 A E ; <9& 45 . 0& D F ( &'( "
D @ # 7 ( C ) ( " ; <9& 5( " ; <: 5 ? ) . 54<G 5?)
; <9& 45 ; <: 5 ? ) I4 1 J I4 . ( 7 H . 0&
. 7 5K 5( "
:; 6%:L
D ( 4A MC5 " ; <9& "
Email:m.ghafouri@mail.uk.ac.ir 03413221447 : *
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 172
' () * + #,,$ " -.+ /01 2 '3"4) (5 67 8.9 " #, : ;<( =>0 " # $% & "
(@ < + > A" 0% + * 5" BC.5 .0.% 2 D E 9" AF + B<2( " # $% & " . 5"
J& " J "(JK = J5" 8 J$' I " & " <" # $% & " . 3 # G(H B< #5 .5 :2(.9
. J5" #Q0* #' R + 2 #S 7 A2C+ " B (' ) P '/ 9 #3(@9 L2 MN O .3 <" L /% I "
# $% & " . 5" 6 $%" + N 5" #T$1 # 2(.9 OC0; U.&6 # $% & " V "
2 # J$% J& " A J. W J/ " = J5" A J5 03 JT 1 J1 J J.$;"(7 L % X <"
: "4@'J5 .5 2 # J$% J& " A J. W / "» . 5" Y"41 . + 8.9 # $% : "4@'5 .5
(JQ " :"(+ D $% L \.1( + &R # @]5 7 . " "(N : E0; >. "( ([9 ,N
. (Binzerhbolt, 2005, 378) 5" #5 5" 2 ^_ #5"( <" ; 3" (+
: "4@'J5 .5 L JT H <" - J\ #6]+ # $% & " 3" BC. % 5` C 2 ;
6JN 0 J 2 BCJ.a.7 . J+ # $% : "4@'5 .5 2 # $% & " H+" . 3# Y \
J+ JN 2 J5" U ' J J ^ ( 4Jb+ (J)" #J'R J.9 U ' J c '.; # $% & " . 5"
# J$% J& " JE.'9 J; 5 .5 F &0 " f.]6 = 5" : "4@'5 .5 C0 F( (+ : "4)(.de
'J3 A" 0T+ # $% : "4@'5 .5 . 5" U&6 = 5 ; 5 .5 E.'9 # $% & " 2 5"
Jg( . J5" J' () "(JN :C1 1 :" '3 C0K 2 :" '3 A . =Y UR B" :"
+ L %hi" S" " C09 #E '9 #' 2 L $.$ (+ ^. ' : "4)(.d :"(+ A"C92(_3 + A "
L $.$ J -'*"CJ9" (.*eJ + =# F : ; '5 ^.[0 = ; 9 5 1 ,1 =#' 2 L
CJ0 "( :( 4J7(.d 2 : "4J)(.d . " J/9 J+ " A"C92(_J3 ( J5 J+ W J/ " 2 5 9
2 J5" * <" " J; J &R ^; C9" # =A"C92(_3 < .9 2 5" * (+ # $% : "4@'5 .5
: ; 5 .5 (+ * : "4)(.d L CN <" " A"C92(_3 ^; 2 < 5 j,H A"C92(_3 L \.1(
J+ . J3" CJ;" * #9"($&R # " : " ^_ #6 9 =U+ ' C0 "( - " .C0 B )F # $%
-#\.JX k2 <" B l'J5" J+ ^.' J; CJg J -J " m JX - " .$;" + 1
'J3" # J$% : "4@'J5 .5 (J+ # $% & " : "4)(.d o * :([9 #, e =#,.,\
(.d J # $% : "4@'5 .5 (+ # $% & " 9 @K 5" - " p;2q7 #,g" " 5 .^.3 +
#@' J+ #, " J% JK J+ : "4J)(.d - " 3# G(H 8.9 " 5 - " " " r "4)#
#J5 .5 : J;D J[9 # J$% J& " B J@ 1 3# #T5 p5(7 - " + 5 7 _1 r "
(J+ # J$% J& " : "4)(.d #@9 @K 2 A"8. =B @ 1 AF + 1 +2 3 #5 (+ s,']
. 3 #5 (+ # $% : "4@'5 .5 C0 "(
173
! :
!
# J$% 2 #JT$1 =#% $'1" :( " A" 0% + T 1 '* 5 # $% & " BC C7 .;
BC C7 - " . (.)# U&3 = 5" <2 US + / 9 , T 1 > : ;L2 MN (@9 .+
"(J " A J. t('6 uSh% (+ C. e + C0$ CN j/0 A" 0% + 52 2 U+ ' W / " u (i <"
(J+ = 5" T 1 BC3 #;C9 < 5 2 ' ,/ # ;L2 MN <" ' () Le69 = T 1>
#% J$'1" =#@0;( : ; 6 C9" C3 2 T5 + (E0 2 "4)# (d" T 1 > ^[9 (&,$%
JT 1 >J sJ,'] j+ J0 <" :CJ0 B(_+ 2 #/,iv,g _1 T 1 > #5 .5 2
. ()#
A" "C$'J5 .5 <" : . J+ . .9 -32 #+ * + # $% & " Bw" 69" B @'5 * 2 6
.C09" # # $% 5 .5 BC00 2C\ U % " # $% & "
J9"( YhJ 9" 2 C3 (; y ^;CE.; A(N + -.' ]9 :"(+ «# $% & "» GhHg"
0H,5 + B< / ^K(7 + #9 $ 7 k 7 - " z"(3" Bq + '].;( A @/]9 & " z(T
<" .C9C9 J5 # D $% mhi" + B 3 7 o * " * & " _9F .C9 + '3"( "(+ " ,H
J_9F A )CJ0 $9 2 A"C92(_J3 + z"(3" + Y '9" : 1 + GhHg" - " CT+ + 9"( Yh 9"
J_9F :(J& 2 #J5 .5 A )CJ0 $9 2 A"C92(_J3 k(J@9 # J$% J& " #J0T .C3 {hi"
=#9 J@$; :} uJR TJ5 J+ .(228 =1385 =B "< . 9) C3# Y \ s,'] US o *
U&3 # $% & " <" (@ #% 9 =#T$1 2 #9 @$; : ; 9 5 k(' ) 2 :"B : ; (R
= J; 9 5 :"(+ 2< #,.* ^; # ( & " - " " . + L2 l' A @/]9 0 &" + ()
2 # J$% J& " #5 (+ A 0 =#T$1 W / " U 52 . ( "C.7 : "8+" /01 5 .5 2 L ~.,/
J3 2 8J U,% : . + 2 ; 2 (+"(+ D ( #@' /$; • R" = ; 9 5 AF Dh%"
A J9F #/ J9 h '5" €% + D2 1 2 # $% & " AC3 • $, €% + 2" 1 (@
pJ 9 : Jl " J+ A ) J9 ) {(Ji <" U ' (@ < + > L g + C9" '+ :" 9 ) + . ()
.(228 =A $; =B "< . 9) <" (b+
2 : N 2 C0 2(.9 BC C7 " # $% & " 8+ ; 2 # 2 . A K 18 2 17 A(N A"C0$6 C9"
. 5" •, .9 D $ (+ C9" ' 9" A _1 B " " L CN j/0
J5" B ( A .+ " D 5 A _1 Bw"2 + -.' ]9 :"(+ #% $'1" C0$6 C9" :2 (l F
>J #0i J+ (.$JX # J$% & "» :C0 # s (T 9 ) - " " BC C7 - " # $% & " Y '
J 5" # 2(.9 . 5" #5 .5 :2(.9 > c / ‚ =D 0$) L CN - " # $% & " = 5" ,
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 174
#J, i +D ( 5" : & " =# $% & " « 5" BC69 #0.+ p.7 #5 5" A 9 N ƒ.;
.C9 " # $% j 0 + W +( e > B + #0.T A <
„(J #5"( . 5" D ( D $% : ; 2 + 2 ; k< " = ;k(@9 U 3 # $% & "
"4J)# (.de #5 .5 : ;:(.)^.$ :2 (+ ^. ' i + # $% & " 5" - " (+
.(409 =1386 = (.6+)
>J <" #J,/N mhJi" (1 : " J ` 8.K 5 (+ # $% & " s (T 3" BC. % (0
A J.+ >J J+ J_0 TN"2 > <" #,/N mhi" A" 0% + # $% & " . 5" * (3 2 + (2 jN"2
.9 :" TN"2 <" #,/N mhi" + f]6 B 3" 2 + > A" 0T+ # $% & " = " B 3" B 5
.(366 =A $; =^ %) 5 ; "C* BC0 F A (1 # @6.7 jN"2 2 AF #+ < " &,+
#6J 9 D (J <" #MJT+ A J. -J " " C0' ; # $% & " - & U % -.' ]9 D (
U J3 J = J9" # J$% J& " A )CJ00 - 2C " _9F A" # C9 " A"(@ <" ( ^_
