COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS II

LAB MANUAL
B.E (ECE), IV/I

Department of Electronics and Communication

PKC

LABORATORY RULES
Reports should include:
Name and Roll number of student
Name, purpose, theory and the procedure of experiment
Grading will be as follows:
Experiments:
Viva:
Performance:
Final Examination:

25%
25%
10%
40%

List of Experiments:
I.
II.

Study of Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation

Study of Differential Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation

III.

Study of Delta Modulation

IV.

Study of Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying

V.
VI.

Study of line codes

Study of eye diagram

EXPERIMENT No. : 01
Pulse Code Modulation and its Demodulation
Objective
To generate a Pulse Code Modulation using Simulink
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
2. Simulink
BLOCKS REQUIRED:
1. Sine wave generator
2. Pulse generator
3. Product
4. Quantizer
5. Encoder
6. Integer to bit converter
7. Scope
INTRODUCTION
Pulse Code Modulation technique involves following steps:
(a) Sampling:
The analog signal is sampled according to the nyquist criteria. The nyquist criteria states that for
faithful reproduction of a band limited signal, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest
frequency component present in the signal.
So sampling frequency 2 fm, where fm is maximum frequency component present in the signal
Practically the sampling frequency is kept slightly more than the required rate.
(b) Allocation of binary codes:
Each binary word defines a particular narrow range of amplitude level. The sampled value is
then approximated to the nearest amplitude level. The sample is then assigned a code
corresponding to the amplitude level, which is then transmitted.
This process is called quantization and it is generally carried out by the A/D Converter.

Simulation Procedure:
BLOCK DIAGRAM for PCM:

Output Waveforms:
Result: The PCM Modulation / Demodulation studied.

EXPERIMENT No. : 02
Objective
To generate a DPCM using Simulink
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
2. Simulink
BLOCKS REQUIRED:
1. Sine wave generator
2. Pulse generator
3. Product
4. Quantizer
5. Encoder
6. Integer to bit converter
7. Scope
8. Subtract
9. Unit delay
NTRODUCTION
Differential PCM is quite similar to ordinary PCM. However, each word in this system indicates
the difference in amplitude, positive or negative, between this sample and the previous sample.

Thus the relative value of each sample is indicated rather than, the absolute value as in normal
PCM.
The rational behind this system is that speech is redundant, to the extent that each amplitude is
related to the previous amplitude, so that large variations from one sample to the next are
unlikely. This being the case, it would take fewer bits to indicate the size of the amplitude change
than the absolute amplitude, and so a smaller bandwidth would be required for the transmission.
The differential PCM system has not found wide acceptance because complications in the
encoding and decoding process appear to outweigh any advantages gained.
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR DPCM:

Output Waveforms:
EXPERIMENT No. : 03
Objective
Delta Modulation and Demodulation using Simulink
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
2. Simulink
BLOCKS REQUIRED:
1. Sine wave generator
2. Integrator
3. Sum
4. Quantizer
5. Zero-order Hold
6. Scope
7. Mux

INTRODUCTION
DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference
between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta modulation, the
transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream. Its main features are: the analog signal is
approximated with a series of segments each segment of the approximated signal is compared to
the original analog wave to determine the increase or decrease in relative amplitude the decision
process for establishing the state of successive bits is determined by this comparison only the
change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from
the previous sample is sent whereas a no change condition causes the modulated signal to remain
at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample.
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR DPCM:

Output Waveforms:
EXPERIMENT 04
Objective
To study Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation and De-Modulation
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
THEORY:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations
in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
Any din scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. ASK uses a
finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each
amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is
represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the

symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps it
back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the
carrier are kept constant.
Like AM, ASK is also linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation
conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and demodulation processes
are relatively inexpensive.
Algorithm:
Step1: The binary sequence is taken as input into a variable.
Step2: The carrier signal with required frequency is selected.
Step3: The required carrier wave is generated.
Step4: The input binary data is given to serial to parallel converter.
Step5: The parallel sequence is converted to analog signal using D/A converter.
Step6: The analog signal is combined with the generated carrier signal.
Step7: The required ASK signal is generated.
Step8: (Detection) The ASK wave is combined with the carrier wave.
Step9: The output is given to the comparator circuit.
Step10: The output is converted into digital by using A/D converter.
Step11: This gives us the binary sequence as the output of the demodulator.
Block diagrams:

