TBGQD\_GVH_ GBFKBD_GH

HBHEG_G_ _V\HVDMG SDBDBVTHB EKJH_G _VH\LTOJ_ IHJH\VH

O`hptdr 0 (Ekohtgkb _trhtdmgds) - KSD\HVGKB_

KSD\HVGKB_ NHBHMDNDBV
_usthgbhlgegty hbf _uppey O`hgb Nhbhmdndbt

Fhbgjh Jrgsth 8731?11<83

Dvdrgbd Idhqugb Ek . 8731<74=0<
Ndregb Mrhod Yhrhmkzh 8731?0=704

NHBHIDNDB KSD\H_G
Fksdb9

@denhb Hrgda, _D., NN.

AHJTEVH_ DJKBKNG FHB LG_BG_

TBGQD\_GVH_
TBGQD\_GVH_ GBFKBD_GH

<3<8
 

 _VH
 _VHVDNDBV KA HTV@K\_@GS 
HTV@K\_@GS 

Jhng yhbm ldrthbfh thbmhb fg lhwh` gbg ndbyhthjhb lh`wh tumhs tdrehnpgr hfheh` nurbg `hsge pdjdrihhb
jhng sdbfgrg. Vgfhj hfh pdjdrihhb krhbm ehgb yhbm jhng mubhjhb thbph ndbydlutjhb sunldrbyh.

Nhtdrg gbg ldeun pdrbh` fgshigjhb sdlhmhg lh`hb ubtuj tumhs jdouheg jhng ndbyhthjhb fdbmhb idehs
 lh`wh jhng ndbyhthjhb ndbmmubhjhbbyh.
ndbmmubhjhbbyh.

Jhng ndnh`hng lh`wh tumhs yhbm jhng junpuejhb gbg fhpht fgpdrlhbyhj fhb/hthu fgjknubgjhsgjhb
ubtuj tuiuhb ndbfdtdjsg hfhbyh pehmghrgsnd.

 Bhnh 9 Fhbgjh Jrgsth

 BSN 9 8731?11<83
Vhbfh Vhbmhb 9

 Bhnh 9 Ndregb Mrhod

 BSN 9 8731?0=704
Vhbfh Vhbmhb 9

 Bhnh 9 Dvdrgbd Idhqugb Ek

 BSN 9 8731<74=0<
Vhbfh Vhbmhb 9

<
 

JHVH SDBMHBVH\ 

Suigg syujur
Sui syujur jd `hfgrh
`hfgrhtt Vu`hb
Vu`hb Whbm
Whbm Nh`h
Nh`h Dsh hths egnph`
egnph`hb
hb rh`nht
rh`nht-By
-Byh,
h, jhng
jhng fhpht
fhpht
ndbyde
ndbydedsh
dshgjh
gjhb
b pdbyusu
pdbyusubhb
bhb nhjheh
nhjheh`
` yhbm ldriuf
ldriufue
ue ―H
―HBH
BHEG
EG_G
_G_
_ _V\H
_V\HVD
VDMG
MG SDBD
SDBDBV
BVTH
THB 
B 

 EKJH_G _VH\LTOJ_
_VH\LTOJ_ IHJH\VH„
IHJH\VH„ gbg.
 gbg. Nhjheh` gbg fgsusub sdlhmhg sheh` shtu tumhs jdeknpkj 
ngbmmuhb ubtuj ndndbu`g sheh` shtu jrgtdrgh jdeueushb nhth juegh` Nhbhidndb Kpdrhsg fg
Ahjueths Djkbkng fhb Lgsbgs, Tbgvdrsgths Gbfkbdsgh th`ub hihrhb <3<3 ‟ <3<8.
Sdnluht
Sdnluhthb
hb nhjheh
nhjheh`
` gbg tgfhj
tgfhj tdredp
tdredphs
hs fhrg
fhrg lhbtuhb
lhbtuhb pg`hj‟p
pg`hj‟pg`h
g`hj
j yhbm
yhbm tdr
tdrjhg
jhgt,
t, lhgj
lhgj yhbm
ndehjujhb sdohrh ehbmsubm nhupub tgfhj ehbmsubm. Ked` jhrdbh gtu, phfh jdsdnphthb gbg, jhng
gbmgb ndbmuohpjhb tdrgnh jhsg` yhbm sdldshr‟ldshrbyh jdphfh pg`hj‟pg`hj yhbm tdrjhgt, hbthrh
ehgb9

8. @denhb Hrgda,
Hrgda, _D.,
_D., NN.,
NN., sdehju fksdb nhth juegh`
juegh` Nhbhidndb
Nhbhidndb Kpdrhsg:
Kpdrhsg:

<. \djhb ‟ rdjhb

rdjhb jdehs Nhbhidndb
Nhbhidndb Kpdrhsg:
Kpdrhsg: fhb,
?. Sg`hj ehgbbyh
ehgbbyh yhbm
yhbm tdeh`
tdeh` tdreglht,
tdreglht, lhgj
lhgj sdohrh
sdohrh ehbmsubm
ehbmsubm nhupub
nhupub tgfhj
tgfhj ehbmsubm.
ehbmsubm.
Jhng ndbyhfhrg lh`wh nhjheh` yhbm tdeh` jhng luht shbmhteh` ihu` fhrg jhth sdnpurbh.
Ked` jhrdbh gtu, jhng ndbm`hrhpjhb jrgtgj fhb shrhb, tdredlg` fhrg Lhphj @denhb Hrgda, _D.,
NN. sdehju
sdehju fksdb
fksdb nhth
nhth juegh`
juegh` Nhbhid
Nhbhidndb
ndb Kpdrhsg
Kpdrhsg,, hmhr fhpht
fhpht ndbihf
ndbihfgg houhb
houhb fhb ldjhe
 pdbmhehnhb lhmg jhng hmhr fhpht ndbihfg edlg` lhgj jd fdphbbyh. Jhng
Jh ng `hrhp nhjheh` gbg fhpht
 ldrmubh lhmg phrh pdnlhohbyh fhb fhpht fggnpedndbthsgjhb fhehn jd`gfuphb sd`hrg ‟ `hrg.
_djghb fhb tdrgnh jhsg`.

Fdpkj, 8= Nhrdt <3<8

Vgn Sdbuegs

?
 

FHAVH\ G_G

_VHVDNDBV KA HTV@K\_@GS <

JHVH SDBMHBVH\ ?

FHAVH\ G_G 6

LHL
LHL G SDBF
SDBFH@
H@TE
TETH
THB
B

H. _gbkpsgs Jhsus 4
L. Vuiuhb Sdbuegshb 1

LHL
LHL GG VDK\
VDK\GG VD\J
VD\JHG
HGV
V

H. Ekohtgkb _trhtdmgds =

8. V`d _trhtdmgo Gnpkrthbod ka Ekohtgkb =

<. Ahotkrs V`ht Haadot Ekohtgkb Fdogsgkbs 0
?. Ndt`kfs ka Dvheuhtgbm Ekohtgkb Hetdrbhtgvds 7
6. Mdkmrhp`go Gbakrnhtgkb _ystdns 83

LHL GGG SDNLH@H_HB

H. Hbhegsgs 88
L. Sdehihrhb yhbm fgpdtgj 8=

FHAVH\ ST_VHJH 80

6
 

LHL G
SDBFH@TETHB

H. _gbk
_gbkps
psgs
gs Jhs
Jhsus
us
_thrluojs Okrpkrhtgkb yhbm tdeh` ldrfgrg sdihj 87=8 hfheh` ihrgbmhb jdfhg jkpg
nuet
nuetgb
gbhs
hsgk
gkbh
bhee Hndr
Hndrgj
gjhh fh
fhb
b mdrhg
mdrhg rktg
rktg phbmm
phbmmhbm
hbm yh
yhbm
bm ld
ldrj
rjhb
hbtk
tkrr pu
push
shtt fg _d
_dht
htte
ted,
d,
]hs`gbmtkb. _dlhmhg ihrgbmhb jdfhg jkpg tdrldshr fg fubgh, _thrluojs fgphbfhbm sdlhmhg
rdprdsdbthsg uthnh fhrg lufhyh jkpg mdeknlhbm jdfuh fg Hndrgjh _drgjht. Shfh hwhe
<3<3, _thrluojs ndbmkpdrhsgjhb edlg` fhrg ?3.333 ekjhsg fg sdeuru` fubgh fg edlg` fhrg =3

bdmhrh. _thrluojs ndbyhigjhb ngbunhb phbhs fhb fgbmgb, jkpg lgig utu`, jkpg gbsthb
ngorkmrkubf yhbm fgjdbhe sdlhmhg QGH, dsprdssk, ohaad ehttd, td` auee-edha fhb ekksd-edha 
tdrnhs
tdrnhsuj
uj prkfuj
prkfuj td` Vdhvhbh,
dhvhbh, jud-jud
jud-jud Eh Lkuehbmd
Lkuehbmd,, fhb nhjhbh
nhjhbhb
b rgbmhb
rgbmhb tdr
tdrnhs
nhsuj 
uj 
 lhrhbm-lhrhbm sdpdrtg jdrgpgj fhb jdrupuj: ldldrhph prkfuj (tdrnhsuj pdeubourhb
Sunpjgb _pgod Ehttd th`ubhb ndrdjh) ldrsgaht nusgnhb hthu j`usus ubtuj wgehyh` tkjk.
Fg Gbfkbdsgh
Gbfkbdsgh sdbfgrg,
sdbfgrg, _thrluojs
_thrluojs fglhwh`
fglhwh` SV _hrg Okaad
Okaad Gbfkbdsgh tdrus ndnhou
ndnhou
 pdrtunlu`hb mdrhgbyh th`ub gbg. @gbmmh _dptdnldr <387 _thrluojs tdeh` ndngegjg 6<8
mdrhg
mdrhg yhbm tdrsdl
tdrsdlhr
hr fg ldrlhm
ldrlhmhg
hg jkth
jkth fg Gbfkbds
Gbfkbdsgh.
gh. Nhbhid
Nhbhidndb
ndb fhrg
fhrg _thrlu
_thrluojs
ojs iumh
ndbhrmdtjhb ubtuj ndnlujh edlg` fhrg 43 mdrhg fg ldrlhmhg jkth. Fg Ihjhrth sdbfgrg,
 ldrfhshrjhb fhth th`ub <38< _thrluojs ndbohphg
ndbo hphg =1 mdrhg. Lh`jhb fg nhsh phbfdng gbg,
_thrluojs iustru ndnlujh fuh mdrhg lhru fg Ihjhrth phfh Iubg <3<3 jdnhrgb, yhjbg
_thr
_thrlu
luojs
ojs _h
_hed
ednl
nlhh fhb _thr
_thrlu
luojs
ojs _kpk
_kpk Fde
Fde Vkwdr
kwdr.. Vdbtu
dbtu pd
pdnl
nlujh
ujhhb
hb md
mdrh
rhgg ke
ked`
d`
_thrluojs fgputusjhb ldrfhshrjhb ldrlhmhg ahjtkr pdrtgnlhbmhb. Ahjtkr pdbdbtuhb ekjhsg
 pdnlujhhb mdrhg ndruphjhb sheh` shtu ahjtkr pdbtgbm yhbm ndbmhnlge pdrhb fhehn
ndboh
ndbohphg
phg jdsujs
jdsujsds
dshb
hb _thr
_thrluo
luojs
js,, `gbmm
`gbmmhh ph
phfh
fh th
th`ub
`ub <3
<387,
87, ld
ldrf
rfhs
hshr
hrjhb
jhb fh
fhth
th fh
fhrg
rg
_thtgsth.okn, nh
nhrrjdt
jdt s`
s`hr
hrdd   _thrluojs
_thrluojs ubmmue
ubmmue fglhbf
fglhbfgbm
gbmjhb
jhb jknpdt
jknpdtgtk
gtkrr jkpg
jkpg ehg
ehgb
b fg
Gbfkbdsgh, yhgtu sdldshr 66,4%.

4
 

Mrhagj Nhrjdt _`hrd fhrg Sdrus`hhb Jkpg Vdrldshr Vh`ub

Vh`ub <387
_unldr 9 _thtgsth.okn

L. Vuiuhb
uiuhb Sdb
Sdbueg
uegshb
shb
- Tbtu
Tbtuj
j ndbmd
ndbmdth
th`u
`ugg st
strh
rhtd
tdmg
mg ndtk
ndtkfd
fd _t
_thr
hrluo
luojs
js fhehn
fhehn ndng
ndngeg
eg`
` ek
ekjhs
jhsgg md
mdrh
rhgg fg
Ihjhrth
- Tbtuj ndbmdth`ug
ndbmdth`ug ahjtkr
ahjtkr pdbdbtu
pdbdbtu ekjhsg
ekjhsg pdnlujhhb
pdnlujhhb mdrhg
mdrhg _thrluojs
_thrluojs fg Ihjhrth
Ihjhrth

1
 

LHL GG
VDK\G VD\JHGV

H. Ekoht
Ekohtgkb
gkb _trht
_trhtdmg
dmgds
ds
8. V`d
V`d _trh
_trhtdm
tdmgo
go Gn
Gnpk
pkrth
rthbo
bodd k
kaa Eko
Ekohtg
htgkb
kb
Ekjhsg shbmht ndnpdbmhru`g lghyh tdthp fhb vhrghlde. Ekjhsg ndngegjg pdbmhru`
yhbm ldshr
ldshr tdr`hfh
tdr`hfhp
p jdsdeu
jdsdeuru`
ru`hb
hb rdsgjk
rdsgjk fhb jdubtu
jdubtubmhb
bmhb pdrush
pdrush`hh
`hhb.
b. Ngs
Ngsheb
hebyh,
yh,
 ldrmhbtubm phfh
ph fh prkfuj fhb idbgs prkfujsg hthu ihsh yhbm
yhb m tdrihfg, lghyh trhbspkrthsg
shih fhpht ndbohphg sdlhbyhj <4% fhrg `hrmh iuhe prkfuj. Hrtgbyh, sdpdrdnpht fhrg
tkthe
tkthe pdb
pdbfhph
fhphthb
thb pdrush
pdrush`hhb
`hhb nubmjg
nubmjgb
b fgpdre
fgpdreujh
ujhb
b `hbyh
`hbyh ubtuj
ubtuj ndbutu
ndbutupg
pg lghyh
lghyh
 pdbmgrgnhb lh`hb ndbth` yhbm nhsuj fhb prkfuj ihfg yhbm jdeuhr.

Sgeg`h
Sgeg`hb
b ekjhsg
ekjhsg tdrnhs
tdrnhsuj
uj (8) ndnpdr
ndnpdreuh
euhss ahsgeg
ahsgegths
ths yhbm hfh fhrgph
fhrgphfh
fh pgbfh`
pgbfh`,, (<)

ndndeg`hrh sgtus shht gbg shnlge ndbhnlh`jhb ahsgegths ehgb fg tdnpht ehgb, hthu (?)
ndbutup ahsgegths yhbm hfh fhb pgbfh` jd ekjhsg ehgb.

Ekjhs
Ekjhsgg fh
fhb
b Lg
Lghy
hyh9
h9 Ekjh
Ekjhsg
sg ndru
ndruph
phjhb
jhb pdbmm
pdbmmdr
drhj
hj lg
lghy
hyhh fh
fhb
b pd
pdbfh
bfhph
phth
thb
b yh
yhbm
bm
sgmb
sgmbggagjh
agjhb,
b, ekjh
ekjhsg
sg sd
sdrrgbmj
gbmjhe
hegg nd
ndng
ngeg
egjg
jg jdju
jdjuht
hthb
hb ubt
ubtuj ndnl
ndnluh
uhtt (ht
hthu
hu
ndbm`hbourjhb)
ndbm`hbourjhb) strhtdmg
strhtdmg lgsbgs
lgsbgs pdrush`hhb.
pdrush`hhb. Jdputushb ekjhsg ubtuj ndbfujubm
strhtdmg ldrlghyh rdbfh` ndndreujhb pdrtgnlhbmhb yhbm shbmht odrnht.

_dtdeh` nhbhidndb ldrjkngtndb phfh ekjhsg tdrtdbtu, lhbyhj lghyh yhbm fgtdthpjhb
fdbmhb nhbthp fhb suegt ubtuj fgjurhbmg. Ngshebyh, igjh ekjhsg phlrgj lhru ldrhfh fg
wgehyh` fdbmhb lghyh dbdrmg tgbmmg, lh`jhb nhbhidndb yhbm lhgj fdbmhb strhtdmg
dbdrmg yhbm euhr lghsh nuehg fgrumgjhb. Nhbhidndb ndngegjg gjhthb yhbm shnh
fdbmhb strhtdmg sunldr fhyh nhbusghbyh igjh tdbhmh jdrih fg ekjhsg yhbm fgpgeg`
nh`he, jurhbm tdrehtg`, hthu ndngegjg dtks jdrih yhbm luruj.

<. Ahotk
Ahotkrs
rs V`ht
V`ht Ha
Haado
adott Ek
Ekoh
ohtgk
tgkb
b Fdogs
Fdogsgkb
gkbss

Lhbyhj pdrush`hhb sdjhrhbm ndnpdrtgnlhbmjhb ubtuj ndnlujh jhbtkr, phlrgj,

tkjk rgtde, hthu lhbj lhru jd phshr gbtdrbhsgkbhe. @he gbg fhpht fgehjujhb jhrdbh

=
 

hfhbyh meklhegshsg. Jdubtubmhb meklhegshsg fghbthrhbyh hfheh` (8) djkbkng phshr:

(<) jknubgjhsg gbtdrbhsgkbhe yhbm edlg` lhgj: (?) pdrihehbhb fhb pdbmgrgnhb yhbm
edlg` odpht fhb hbfhe: (6) jdnufh`hb hrus nkfhe hbthr bdmhrh: fhb (4) pdrldfhhb
 lghyh tdbhmh jdrih yhbm tgbmmg. _dehgb meklhegshsg, ldrgjut hfheh` ahjtkr-ahjtkr 
 pdbdbtuhb ekjhsg ehgbbyh9

8. Ehlkr Srkfuotgvgt
Srkfuotgvgty9
y9
Nhbhidndb nubmjgb tdrmkfh ked` tgbmjht uph` rdbfh` suhtu fhdrh` tdthpg ndrdjh
 iumh `hrus ndnpdrtgnlhbmjhb prkfujtgvgths.
Jknlgbhsg prkfujsg fhb tgbmjht uph` ↜

Jhryhwhb fdbmhb pdehtg`hb yhbm luruj, pdbfgfgjhb yhbm luruj, hthu jdlghshhb
jdrih yhbm luruj nubmjgb lujhb pdngeg`hb yhbm phegbm tdpht ndsjgpub fdbmhb
mhig yhbm rdbfh`
<. Dxo`hbm
Dxo`hbmdd \htds hbf Ourrdboy \gsj9 Sdrush`hhb
Sdrush`hhb fhpht
fhpht ndnhbahht
ndnhbahhtjhb
jhb bgehg
bgehg tujhr 
yhbm shbmht ndbmubtubmjhb fdbmhb ndrdekjhsg hthu ndbmdjspkr jd bdmhrh hsgbm.
 Bhnub, bgehg nhth uhbm hsgbm tdrus bhgj fhb
f hb turub fg lhbyhj bdmhrh. Sdrulh`hb
sdnhohn
sdnhohn gtu lgsh shih ndnluht ekjhsg yhbm lhgj fg th`ub <384 ndbihfg ldbohbh
fg th`ub <387.
?. Okst
Okst99

h. Vhbmgled Okst9 Lghyh yhbm nufh` fggfdbtgagjhsg yhbm fhpht fgujur fdbmhb
 prdsgsg tdrtdbtu. Okbtk`byh9 utgegths, tdbhmh jdrih, lh`hb, phihj,
ph ihj, fdprdsghsg,
fhb lghyh ehgb yhbm fhpht fggfdbtgagjhsg ked` fdphrtdndb hjubthbsg fhb
nhbhidndb.
 l. Gbthbmgled Okst9 Vgfhj nufh` fgujur. Okbtk`byh9 juhegths pdbfgfgjhb,
ahsgeg
ahsgegths
ths trhbsp
trhbspkrt
krthsg
hsg pulegj,
pulegj, sgjhp
sgjhp nhsyhr
nhsyhrhjht
hjht tdr
tdr`hfh
`hfhp
p gbfust
gbfustrg
rg fhb
 pdrush`hhb, sdrth juhegths fhb sgjhp ohekb jhryhwhb.
6. Skegtgohe \gsj, Qheuds, Oueturd9
\gsgjk pkegtgj yhbm tdrjhgt fdbmhb sgjhp pdndrgbth` bhsgkbhe, bdmhrh lhmghb, fhb
ekjhe tdr`hfhp jdjhyhhb prglhfg fhb gbtdedjtuhe
gbtdedjtuhe,, zkbhsg,
zkbhsg, pkeusg,
pkeusg, fhb sthlgegths
sthlgegths

0
 

 pdjdrihhb nubmjgb ldrulh`-ulh`. _dehgb gtu, bgehg pdjdrih fg sdtghp bdmhrh iumh
 ldrldfh. Qhrghsg lufhyh fhehn jdtdphthb whjtu ked` jhryhwhb fhb pdnhskj 
ndnluht
ndnluht pdrldfh
pdrldfhhb
hb ndboke
ndbokekj
kj fhehn
fhehn ihfwhe
ihfwhe prkfuj
prkfujsg
sg fhb pdbmgrgnh
pdbmgrgnhb
b iumh
iumh
ndbihfg sheh` shtu pdbmhru`.
4. Srkxg
Srkxgngty
ngty tk Nhrjdts9
Nhrjdts9
Sdrush`hhb nhbuahjtur ndrhsh ldrmubh ubtuj ldrhfh fdjht fdbmhb pdehbmmhb
shht pdbmhbmjuthb lhrhbm ihfg gtu nh`he hthu suegt (nubmjgb jhrdbh lhrhbm gtu
 ldshr, ldrht, hthu rhpu`). _dehgb
_ dehgb gtu, fdbmhb prkfujsg tdpht
tdph t whjtu, pdnhskj gbmgb
ndbohrg pdbmmubh yhbm fdjht.
1. Srkxgngty tk _uppegdrs9 Sdrush`hhb ldrekjhsg fg fdjht lh`hb ndbth` fhb pdnhskj 
ndrdjh jhrdbh (8) nufh` rushj, (<) lghyh trhbspkrthsg, hthu (?) ourh`. Vkjk rktg,
 phlrgj susu, fhb pdbmkeh` nhjhbhb ehut ldju ldrurushb fdbmhb lh`hb ndbth`
yhbm nufh` rushj, sd`gbmmh ndrdjh sdrgbm ldrhfh fg fdjht pdnhskj. Sdrush`hhb

yhbm ldrmhbtubm phfh gbput lh`hb ndbth` yhbm ldrht hthu ldshr (sdpdrtg prkfusdb
 lhih yhbm ndbmmubhjhb lhtu lhrh fhb lgig` ldsg) ndbm`hfhpg lghyh trhbspkrthsg
nhsuj yhbm nh`he, sd`gbmmh lghyh trhbspkrthsg ndbihfg ahjtkr uthnh.
=. Srkxgngty tk Oknpdtgtkrs (Oeustdrgbm)9
Ekjhsg
Ekjhsg pdrush
pdrush`hhb
`hhb yhbm
yhbm ldrshg
ldrshgbm
bm ldrfdj
ldrfdjhth
hthb,
b, sdr
sdrgbm
gbm jheg
jheg jhrdbh
jhrdbh lhbyhjby
lhbyhjbyhh
gbakrnhsg, lhjht, nkfhe vdbturh, hthu sunldr fhyh
fhy h hehn yhbm jrgtgs.

?. Ndt`kf
Ndt`kfss ka Dvheu
Dvheuhtg
htgbm
bm Ekoh
Ekohtgk
tgkb
b Hetd
Hetdrb
rbhtg
htgvds
vds
Vdrfhpht ldldrhph ndtkfd ubtuj ndbmdvheuhsg ekjhsg hetdrbhtga, fghbthrhbyh hfheh`
ahotkr-rhtgbm ndt`kf, ekohtgkbhe okst vkeund hbheysgs, t`d odbtdr-ka-mrhvgty ndt`kf,
hbf t`d trhbspkrthtgkb nkfde. Fhehn `he gbg, _thrluojs ndbmmubhjhb ahotkr rhtgbm
ndt`kf, fgnhbh ndtkfd gbg ndbmhnlge ahjtkr-ahjtkr juhegthtga fhb juhbtgthtga.
8. Ahotkr \htgbm
\htgbm Ndt`kf
Ndt`kf (ehbmjh`
(ehbmjh`-ehbmj
-ehbmjh`)
h`)
h. Jdnlhbmjhb fhathr ahjtkr rdedvhb yhbm fgsdlut ahjtkr
ahjtkr jdldr`hsgehb jubog
 l. Vdthpjhb lklkt phfh sdtghp ahjtkr ubtuj ndbodrngbjhb jdpdbtgbmhb
rdehtgabyh phfh tuiuhb pdrush`hhb
o. Jdnlhbm
Jdnlhbmjhb
jhb sjheh
sjheh ubtuj
ubtuj sdtghp
sdtghp ahjtkr
ahjtkr (ngshe
(ngshebyh,
byh, 8 `gbmmh
`gbmmh 83 hthu
hthu 8

`gbmmh 833 pkgb).

7
 

f. Ngbth
Ngbth sjkr
sjkr nhbhid
nhbhidndb
ndb sdtghp
sdtghp ekjhsg
ekjhsg ubtuj
ubtuj sdtghp
sdtghp ahjtkr
ahjtkr, ndbmmub
ndbmmubhjhb
hjhb
sjheh phfh Ehbmjh` ?.
d. Jhegjhb
Jhegjhb sjkr fdbmhb lklkt
lklkt ubtuj
ubtuj sdtghp
sdtghp ahjtkr
ahjtkr fhb iuneh`jhb
iuneh`jhb sjkr
sjkr ubtuj 
ubtuj 
sdtghp ekjhsg
a. Luht
Luhteh
eh`
` rd
rdjk
jknd
ndbf
bfhs
hsgg ld
ldrf
rfhs
hshr
hrjh
jhb
b sjkr
sjkr pk
pkgb
gb nhjs
nhjsgn
gnun
un,, fd
fdbm
bmhb
hb
ndnpdrtgnlhbmjhb iumh `hsge pdbfdjhthb juhbtgthtga ehgbbyh.

6. Mdkm
Mdkmrh
rhp`
p`go
go Gb
Gbak
akrn
rnht
htgk
gkb
b _yst
_ystdn
dnss
_gstdn yhbm ndbygnphb, ndbmhjsds, ndbhnpgejhb, fhb ndbm`ulubmjhb gbakrnhsg
fdnkmr
fdnkmrhag
hagss jd ekjhsg
ekjhsg mdkmrha
mdkmrhags.
gs. Sdrush
Sdrush`hh
`hhb
b fhpht
fhpht ndbmmub
ndbmmubhjhb
hjhb age
agedd ldrjkf
ldrjkfdd
mdkmrhags fhrg MG_ ubtuj ndehjujhb hbhegsgs fdnkmrhags. Fdbmhb ndbmmhlubmjhb
hbmjh pkpuehsg, usgh, pdbfhphthb, hrus eheu egbths, fhb jdphfhthb fdbmhb mdkmrhag,
 pdbmdodr fhpht ndbdbtujhb ekjhsg tdrlhgj ubtuj tkjk hthu rdstkrhb lhru.

83
 

LHL GGG
SDNLH@H_HB

H. Hbhe
hegs
gsgs
gs
 Ekohtgkb strhtdmy ndngegjg
strhtdmy  ndngegjg pdrhb yhbm jrusghe
jrusghe fhehn ndbmkpdrhsg
ndbmkpdrhsgjhb
jhb sdluh` tkjk hthu
 lgsbgs. Fhrg ekjhsg yhbm fgngegjg, pdehbmmhb fhpht ndbdbtujhb sdldrhph  ahvkrhled   hthu
nufh`byhh fghjsds
nufh`by fghjsds ekjhsg-ekjhs
ekjhsg-ekjhsgg lgsbgs
lgsbgs tdrsdlut.
tdrsdlut. Vdruthnh
Vdruthnh phfh lgsbgs
lgsbgs  ahst akkf, rdthge, 
rdthge,   fhb
 mrhl-tk-mk frgbj  (jkpg,
  (jkpg, ngbunhb fgbmgb, fsl). @he gbg jhrdbh pdehbmmhb jdlhbyhjhb tgfhj nhu
hthu
hthu tgfhj
tgfhj ndngeg
ndngegjg
jg whjtu
whjtu yhbm
yhbm lhbyhj
lhbyhj ubtuj
ubtuj ndnpdr
ndnpdrked
ked`
` lhrhbm
lhrhbm-lh
-lhrhb
rhbm
m tdr
tdrsdl
sdlut.
ut. Srksds
Srksds
 pdngeg`hb fhb pdnldeghb lhrhbm-lhrhbm tdrsdlut sd`hrusbyh tgfhj ndnhjhb whjtu yhbm ehnh.
Vdredlg` hphlgeh pdnldeghb lhrhbm-lhrhbm tdrsdlut fgehjujh
fgehjujhbb sdohrh gnpuesga hthu tglh-tglh.
Shfh jhsus jheg gbg, tgn jhng hjhb ndnlh`hs hbhegsgs strhtdmg pdbdbtuhb ekjhsg _thrluojs
fg Ihjhrth. _thrluojs sdbfgrg tdeh` ndnlujh edlg` fhrg 43 mdrhg yhbm tdrsdlhr fg sdeuru` jkth

hfngbgstrhtga Ihjhrth. Sdbdbtuhb ekjhsg gbg tdbtubyh fgsdlhljhb ked` ldldrhph hehshb hthupub
ahjtkr. Fhehn stufg jhsus jhng, ndtkfd yhbm hjhb jhng mubhjhb hfheh`  Ahotkr-rhtgbm Ndt`kf 
(Ndtkfd ekjhsg yhbm ndbhbhnjhb klidjtgvgths jd fhehn prksds ndbmgfdbtgagjhsg lghyh yhbm suegt
fgdvheuhsg).

88
 

8<
 

Vhlde 8.8 Fhathr Ekjhsg fhb Iuneh` _thrluojs fg Ihjhrth

_unldr9 SV Ngtrh Hfg Sdrjhsh, Vlj, <38<

Ekjhsg
Ekjhsg _thrlu
_thrluojs
ojs fg Ihjhrt
Ihjhrthh ndnhbm
ndnhbm sufh`
sufh` tdr
tdrpdb
pdbohr
ohr fg sdeuru
sdeuru`
` jkth
jkth hfngbg
hfngbgstr
strhtg
htga 
a 
Ihjhrt
Ihjhrth.
h. Vdthpg
dthpg ekj
ekjhsg
hsg tdrlhb
tdrlhbyhj
yhj ldrhfh
ldrhfh fg fhdrh`
fhdrh` Ihjhrt
Ihjhrthh _dehth
_dehthb,
b, fgnhbh
fgnhbh Ihjhrt
Ihjhrthh _dehth
_dehthb
b
ndruphjhb jhwhshb pdrjhbtkrhb fhb lgsbgs iumh ekjhsg ldrshbthg fhb ihehb-ihehb yhbm phegbm
 lhbyhj fgjubiubmg ked` nhsyhrhjht Ihjhrth.

Agmur 8.8 Jhad fdbmhb Sdngbht Vdrlhbyhj

Vdrlhbyhj fg Gbfkbdsgh
_unldr9 Ehwrdbod fhb ]gohjskbk, <38?

Ldrfhs
Ldrfhshrj
hrjhb
hb fhth
fhth fhrg
fhrg Agmur
Agmur 8.8,
8.8, jgth
jgth fhpht
fhpht ndbmhn
ndbmhnlge
lge jdsgnp
jdsgnpueh
uehb
b lh`wh
lh`wh jhad
jhad fg
Gbfkbdsgh fdbmhb pdbmubiubm hthu pdngbht tdrlhbyhj fhehn jurub 8 luehb tdrhj`gr fhrg <4<
rdspkbfdb hfheh` _thrluojs (63%). Whbm jdnufghb fggjutg ked` I.Ok Ohad (81%). _dfhbmjhb

8?
 

NoOhad (6%) fhb Ldbmhwhb _kek (6%) ndngegjg pdrgbmjht yhbm shnh. Eheu jhad ldrgjutbyh
fggjutg ked` Dxodesk, JAO Okaadd, fhb V`d Okaadd Ldhb yhbm ndngegjg pdrsdbthsd jurhbm fhrg
shnh fdbmhb ?%.

Agmur 8.< Shrhndtdr Jdpdbtgbmhb fhrg suhtu Mdrhg Jkpg

_unldr9 Ehwrdbod fhb ]gohjskbk, <38?

_dnhjgb fdjht phrhndtdr (ekjhsg, ahsgegths, ndrdj, lhrgsth, fsl) fhrg Agmur 8.< fdbmhb
_unlu P fhb _unlu W, nhjh sdnhjgb tgbmmg tgbmjht jdpdbtgbmhb fhrg phrhndtdr tdrsdlut fg
nhth jkbsundb.
jkbsundb. Fhpht jgth eg`ht,
eg`ht, lh`wh phrhndt
phrhndtdr 
dr  ekjhsg  ndngegjg tgbmjht jdpdbtgbmhb hthu
ndruphjhb phrhndtdr fdbmhb jkbsgfdrhsg yhbm tgbmmg lhmg jkbsundb.

Vhlde 8.< Sdbfhpht \dspkbfdb

\dspkbf db ndbmdbhg Hehshb Ndbyujhg _
_thrluojs
thrluojs
_unldr9 \kshegbh, <380

86
 

Ndbmmubhjhb  ahotkr-rhtgbm ndt`kf,  nhjh lklkt hthu prdsdbthsd yhbm fgfhpht fhrg 6
ahjtkr uthnh (Srkfuj yhbm Ldrnhohn-nhohn, Ekjhsg, Ehyhbhb, Ahsgegths) hfheh` 03%, 8?.?%,
?.?%,, fhb ?.?%.
?.?% ?.?%. Sdrgbm
Sdrgbmjht
jht tdrhth
tdrhthss fgtdnp
fgtdnphtg
htg ked`
ked` Srkfuj
Srkfuj yhbm Ldrnhohn-
Ldrnhohn-nho
nhohn,
hn, fgnhbh
fgnhbh
_thrlu
_thrluojs
ojs sdbfgr
sdbfgrgg fgjdth
fgjdth`ug
`ug ndngeg
ndngegjg
jg = jdeknpk
jdeknpkj
j ngbunhb
ngbunhb fdbmhb tkt
tkthe
he sdj
sdjgth
gthrr ?0 idbgs
idbgs
ngbunhb.
ngbunhb. Sdrgbmjht
Sdrgbmjht tdrtgbmmg
tdrtgbmmg ldrgjutbyh fggjutg
fggjutg ked` Ekjhsg,
Ekjhsg, fgnhbh fhrg sgbg fhpht tdreg`ht
 lh`wh ekjhsg fhrg suhtu tdnpht/ush`h ndnhbm ndbmhnlge pdrhb pdbtgbm fhehn kpdrhsgbyh.

Vhlde 8.? Sdbfhpht \dspkbfdb tdbthbm Sdbmdth`uhb Ekjhsg _thrluojs

_unldr9 \kshegbh, <380

_dtdeh`
_dtdeh` ndbfhpht
ndbfhpht fhth lh`wh sdldrhph
sdldrhph pdbtgbmbyh ekjhsg fhehn lgsbgs
lgsbgs _thrluojs, nhjh
th`h
th`hp
p ld
ldrg
rgjut
jutbyh
byh hfheh
hfheh`
` pdbmde
pdbmdeke
kehh
hhb
b fh
fhth
th ndbm
ndbmdbh
dbhgg sd
sdldr
ldrhph
hph th
th`u
`u rd
rdsp
spkbf
kbfdb
db td
tdr`
r`hfh
hfhp
p
ekjhsg
ekjhsg-ek
-ekjhs
jhsgg _thrlu
_thrluojs
ojs fg fhdrh`
fhdrh` tgbmmh
tgbmmhee hthu
hthu nklgeg
nklgegths
ths ndrdjh.
ndrdjh. Ldrfhs
Ldrfhshrj
hrjhb
hb survdg
survdg yhbm
fgehjshbhjhb,
fgehjshbhjhb, sdnuh rdspkbfdb
rdspkbfdb (73) ndbmdth`ug
ndbmdth`ug fdbmhb phstg fgnhbh shih ekjhsg _thrluojs.
_thrluojs.
Ekjhsg _thrluojs
_thrluojs fg Ihjhrth
Ihjhrth sdbfgrg
sdbfgrg fgnueh
fgnuehgg fhrg nhee, sthsgub,
sthsgub, `ktde, fhb fhdrh` pdrjhbtkrhb.
pdrjhbtkrhb.
Fhrgg sgbg
Fhr sgbg iumh,
iumh, jgth
jgth fhpht ndbmh
ndbmhnlg
nlgee jdsgnp
jdsgnpueh
uehb
b lh`wh
lh`wh ekjhsg
ekjhsg _thrlu
_thrluojs
ojs shbmht
shbmht nufh`
nufh`
fgihbmjhu.

Vhlde 8.6 Sdbfhpht \dspkbfdb

\dspkbfd b tdr`hfhp Ekjhsg yhbm Fgsujhg
_unldr9 \kshegbh, <380

Fhrg tkthe 73 rdspkbfdb, ekjhsg _thrluojs fg Nhee ndbfhpht uruthb pdrthnh sdlhmhg ekjhsg
yhbm phegbm fgsujhg. Vdrfhpht 11 rdspkbfdb yhbm ndngeg` nhee  sdlhmhg
 sdlhmhg ekjhsg ahvkrgt _thrluojs.

84
 

Ekjhsg yhbm jurhbm fgsujhg ked` rdspkbfdb hfheh` _thsgub, fdbmhb `hbyh 1 rdspkbfdb yhbm
ndngeg`byh.

Vhlde 8.4 Sdbfhpht

Sdbf hpht \dspkbfdb tdbthbm Hjsds _thrluojs
_unldr9 \kshegbh, <380

_thrluojs fgsujhg ked` rdspkbfdb jhrdbh ekjhsgbyh yhbm nufh` fgihbmjhu fhb
tdrfhpht lhbyhj pgeg`hb hjsds ubtuj shnphg jd ekjhsg-ekjhsg _thrluojs. Vdredphs fhrg jdfdjhthb

mdrhg _thrluojs fhrg tdnpht tgbmmhe hthu hrdh nklgegths rdspkbfdb, _thrluojs tdthp fgmdnhrg ked`
rdspkbfdb
rdspkb fdb yhbm tdeh` fgsurvdg.
fgsurvdg. Nhjh fhpht fgjhthjhb lh`wh jdfdjhthb mdrhg lujhbeh` ndbihfg
jkbsgfdrhsg pdbtgbm fhrg hjsds _thrluojs ked` jkbsundb (rdspkbfdb). Nhtrgjs yhbm tdruthnh
hfheh` ekjhsgbyh yhbm nufh` fgihbmjhu.

L. Sdehihrhb yhbm Fhpht Fghnlge

Ahjtkr sdluh` lgsbgs

lgsbgs hthu fhehn jhsus gbg mdrhg jkpg fgsujhg shbmhteh` ldrhmhn.
ldrhmhn. Vdthpg,
Vdthpg,
ahjtkr ekjhsg ndndrhbjhb pdrhb pdbtgbm fhehn hehshb ndbmhph _thrluojs hthupub mdrhg jkpg

ehgbbyh fgsujhg. Nhjh fhrg gtu, pg`hj nhbhidndb `hrus ndnpdrtgnlhbmjhb strhtdmg ekjhsg yhbm
sdsuhg fdbmhb thrmdt phshr _thrluojs.
Fhrg fhth yhbm tdeh` fgshigjhb, sthsgub ndbihfg ekjhsg yhbm phegbm tgfhj fgsujhg ked`
jkbsundb
jkbsundb (rdspkbfdb)
(rdspkbfdb).. _dfhbmjhb
_dfhbmjhb nhee   fhb pdrjhbtkrhb ldrhfh fhehn pksgsg tdrhths. Jdfuh
 pgeg`hb ekjhsg gbg fhpht ndbihfg pdrtgnlhbmhb _thrluojs jdtgjh gbmgb ndnlujh mdrhg lhru.

81
 

FHAVH\ ST_HJH

Sdbmhru` Ogtrh Ndrdj fhb Egbmjubmhb

Egbmjubm hb Vkjk
Vkjk Vdr`hfhp
Vdr`hfhp Jdputushb Sdnldeghb Srkfuj fg
_thrluojs Okaadd (_urvdg phfh jkbsundb _thrluojs Okaadd fg Htrgun Sehzh, _dbdb). (<38<).
arkn `ttp9//rdpksgtkry
\dtrgdvdf 81 Nhro` <3<8, arkn `ttp9//rdpksgtkry.ad.ubi.ho.gf/<===/</O`hptdr8.pfa 
.ad.ubi.ho.gf/<===/</O`hptdr8.pfa .

\kshegbh, _yegvh _hrg. (<380). _trhtdmg Sdbdbtuhb Ekjhsg Meklhe Sdrush`hhb (_tufg Jhsus fg
_thrluojs Ihjhrth).
Ihjhrth). Qke. 8< Bk. < Ndg <380. <??-<?7.
<380.  <??-<?7.

_o`rkdfdr, \kmdr M. (<38=). Kpdrhtgkb Nhbhmdndbt gb t`d _uppey O`hgb9 Fdogsgkbs hbf Ohsds,
=t` dfgtgkb,
dfgtgkb, NoMrhw @gee.

_`hrd ka nhrjdt vheud ka ehrmdst okaadd o`hgbs gb Gbfkbdsgh gb <387. _thtgsth. (<387). \dtrgdvdf

81 Nhro` <3<8, arkn

`ttps9//www.sthtgsth.okn/sthtgstg
`ttps9//www.sthtgsth.okn/sthtgstgos/83637<3/gbfkbdsgh-okaadd-o`hgbs-nhrjdt-s`hrd-vheud/.
os/83637<3/gbfkbdsgh-okaadd-o`hgbs-nhrjdt-s`hrd-vheud/.

]gohjskbk, Hmubm fhb Ehwrdbod.

Eh wrdbod. <38?. H
<38?.  H \dvgdw kb Wkubm
Wkubm Hfuet Okbsundrs‗ Sdrsdpdotgvd9
]`ht _`kuef NoOhad Gbfkbdsgh Fk; Qke. <, Bp. 87, <38?. <?80-<?<4.
<38?. <?80-<?<4.

]gsbulrhth. (<3<3). Bdw Bkrnhe, _thrluojs Lujh Vgmh Mdrhg Lhru fg Gbfkbdsgh. Jknphs.okn.
\dtrgdvdf 81 Nhro` <3<8, arkn
`ttps9//egadstyed.jknphs.okn/rdhf/<3<3/31/?3/80368=6<3/bdw-bkrnhe-sthrluojs-lujh-tgmh-mdrhg-
 lhru-fg-gbfkbdsgh.

8=