.C0' ; : "4@9 9 N E D ( A )C0 $9 2 :" (R A" "C$'5 .5 =A" @9 9<2
" #MJT+ 2 CJ9( 47#J " L"(J&l <" :" % $E (& > D ( &0 " #,g" ,%
. " :('6.+ :C92 6 * 2 X D ( :"(+ (&l AF 5" - " C00 #
Jg(% B<2(J " . " # J$% J& " + A " U&3 :(.)U&3 ^_ #6 9 L ~.,/
=Y"8JR" .,J5 + J # J~.,/ " . (.)# "(N B l'5" s,'] T+" L ~.,/ #9 _1
J* J " # J$% J& " A " U&3 ( #5 5" p 9 3 # D E9" ; 2 2 ;B2()
. 3# # $% : ; 5 .5 - 2C 2 :(.)U&3 < 5 0. <
<" .CJ9 " # J$% J& " - J& ^J_ #6J 9 #J, L Jg J+ L % /H :. OP
C3 + #T/0 C9" # L % /H .C9"BC9" * #5"( D _K - " L % /H 52(0 "
B J+ JQR / 2 UJ.,\ 2 J/*" sJ (\ 2 • &T9" + 2 C; # A 69 D ( + " ; .TN"2
J CJ00 0J3F <2 .TX2 + " _9F =C9 "4) (.de # $% & "(+ C00 # kh = ; "C*
.C9 " @9 #9" 9 2 U_1
Š8J1 8J.9 #T$1 : ; 9 5 .C9 "4)# A"C92(_3 (+ . + ‡ l9 : M"C Q O) ; 7
:"(J+ A"C92(_J3 2 J; &R C* C0 2(.9 . + #Rh5 2 C9"#5"( D _K -
.C03 +# A 6 ; '5" * 2 & " C % A .+
c` J$T J; B2(J) - " " .C03 + # $% & " BC00 &T0 C09" # 8.9 jl0 ‡ : ;B2()
- CJ+ C0' J.9 # J # J$% J& " Y J < + :"(+ 2 C00 # &T0 " T 1 <" #6]+ & "
A J& " =CJ3 + ('6.+ s,'] : ;p]+ :"(+ jl0 ‡ : ;B2() :(.) U&3 A & " K (; .(
.C+ # p "8 " # $% & " • &T9"
=sJ,'] US J 2(0 " <" C9 " o * :(&l <(i :w SC " Y"8R" :R E
J Y"8JR" A" "C (i .C09<# :(.) M% + 5 2 C00 # A .+ " * : ; B )C 2 & "
C0' J; J' A < J5 # J$% & " <" #6]+ A" 0T+ C0' ; 03F Y"8R" AF :w SC " +
uJ (i <" JK # J$% : J; J5 .5 A )CJ00 - 2CJ + L"([9 S" " 2 # $% & " - &
.C00 # l " #$_ p 9 (#$5 (.‚) U ' L g + K 2 (#$5 ) #+8R : ; 9
JH+" ^. ' J Ji J+ D ( + C09" # L % $'1" u (i <" #5 .5 A"(/; :. "&C
- & (+ L % $'1" : "4) (.de <` . " #; )F " ;B A" # u (i - " <" .C00 "(N(+
. 3# # , #5"( #9 / <" 5" L % $'1" : "<F =# $% & "
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 176
J& " (J+ #$. ' J (.deJ =#6;2q7 L 5 =• "C =B @69" C09 : #A T ; 7 8
k 2(J7 " BCJ0 F A"(J&l' 2 A" "C$'J5 .5 =A"C92(_J3 L J5 - " "(K C9 " # $%
.C9 " A 9F #; )F 2 . ]3 :(.)U&3 ^_ #6 9 2 C0; #
= J5" J' () U&J3 #J ( 2 U ' J 00 B N # ; 6 :; <:% K UJ
2< J5 - (J #,g" A" 0T+ 5" BC3 E " # $% : "4@'5 .5 (+ "4)(d" 2 ^_ # 9
. 5" A" "4@'5 .5 + # $% & " BC00 S" "
CJ + = J3 B 2F Y JR + #5 .5 ‹ \ <" C9" '+ # $% & " <" #6]+ &9F <" p.7
BCJ0 "(7 2 BC3 ^. # $% 5 .5 U ,‚" # $% & " .C00 &3F " * ‡ l9
J12 : J& " J5" -J&$ =m X + # $'R" : ; R "CT + / 9 jN"2 2 5"
-#J &J3F " ,l‚ 2 u " DC% =u " : ; g(% = E & " *(+ .C3 + '3"
JT JE " J m $1" A 2F 5C+ :"(+ 5" >. "( : ; _9 . - " 2 .C0
=CJ;C+ D (J <" : J < $J3 + " X (Q "CR #32 +A )9 )j 0 2 &"A.
. (374 =A $; =^ %) C00 p 9 : l "
- (J'_+ (J+» BC. % + " . 5" BC3 A" 0% s,'] : ;B" # $% & " * 03 :"(+
:"(J+ . J5" # $% US B + _9F L ([9 -' 2D ( A. 9" "<F : E' 1 =B"
.(373o =A $; =^ %) « 3 1 T 1B zC; uH0 2 U % + 5" D<` =A + # $% & "
DhJ%" + " #MT+ ; 2 = " 12 # $% & " + T1"( :"(+ #l,'] : ;B .3
.C00 # T1"( # $% & " + #)C0 $9 D [9 ,.5 + " ('6.+ 2 #5(7 $;
BCJ 9 " A"(@ < J+ B J@ 1 2 pJ 9 CJ /9 CJ0 F( - " B2h% + .#,,$ " -.+ D [9 2 T 1
=#+ J]'9" 2 #+ J'9" A" "8) J =(J@ L J/% J+ .C0' J; ; B2() "( " A"(@ < + = ()
#J5 .5 Y"8JR" 2 A )CJ0; :" =#JT$1 : ; 9 5 =#6;2q7 : ;A < 5 =jl0 ‡ : ;B2()
.C9 3# Y \ A"(@ < + - ('$_ Š81
$ %& ' (
" # $% : "4@'5 .5 C0 F( :"B .3 + D"C (; # $% : "4@'5 .5 A"<" (7 ([9
A" 0% + .C0' ; 1 U+ N 0. < - " #$' .5 2 :" *(K =:" ,R( C .C9"B ( ^.5(
:"(1" - ; 5 .5 ‡ ] " 2 (- 2C ) :C0/ g -#'5 .5 '5 - e :(.) U&3 : Q
+ #,S : e :(.) U&3 ,R( .(29 =1386=A ('3") ; 5 .5 #+ < " - ; 5 .5
S" " C0 < .9 C9 3# '* 03 U&6 > A" 0T+ _9F : 5 <" 2 3# 2(+2 D ( p0 "2
# $% = 5" AF (.) 2 #,S $; .9 0T AF + - " " .C0' ; URB"
.C0' ;
2 (+ _9F 2 C; # "(N (.de \ " B2() > j 0 #,S '5 ,R(
. (.)# "(N : "4@'5 .5 '5 =C00 6 $%"
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 178
-" 5" : "4@9 9 N 2 # "(1" B N + ' +"2 U$% > ('6.+ 5 .5 ‡ ] " ,R(
. 3# - 2C 2 :C0/ g = ' () "(N '5 #,&6 2 < .9 ,R(
: ;p]+ 2 : " " A )C0 $9 u (i <" c C$% = ; 5 .5 :"(1" : 7 ; 5C
_9F Ghg" (..~ + D" ; 5 .5 :"(1" 5" -&$ ,R( - " = 3# D E9" s,']
. 5" _6 ('$ : "4@'5 .5 UR"( ( 5 <" # $% &" MR ,R( - " C3 +
DC% X U&3 + #+ < " ,R( ; 5 .5 :"(1" (+ # $% & " : "4)(.de
+ : "4@'5 .5 >. "( 0& L 6 "() .C; # A 69 " * BC F 5C+ zC; <" X
: `5 - "(K C0 ˆ9($ : "4@'5 .5 C0 F( " # $% & " p 9 C9" # 2(
‰ * A"C92(_3 L CN B< / A (1 <" " AF 2 B ( U C/ #0 : " + " #5 .5 "
.C0 #
,.5 + &,+ 5 .5 A )C00 S" " ,.5 + _0 9 ; 5 .5 #+ < " : 7 ( 4A
c` $T 5 .5 A )C00 S" " .C9(.)# L g C9"B + 5 .5 AF (.de \ #9
+ BC3 "(1" : ; 5 .5 sTX 2 L CN W 9 # 5 03 _1 =f]6 : ; _9 ([9 \
L"([9 s,'] : E <" C9"B + 5 .5 (.de \ #9 .C9<" (7# ; 5 .5 #+ < "
.C00 # <"(+" ' () L g : ; 5 .5 " *
.T1( = ,R( _K N # $% : "4@'5 .5 C0 "( ^.5( + -"
(.d #@9 @K #5 (+ + = ; 5 .5 #+ < " = ; 5 .5 :"(1" = ; 5 .5 - 2C = ; 5 .5
.^ <" (7# UR"( - " <" D"C (; # $% & " : "4)
+) ' )'!*
:(& : ;#)q 2 2 #5 5" : ; k< " + " - .0+ /01 > # $% & "
; 5 .5 #, .T1( #$_ p 9 ;k< " - " . 3# W +( T 1 > A"C92(_3
. 3# ,/' 6 AF #5 5" A 9 N 2 5" T 1 > :"(+ #' ; A .0+ #% 9 C9 "
_9F + m 1 " + ; 5 .5 2 C0' ; ; 5 .5 # /d" 2 : 12 U ` jN"2 ; .T1(
(..~ D8,' = ]9 : ,;2 ; 5 .5 (..~ =- "(+ 0+ .C9 3# .1 2 C0+ # 0T
> p]+ > = $ N > .T1( + =Ah (.‚ B @9 ; .T1( . 5 _9F .T1(
^' .5 % $E =Ah B @9 2 ()# < + AF (.[9 2 T0g =:< 2 6 chQ o * :B< R
AF + W +( : "4@'5 .5 + = 5 .5 > .T1( =- "(+ 0+ . (.)# (+ " #, D [9
. (29 =1384 =:C$\ >, ) C; # 57 5 .5 > :(.)U&3 # "(K + 2 C6]+# 0T
179
+) '
J2 5" :CR + m X > + 1 C F# 1 + #9 < : "4@'5 .5 ^
>J k(' J) J\ =:< J5 ^ J .C0 # e > UR :"(+ :(.)^.$ + " "2 "
J1 J j J0 <" (J B (' J) :"B< R + B2() > o * [Rh 2 1 B< R <" m X
2 J5" L %hi" :" " 2 C0$Nh% # $% " # $% A $; #0T = 5" # $%
.(196 =1385 =89 5 7) " : 1 AF 8.9 A"(/; C %
: "4@'J5 .5 # J5 03 U % A" 0T+ «ˆ0 , A"w» 2 «#0 "» # ;#)q 2 <" #&
«D J$%» >J :" " =C F# (+ p 9 <" &9 0K «# $% 5 .5» 5" - " C00 # # (T
CJ9(.)#J "(N 5 .5 - " (.de \ C0' ; # ;A < 5 ;B2() = "( " A $; 5"
BCJ0; U&3 C9" # C0' ; :C % 2 & " L"([9 :" " j/H + D $% - " .(38 =1383 =( )
<" D J$% -J " #S J5 03 .C03 + "4) (.de : "4@'5 .5 C0 "( 2 B + # $% : "4@'5 .5
: J; ' <" #J& # J/T+ . 5" " *(+ # $% : "4@'5 .5 * 03 : < .$;"
:(J.)U&J3 (J+ D J$% : "4J)(.d . J+ C;" * D $% * 03 =: "4@'5 .5 #S 5 03 Ug"
B" o J* -J " D J$% :" J+ J #J'.$;" 2 ([9 5 .5 + 1 + ; 5 .5
. 5" L2 l' = 3#
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 180
(J+ # J$% J& " : "4J)(.d 2 6J A"8J. BCJ00 -..T 8.9 : "4@'5 .5 m X
#TN"2 : ; Y ]'9" C00 # (& # ; B< R ('6.+ A"C92(_3 . 5" # $% : "4@ .5
J # J; B< JR 2 C9 " * : ; '5" * A .+ 2 6 + ('6.+ U $ 3" C0;" *
.C9 " 6 + :('$ U $ = 5" _9F : "4) (.d B< R <" ‰ * C00 # • R"
f.]6J CJ0 #J J C0' J; # " _06J.7 2 L J%hi" /9 + ('6.+ A"(.) ^.$
>J$ J_9F + 8.@9" €\+ US :"(+ BC00 C% ' : ; UR B" -' 2 s,'] : ;Y ]'9"
2 A"(J) UJ.,\ #J0.% L" _06J.7 UJQ =CJ3 + s,'] j+ 0 <" C9" # L" _06.7 - " .C0
(marcol, # J$% J& " 2 A < J5 <" ‰ * 2 U*" A Tl9:‡ C % 2 & " =A"(@6;2q7
.2007, 555)
: ;CJ .7 :" " # J$% : "4@'J5 .5 A J$; J 2 vH5 :(.)^.$ E9F <"
CJ0 < .9 J :" , J <" "CJ'+" CJ + :"BCJ9(.) ^.$ J (J; . J5" JT 1 UJ :"(+ # $%
T 1 z"C;" =C0 U.,\ 2 8E B + AF " * L %hi" = 3 j,H 5" :(.)^.$
J& " J+ J1 = JT 1 5" * 2 z"C;" * 03 : _;" <" #& .C3 + '3" ([9C 8.9 "
(J; .$;" 2 A<2 =A"(@ < + $3 =p 9 C + #5 .5 : ;:(.) ^.$ 7 . 5" # $%
A J. J #9 J < . J3" (J[9 " J; 9 J5 2 jl9 :‡ : ;B2() =# $% & " p 9 =D"C
=CJ3 + 'J3"C9 J12 #@0; J$; ...2 Y"8JR" = 6J : J;B2(J) =# J$% & " : ; '5" *
.C9(.)# "(N „ T : ; 6 \ A" "4@'5 .5
J5 .5 #, _1 # $.$ -.+ C + :< 5 5 .5(+ # $% & " (.de #5 (+
o J* :" /01 + W +( L $.$ 2 : "(& ,‚" 2 B( <2 L $.$ 2 C00 # -..T "
.(40 =1386 =A ('3") ^ 3 US N 8 $ 5 .5 <"
# J$% J& " : "4)(.d 2 MR = _9F :(.)U&3 B \9 2 ; 5 .5 - " <" D"C (;
#MJT+ 2 5" # $% & " #;"($; C0 < .9 ; 5 .5 #MT+ . 3# (; y o * #,&3 +
CJ0;" * :(J'_+ #;C9 J5 CJ9(.@9 "(JN # $% & " 1 „(T ()" ('_+ :"(1" :"(+
;<( ^.5( C0 -..T " ; 5 .5 :" '\ &9F <" p.+ # $% & " #, i + . 3"
.(41 =A $; =A ('3") C0 # l " p 9 A" "4@'5 .5 #, : ;:(.) _1 2
&9F :"(+ #)q 2 .g * > -'3" :; <9& 6 & "
2 C3 + .%2(6 :" " C + m X jN"2 . .9 # = (.) "(N 1 m X >
. 2F 1 + : )< 5 #% 9 _9F + 2 '3" W / " 2 #9" ]$; ( (+ 2 ‚ : ;k< " +
#, % =C0 # B " " " AF 2 ( "(N(+ W / " m X > + =AF >$ + 2 :"B .3
181
"CJ'N" .Rhg B< R + U&6 u,T o * # $% & " t('6 '%" -C9" # D<`
.C3 + '3" 12 # $%
,.J5 + _9F #5 (+ c \ (g 5" # h&6 2 L % X + W +( :; 8 6 &
.(1383 =C.R2 + C.0 B @9) 5" BC3 #0.+p.7 # $% "C'N"
# J$% J& " 0. F <" C9" # A" "4@'5 .5 '5 + > #+ .;" m $E
(J p.J7 J # J$% J& " • J&T9" : J; 9 # $% & " 5" * ,/ . 3 ( .
(J " -J " C0 # ^;"( A" "4@'5 .5 '5 + " 5" * - " 2 2 0. < =C3 B" v.X
. + C;" * L2 l' '5 m 9 2 #5 .5 D [9 U&3 2 .; + ' +
+) ' $ *
J,‚" J J : ; A < 5 2 ; _9 •5 5 .5 :"(1" + = 5 .5 :"(1" ,R(
sJ (T U&J3 - CJ+ c CJ$% 5 .5 :"(1" . " B 3" =C0' ; 2 <" #6]+ 6.$; 9 "
: J D E9" sN D E9" :"(+ &R <" #6]+ B " " :(.)U&3 -.+ :8.K » 3#
.(O’Toole in fischer and et al, 2007, «CJ' "# { l " =C "4)# "(1" •.\ (+ #S _9 (.d 2
51)
j+ J0 CJ9" #J A < J5 >J J F &0 " -..T #5 (+ " 5 .5 :"(1" (1971) 8 ., 2
(J[9 J z"C;" u \ (. " _9F 2 C0 j$1 #9 < 5 CR"2 > " : 2 #9 9"
.(Mudacumura, 2006, 432) C0 # s (T =C0 > (\ A < 5
: 5 <" #, ‡ - Cg B )C = " 12 ; 5 .5 :"(1" B + s,'] : ;B )C
2 A .9 < (1980) 22 $5" 2 " 9 =(1975) A ; A"2 2 ('. A"2 A K : "( "
# "C;" "( , ,5 D E9" L g + " "(1" = 3# #)C0 $9 (1983) (. + 5
-.S 7 (& 2 + u,T' A"C0$6 C9" U+ . 5" BC3 s (T 8 ( > 9 1 <" C0 #
(1982) ; 2 A(1 (1980) $ " =(1977) D"(@0 " =(19802 1971) #&b . C09 ` + +
9"<2 L g + -.S 7 vH5 : ;L"( 2 + US UR : ; (/;" U 3 "(1" C9 " C. e
: ; (& 2 .C0' ; # 2 l' #5"( : ; @ " (+ #0'/ c 5 5" (& 2 2 - " . 5"
=B )C - " .C9 " #)C0 $9 #5"( <" 9 "() /]9 2 #'05 ^.; l 6 #, ‡2 Cg
BC00 2C\ L $.$ ‡ ] " :"(+ T 1 A2 C0' ; #9"(@ < + _0 ]'0 A )C0 $9
5 0 >. "( #9"($&R j+ = @ " - " "4 .C9 3# '* 03 m2(6 =A"C92(_3 ., '
.C9 3# D E9" N + -&$ CR BC3 4*" L $.$ 5" m X - " -.$M _1
80 + BC3 s (T 8 ( <" : "4@'5 .5 z"C;" <" z"(\9" 9 )(; =(@ L /% +
183
+) ' , -
(.d \ #9 ,.5 + &,+ 5 .5 A )C00 S" " ,.52 + _0 9 ; 5 .5 #+ < "
: ; _9 ([9 \ ` $T 5 .5 A )C00 S" " . (.)# L g 8.9 C9"B + 5 .5 AF
; 5 .5 #+ < " + BC3 "(1" : ; 5 .5 L N 2 sTX W 9 #S 5 03 _1 =f]6
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 184
J& " : "4J) (.d J #J5 .5 D J[9 U&3 <" ( BC00 -..T :(.d =#5 .5 D [9 .;
J& " + :('6.+ .$;" >. "( : "4@'5 .5 . " # $% : "4@'5 .5 C0 "( (+ # $%
. 5" US N ; 5 .5 #+ < " 2 "(1" =- 2C D ( L"([9 2
A 6J9 J* <" #9 ) J9 ) ' : ;B .3 s,'] #5 .5 : ;D [9 #% $'1" : ;2(.9
JT 1 ˆJ0;( J,$1 <" #Jl,'] U " % 2 U,% + #@' + #, i + L2 l - " .C0; #
2 AF j+ J0 2 jJ < B .3 .; 2 #)q 2 =#5 .5 L CN $%" B .3 =#@' A < 5 A"8.
.(111 =1385 = (6+) " #% $'1" : ;2(.9 (@ (&,$%
J J/9 E& L CJN * J5 #& : 5" m 9 2 (+ L CN * 5 =#5 03 T 1 ‹ \ <"
# J; _9 JE.'9 = 2F# 5C+ T 1 <" (.‚ #T+ 0 <" " * .%2(6 #5 .5 L CN
: J; J &R) "CJ9 J12 #J5 .5 : ;:(.)^.$ #% $'1" : ;B2() 6 :"(+
L CJN * J5 .(#$ CJN : J;: J'& 2 ('. J CJ C1 2 ^ CJN : "C/'5" – #3 @. "
JE.'9 2 J3#J #J , JT 1 <" #3 9 : \9 + #5 .5 L CN .%2(6 j/0 : /9 12
J5 .5 #% J$'1" : J;B2(J) 2 JT 1 <" # J;p]+ ^ 5 6 :"(+ # ; _9
.(298 =1385 = (.6+) " 12
: "4@'J5 .5 (J+ T 1 <" €T/0 # $% & " : "4)(.de =L CN *5m 9 R (+
J& " : "4J)(.de J/9 1 2 LCJN * J5 . + C;" * L2 l' 2 <" €T/0 # $%
J5" J9" "<F #9 (1 = 2 : ; 5 .5 <" AF :( 47(.de 2 # $% : "4@'5 .5 (+ # $%
J'/ " . J3#J ; 5 .5 :(.)U&3 (+ # $% & " B (' ) #0 ( F p 9 2 €% +
J& " <" :( 4J7(.de J9 )ƒ.J; J &R /9 E& L CN *5 .9 0T A"C+ - "
m J9 -J " J&,+ J.9 : "4)(.de + N "C9 12 # $% & " 2 "C9 # $%
- " 2 5" ^_/ 2 BC.a.7 # $% : "4@'5 .5 (+ # $% & " : "4)(.de L CN *5
J CJ00 JE " " J* B" ] # $% & " ('6.+ C00 # kh ; &R =L CN *5
.C03 + '3" :( 47(.de # $% & " <" &0 "
# $% & " :(.)U&3 U % j9 C9" # * #5 .5 D [9 .; # (i <"
0. < =>. "( : ;D [9 # $% & " : E ( 5 2 L % /H : "<F .C3 + "4)(.d
2 j,H =-32 # $% & " :(.)U&3 €% + - " 2 C0 # ^;"( " D ( & " 2 Š" F /
+ C0' .9 US N D ( :"(+ #; @ 1 2 p 9 # ;D [9 U+ . 3# "4)(.d
/9 : 0T + - " " C9 3# "4)(.d # $% & " :(.)U&3 j9 s,'] : ;k2
. .9 ;D [9 - " # $% & "
187
J J5" BCJ. % -J " CJ C1 >J. "( J ([9 ( Jg") - (J €J\+ U+ N (.‚ <" #&
- " <" .C03 + = 5" ^ R A 3#)C9< (+ # ; 5 .5 (+ : "4)(.de + N C + A"C92(_3
A )CJ0 $9 ,.J5 + : "4@'5 .5 : ;^.$ (+ D $% ^.3 + "2C. " C + : E0; C
A )CJ00 J &R J ^ (J.@+ „(J CJ + # /% + .C9 "4)# (.de = 3# ‡ ] " ]'0
CJ9C 'T A"C0$6J9" #MT+ .C00 # &R D ( (Q " UN"CR D ( L \.1( + u+ H
(Binzerhbolt, J5" J' p "8J " =#E0J5 ([9 C C1 : ;: 2 0 (i ]+ # $% & " (.de
. 2005, 382)
-' ()"( z(g " * kh 2 N2 C9 "C9 #9"C0K O8.@9" D ( (Q " # E9F <" "
L"(..~ C C1 L %hi" ^.3 + '3" ['9" C /9 7 =C00 - 8@ 1 : ; 5 .5 ^+ 2 ( <
&" ., 5" AF <" # R C;" 3 jN"2 =C0 E " # $% & " j (5 2 BC$%
C0;" ]+ #,. (; + ()" " . 5" " *(+ #/ 9 L /d <" 2 : ; 5 .5 B + # $%
U5 ' j+ 0 - ( •('5 U+ N 2 - ( A"< " + c C$% =C9< .+ ; 5 .5 - " :8.K
#'N2 -#9 8 , : ; &/3 /*" c g ] -A 8 , 2 " = ; 9<2 :C3 C0;" *