Fig: BASK MODULATOR

Program:
%Matlab program for ASK wave
Output Waveforms:

BASK DEMODULATOR

EXPERIMENT 05
Objective
To study Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and De-Modulation
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
THEORY:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary
FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s)
information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the
space frequency. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal with frequency f1 is sent for the duration of the
bit. If the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the duration of this bit. This is the basic
principle behind FSK modulation. In the demodulator circuit, the FSK modulated signal is
applied to a high Q tuned filter. This filter is tuned to the frequency of either 0 or 1. This filter
passes the selected frequency and rejects the other.
The output is then passed through a FWR (Full Wave Rectifier) circuit and the output is now
above zero volts only. It is then passed through a comparator; if the input to the comparator is
greater than threshold value, the output is 1, else it is 0. This digital output of the comparator is
the demodulated FSK output.
Algorithm:
Step1: The binary input bit sequence is taken and stored into a variable.
Step2: The carrier frequencies for both low frequency and high frequency bits are selected and
the respective carriers are generated.
Step3: The input bits are given separately to two level shifters as one as the direct bits and for
another through the inverter.
Step4: Both the level shifter outputs are multiplied with the respective carrier (High frequency
carrier for bit 1 and low frequency carrier for bit0).
Step5: Both the multiplier outputs are added up to get the output FSK wave form.
Step6: In the FSK detector process at first the input FSK wave is given to the band pass filter and
then passed through the limiting circuit.
Step7: The limiting circuit output is given to the FM detector circuit.
Step8: The FM detector output is then passed through low pass filter which acts as an integrator
that adds up all the values of the signal.
Step9: The low pass filter output is then given to the decision device which gives us the output as
the input bit stream.
Block diagrams:

Fig: (a) Binary FSK Transmitter, (b) Binary FSK Receiver

Program:
%Matlab program for FSK wave
Output Waveforms:

EXPERIMENT 06
Objective
To study Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation and De-Modulation
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Matlab
THEORY:

PSK is a digital modulation scheme which is analogues to phase modulation. Binary Phase Shift
Keying (BPSK) is the simplest form of PSK. In binary phase shift keying two output phases are
possible for a single carrier frequency one out of phase represent logic 1 and logic 0. As the input
digital binary signal change state the phase of output carrier shift two angles that are 180o out of
phase. In a PSK modulator the carrier input signal is multiplied by the digital data. Each time a
change in input logic condition will change the output phase consequently for PSK the output
rate of change equal to the input rate range and widest output bandwidth occurs when the input
binary data are alternating 1/0 sequence. The fundamental frequency of an alternate 1/0 bit
sequence is equal to one half of the bit rate. For demodulation coherent detector is used. It has 3
parts, a multiplier, and integrator and decision device.
Algorithm:
Step1: The binary sequence is taken as input into a variable.
Step2: This binary data is converted into the polar form either in RZ or NRZ form.
Step3: The carrier signal with required frequency is selected.
Step4: The required carrier wave is generated.
Step5: Both carrier and the binary data is given to the balanced modulator circuit.
Step6: The balanced modulator output gives us the BPSK waveform.
Step7: (Demodulator) The BPSK wave is given to the multiplier along with the carrier signal.
Step8: The multiplier output is passed through the low pass filter.
Step9: This gives us the binary sequence as the output of the demodulator.
Block diagram:

(a)Generation of BPSK

(b)
Synchronous demodulation of BPSK
Program:
%Matlab program for BPSK wave
Output Waveforms: