BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA RANCHI

NAME: JASFER ERIC

ROLL NO: BTECH/10503/20
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: ADVANCE COMMUNICATION LAB
SUBJECT CODE: EC404
SECTION: B
DATE: 17/08/2023

EXPERIMENT 1
 Experiment 1 A
Objective: Study of Code Division Multiple Access (DSSS) Technique.
Equipments Required:
 Power Supply for Scientech 2115 with Mains Cord
 Scientech 2115 CDMA Techniques TechBook
 Oscilloscope-Scientech with connecting probe
 Connecting patch cords
Connection Diagram:

Theory:
The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique, specifically
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), is an essential concept in
modern communication systems. This technique facilitates multiple
users to simultaneously share a common communication channel by
utilizing unique codes to spread their data signals. Here's the theory
behind the CDMA DSSS technique.
DSSS is a modulation technique that spreads the signal over a wide
bandwidth using a specific code known as the Pseudo-Noise (PN)
sequence. The PN sequence is a binary sequence with properties of
randomness and pseudo randomness. Each user is assigned a distinct
PN sequence. This sequence is multiplied (modulated) with the
original data signal, effectively expanding the signal's bandwidth.
In practical scenarios, the communication process involves multiple
modulation techniques. One involves spreading data using a high-
frequency chip (PN Sequence), while the other entails RF modulation
to prepare the chipped data for transmission. RF modulation is
typically achieved using methods like Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). In this context,
Scientech 2115 employs BPSK for RF modulation.
The retrieval of data from the spread and RF-modulated signal is
intricate. This complexity stems from RF-modulated signals
undergoing phase shifts due to environmental interference.
Additionally, analog modulation and demodulation inherently
introduce some phase shifts. Post analog demodulation, the chipped
data is out of sync with the original chipped sequence. To recover
data from this altered chipped data, synchronization with the PN
sequence is essential for proper despreading. Various circuits and
proposals are available to achieve this synchronization.
In the case of Scientech 2115, a delay compensated PN sequence is
used for despreading when the RF modulation process is in play.

Procedure:
 Connect the 'Power supply' to TechBook and touch the "Power
symbol" for few seconds to switch it on. 'Power symbol' is
given at left side top position of mimic near the 'Power
Connector.
Refer the Figure 4.1 given above while making connections.
 Binary Data Generator block has 8 toggle switches (D7to D0).
Select any 8 bit data pattern by selecting logic '0' or logic '1' for
each switch and load it by pressing Load switch. Observe the
data output on oscilloscope. Figure 4.2 shows the data output
for 11000100 data sequence.
 PN Sequence Generator block generates a 15 bit data
sequence. Connect 240 KHz clock signal on board to the clock
input of this block. Connect any two of the four taps viz. A, B, C
or D to the inputs of EX-OR gate of PN Sequence generator.
Observe the PN sequence on oscilloscope. Figure 4.3 shows the
PN sequence for A & D taps. Different PN sequence patterns
can be generated by connecting the taps with different
combinations.
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum block is an 'Ex-OR gate' with
two inputs. Connect Binary Data Generator output to one of
the input and "PN sequence for Spreading' data output to
other input of this gate. Observe the DSSS output (chipped
data) on oscilloscope. (Figure 4.4)
 Connect the output of DSSS block to the input of Unipolar to
Bipolar Converter. Observe the Bipolar output on Oscilloscope.
(Figure 4.5) Connect the bipolar data output to the Modulating
Signal input of "BPSK Modulator
 Connect sinusoidal carrier from the Carrier Generator output
to the Carrier Input' of 'BPSK Modulator.
 Observe the BPSK Output on Oscilloscope. (Figure 4.6)
 Now connect the output of BPSK Modulator to the input of
BPSK Demodulator.
  Observe the output of Phase adjust block on oscilloscope in
dual channel with DSSS data, and adjust the phase using pot to
match the detected output with input data level. (Figure 4.7)
 Observe the output of Low Pass filter on oscilloscope. (Figure
4.8) Connect the output of low-pass filter to the input of
Comparator to receive chipped data.
 Connect the output of Comparator to one the inputs of Data
Recovery Block.
 Connect 'PN Sequence for Despreading output of PN sequence
generator block to the other input of data recovery gate.
Note: There are two outputs of PN Sequence Generator shown on
the board. One of the outputs is for spreading the binary data signal
and the other one is for dispreading the coded signal to recover back
the original data(when BPSK modulation is used for RF modulation of
Spreaded signal).
 Observe the output of this data recovery block on oscilloscope
and set the bias level of Comparator to match the output data
with input binary data. This recovered data is same as input
binary data. (Figure 4.9)
Note: if you don't get the proper triggered data at the output of Data
recovery block, then slightly adjust the Phase adjust pot and Bias
level pot to make triggered. Again, if the recovered output is an
inverted replica of input signal, please follow the step 11 and verify
that the phase setting has been done according to match the output
with the input data level properly.
 The same process can be repeated for different combination of
tapes of shift registers (A, B, C or D) with different patterns of
PN Sequences as well as the different 8 bit binary data patterns.
With each combination we will be quit able to recover the
original if we use the same PN sequence for de-spreading.
Experiment 1 b:
Objective: Study of DSSS Modulation/Demodulation using an analog
signal as an input
Equipments Required:
 Scientech 2115 CDMA Techniques TechBook
 Power Supply for Scientech 2115 with Mains Cord
 Oscilloscope-Scientech with connecting probe
 Connecting patch cords