C + C3 + ._ 8.9 D<` • "(3 2 C5(+ A /i ] <" j.52 :"B(' ) k ) + ; 9 5 /*"
.(Shapiro,1987, 23-43) + # $% # $% & " (..~ (['0
J5" - " "4)# (.de D $% : "4@'5 .5 (+ # $% & " - " + l ] - ( I "
A J@/]9 Bq J+ #5 .5 Y"8R" A @/]9 j 0 : ;A < 5 ,.5 + jN"2 ^ % : "4@'5 .5
" _9F 5" -&$ j 0 : ;A < 5 2 A @/]9 :"(+ •('5 j+ 0 . 3# -..T : 'N"
.(Burstein, 2003, 30)C3 + # $% & " s ] ()" #'R C05(+ C0;" *# a9F + < 5 N
=B J@ 1 s,'] #5 .5 : ; D [9 j 0 : ; A < 5 2 A @/]9 C3 €\+ i A $; "
L1 + 2 ' ( 47 (.d # $% & " <" AF + ' + C9 " # 2 l' ‡ l9 B< R 2 L" .'*"
.C9 "4) # (.d # $% : "4@'5 .5 C0 "( (+ #l,']
3' /
U " % =# $% & " s (T #5 (+ + 2" 'l) • 5" BC3 S" " 'l) 5 -"
2 : "4@'5 .5 s (T 2 C0 "( D2 'l) . <" (7# # $% & " #S 5 03 2 - &
'l) . 5" BC3 U.,\ 2 #5 (+ : "4@'5 .5 C0 "( UR"( (+ # $% & " : "4)(.d
. 5" s,'] #5 .5 : ;D [9 # $% & " : "4)(.d :([9 #, D 5
#0.% : ; Q + -'*" (7 <" • 5" ' () D E9" -" #3h . ( - C+
: "4)(.d 5" B ( B l'5" #5 03 T 1 2 #5 .5 D ,% A ' <" =o * : 6
1389 % &'( ) 2 ! "# 40 188
:%45 6,
: . 7
.A"8. =A"(_ =% 54 " ; <9& (1386)‘( . =A ('3" .1
.(g T B @9 =A"(_ =^'l; ’ K = X YA T (1386)-. R = (.6+ .2
.#9 (69 =A"(_ =^; 8.5 ’ K = # M C (1385)-. R = (6+ .3
=A"(_ =:C$\ >, X C.$R $1( = 7 @ /) " ; <9& O (1385)- 2 =89 5 7 .4
. 2" C,1 = 2" ’ K =: (/;" L T H BC&6;2q7
.#9 (69 =A"(_ = Z ;7 ( (1373)-$R( "C/% =^ % .5
8 ( =A"(_ =-6,) ^.;"(+" 2 A 0 • /% $1( = " [H MJ P (1380)p " D"2 2 2 ; U& .6
.#' 2 ( C k< F
05" 8 ( =A"(_ = " ; <9& 5D A \ 8# ; 7 4 5( (1384) X C.$R =:C$\ >, .7
.# h5" Yh 9"
.(' ) " =A"(_ =:C$\ >, X C.$R $1( = " ; <9& (1378)(.7 =( .8
. $5 =A"(_ = # M C 5( ; (1385)C$R" =B "< . 9 .9
.A"8. =A"(_ = " ; <: (1383)C.E =C.R2 .10
.67 B $3 =#5 .5 D ,% 2 { R BC&69" ,E =«A"( " : "4@'5 .5 U&6 A "(.7 : ' 1» (1384)C.E C.R2 .11
: * 4 .9
1. Binzerhbolt, Sara and Robert kelemmesen(2005) Responsive Government? Public Opinion
and Government Policy, political studies, vol 53.
2. Burstein, Paul (2003) the Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy, A Review An
Agenda, Political ResearchGuarterly, 56. 26.
4. Benjamin Page, Robert Shapiro and Gellin Dimsy(1987) What moves public opinion?
American Political Science Review. 81:1(March 1987).
6. Fischer, Frank, Gerald J. Miller, Mara S. Sidney (2007) Handbook of Public Policy
Analysis, Taylor & Francis.
5. Mudacumura, Gedeon M., Desta Mebratu, M. Shamsul Haque (2006) Sustainable
Development Policy and Administration, Taylor & Francis.
7. Kallahan, kathe (2007) elements of effective governance, Taylor& Francis.
8. Morcol, Goktug (2007) handbook of decision making, Taylor&Fr