Different Types of Surgical Instruments

So how many surgical instruments are there? Hundreds of different surgical instruments are used in theatre for highly specified uses. General surgical instruments with
names and uses are categorised as follows.

Use these five categories for differentiating surgical instruments by their application.

Cutting Tools

Instruments, including scissors, blades, knives, scalpels, saws, and cautery devices, are classed as cutting tools. Cutting tools are used to make incisions and sever
muscle, tendon, cartilage, bone, vessels, and other connecting tissues. 

Scalpels are categorised by size, whereas scissors range from heavy-duty to cut through firm tissue and even bone to small, curved scissors used in neurosurgical
procedures to make tiny cuts without disturbing the surrounding tissue. 

Saws are used to cut through substantial bone in amputations and procedures such as those to access the chest cavity.

Grasping Tools

Grasping tools commonly include forceps, tweezers, and clamps. Grasping instruments are used to hold items. Grasping tools may be used to grasp organic tissue such as
skin, bone, and organ tissue to manipulate, hold it in place, or reveal and access areas beneath. These tools can also be used to hold inorganic materials like surgical
towels, sponges, and needles.

Forceps are among the most common types of grasping tools. They typically come in a few different categories: thumb forceps, which are squeezed to open and used for
applying and removing dressings and tying sutures. Reverse forceps are squeezed to close rather than open, offering unified tension and greater precision for some tasks. 

Ratcheted forceps come with step-locking features designed to hold them closed at varying intervals. Non-ratcheted forceps do not have this feature and need to be
consistently squeezed by the holder.

Haemostatic Instruments

Haemostatic instruments are used to control and cease bleeding, such as Sawtell and Dunhills forceps. Electrical cautery equipment is also used to cauterise and cease
bleeding and close off wounds. Sutures are another method of achieving haemostasis and are usually used with a needle and needle holder.

Retractors

Retractors can be used to hold a wound or incision open for better visibility of the workspace or to pull tissue or organs back to reveal areas below. Retractors will generally
be categorised as either self-retaining or non-self-retaining, where self-retaining retractors can hold themselves open at varying internals. The latter must be constantly held
open by the holder. 

Tissue Unifying Tools

Tools and instruments such as needles, needle holders, clips, sutures, surgical tape, staplers, and cauterisers are all classed as tissue unifying. These can be used to bind
tissues together, such as skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, and other types of membranes. 

We cover surgical tools for human applications in this article, but there are lots of similarities between human-based surgical instruments and their
uses and common veterinary surgical instruments.
A Surgical Instruments List

See the breakdown below for a surgical instruments list with pictures organised by types of surgical instruments. There are so many surgical instruments in use in modern
surgery, so we’ve focused on an extensive list of basic surgical instruments, pictures and names.

Ratcheted Forceps

Grasping instruments with a step-locking feature that means they can be locked closed at different internals.

1- Allis

Description:

Toothed forceps.

Use:

Grasping firm, dense tissues like fascia.

2- Babcock

Description:

Jawed, smooth-ended forceps.

Use:

Grasping delicate tissues, like bowel tissue, without damaging it.

3- Dunhills

Description:

Small forceps with a serrated curved edge.

Use:

Grasping vessels, sutures, and tissues for ligation. Also used to clamp blood vessels shut.

4- Lane Tissues

Description:

Forceps with interlocking teeth.

Use:

Grasping firm, dense tissue like cartilage.

5- Littlewoods

Description:
Forceps with blunt-ended teeth.

Use:

Grasping slippery but firm tissues.

6- Sawtell

Description:

Curved, long serrated-ended forceps.

Use:

Grasping and tissues during procedures like tonsillectomies and clamping vessels before ligation.

Non-Ratcheted Forceps

Grasping instruments without any step-locking features. 

1- Debakey

Description:

Non-toothed tweezer-like forceps.

Use:

Grasping tissues without causing damage, such as bowel tissue.

2- Lane

Description:

Toothed, tweezer-like forceps.

Use:

Widely used in surgery to grasp many different kinds of tissues (but not the bowel).

3- Gillies

Description:

Toothed, narrow, tweezer-like forceps.

Use:

Grasping skin and other tissues.

Scissors

Shearing, hinged tools used to cut.

1- Mayo

Description:

Heavy-duty, semi-blunt scissors, either curved or straight-edged.

Use:

Cutting thick tissues and sutures.

2- Mclndoe

Description:

Scissors with a small curved blade and long handles.

Use:

Cutting and dissecting tissues.

Retractors

Instruments to aid exposure by holding cavities open or holding tissues back to expose underlying areas.

1- Langenbeck

Description:

An L-tipped hook-shaped retractor in varying sizes.

Use:

Separating the edges of wounds and incisions.

2- Norfolk and Norwich

Description:

A self-retaining retractor with blunt ends to mitigate the risk of iatrogenic tissue injury.

Use:

Enlarging surgical fields such as in neurosurgical, cardiovascular, and orthopaedic procedures.

3- Travers

Description:

A short-ended, self-retaining retractor.

Use:

Separating the edges of small wounds and incisions.

4. Deaver Retrector

Description:

Large, handheld retractor commonly used to hold back the abdominal wall during abdominal or thoracic procedures.

Use:

It may be used to move or hold organs away from the surgical site.