Connection Diagram:

Theory:
DSSS Modulation:
1.Input Analog Signal: The experiment commences with an input
analog signal, which could represent audio, video, or data as a
continuous waveform.
2. Generation of Spreading Code:A spreading code is a pseudo-
random binary sequence with a significantly higher bit rate
compared to the original data signal. This code is designed to
"spread" the data signal across a broader frequency range. A well-
known example is the Barker code, known for its favorable
autocorrelation properties. This spreading code is generated at the
transmitter.
3. Digital Data Modulation: Each individual bit of the original
digital data is multiplied (modulated) by the corresponding bit of
the spreading code. This operation, known as "chipping," results in
a sequence of chips that mirror or invert the spreading code,
depending on the data bit.
4. Chipping and Analog Carrier Modulation:The chipped data is
then modulated onto an analog carrier signal using amplitude
modulation (AM). Typically, the carrier signal takes the form of a
sinusoidal waveform with a specific frequency.
5. Transmission of the Modulated Signal:This process of
modulation yields a DSSS-modulated signal, wherein the initial
analog signal is distributed over a wider frequency spectrum.

DSSS Demodulation:

1. Reception of the Modulated Signal: At the receiving end, the

DSSS-modulated signal is captured. This signal has traversed a
channel that might have introduced various factors like noise,
interference, and attenuation.
2. Carrier Signal Recovery:The foremost demodulation step
involves restoring the carrier signal. This entails extracting
information about the carrier frequency and phase from the
received signal. Techniques such as phase-locked loops (PLL) can
accomplish this
3. Despreading: Subsequently, the received signal is subject to
multiplication (demodulation) using the same spreading code as
employed in transmission. This "despreading" action effectively
separates the chipped data from the carrier.
4. Chipping and Data Retrieval: The despread signal consists of the
chipped data. By juxtaposing the chipped data with the familiar
spreading code, it becomes feasible to recover the original digital
data. This comparison involves correlating the received chips with
the spreading code to deduce the transmitted data bits
5. Conversion to Analog and Reconstruction: Following data
retrieval, the digital data can be transformed back into an analog
signal through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This resultant
reconstructed analog signal mirrors the initial input analog signal.
6. Signal Refinement:The reconstructed analog signal can be
subsequently refined and purified by employing further processing
and filtering, aimed at eliminating residual noise and artifacts that
might have been introduced during the transmission process.

procedure:

 Connect the 'Power supply' to TechBook and touch the

"Power symbol' for few seconds to switch it on. 'Power
symbol' is given at left side top position of mimic near the
'Power Connector
  Refer the Figure 5.1 given above while making connections.
Follow the procedure of experiment 4 from step 3 to step 18
and make the setup ready to recover the binary data
successfully.
 Once the data recovered successfully, disconnect the binary
data generator output from the input of DSSS generator
input. Now connect the audio signal to the input of Pulse
Width Modulator block and connect output of this
Modulator to the input of DSSS generator block. Rest of the
connections will remain as it is.
 Now connect the output of Data Recovery Block to the input
of Low pass Filter & Amplifier Block. Observe the output of
this block and if required adjust the Phase adjust pot and
Bias pot of Comparator slightly to get the proper sine wave.
Set the gain of the amplifier to remove any nonlinearity
errors. If still output is not proper then change amplitude
and frequency of the input audio signal and adjust the gain
of the output amplifier to remove distortions.
Note: The shape of the received audio signal will not be as smooth
as the input audio signal and the optimum shape will be achieved
for 1 KHz audio frequency