HELICOPTER THEORY OF FLIGHT – CENTRAL REVISION

1. Angle of attack on a main rotor blade is:

a. The angle between the chord line and the horizontal
b. The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow
c. The angle between the chord line and the total lift vector

2. The chord of an aerofoil section:

a. Is the distance between the centre of the leading and trailing edges
b. Is the curvative of the cambered surface
c. Is the distance between the upper and lower surfaces

3. The choice of aerofoil section for a rotor blade is such that:

a. It has a stable centre of pressure
b. The C of P moves rapidly in response to pitch changes
c. The C of P moves very slowly

4. A helicopter main rotor blade is twisted from root to tip:

a. To equalize lift along the blade
b. To permit the blade in straighten under aerodynamic loads
c. To give the blade additional strength

5. The forces which determine blade coning angle are:

a. Lift: weight: thrust
b. Lift: centrifugal force: thrust
c. Lift: centrifugal force: weight

6. The change in angle of attack produced by varying the pitch of the blade is
known as:
a. Pitching
b. Feathering
c. Flapping

7. Oscillation of the main rotor blades in the vertical plane around horizontal hinge
is called:
a. Dragging
b. Feathering
c. Flapping

8. Vertical flight is achieved by the simultaneous and equal change of pitch imposed
on all main rotor blades; this is known as:
a. Cyclic feathering
b. Cyclic pitch change
c. Collective pitch change
9. Oscillations in the horizontal plane of a main rotor blade about a vertical hinge is
known as:
a. Feathering
b. Flapping
c. Dragging

10.Drag dampers are fitted on some main rotor heads:

a. To prevent blade sailing taking place
b. To control and limit the rate of drag of the blades
c. To absorb stresses at the root end of the blades due to oscillations around
the horizontal hinge

11.When a main rotor disc is tilted to achieve translational flight, the rotor useful
force is divided into two components as follows:
a. A vertical component which opposes aircraft weight and a horizontal
component which opposes drag
b. A vertical component which opposes aircraft weight and a
horizontal component which produces thrust
c. A vertical which produces thrust

12.The term used to describe the change of flight from the Hover condition to flight
in any direction is:
a. Translational
b. Transition
c. Transmission

13.If the main rotor drive shaft is tilted 3° forward of the vertical, and is desired to
jack up the helicopter to achieve level rotor head, the fuselage attitude must be:
a. Longitudinal 0° and lateral left
b. Longitudinal 3° tail down and lateral 0°
c. Longitudinal 3° nose down and lateral 0°

14.If the C of G of a helicopter is aft of its permitted range:

a. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum forward speed
b. It will have no noticeable effect
c. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum rearwards speed

15.The force which acts at right-angles to the relative airflow is called:

a. Drag
b. Lift
c. Thrust
16.Maximum forward speed is achieved when:
a. The engine is at maximum R.P.M.
b. Cyclic control is no longer available to overcome disc flapback
c. The main rotor R.P.M. are at maximum

17.The most important factor which limits the forward speed of a helicopter is:
a. An inability to increase rotor R.P.M.
b. An inability to overcome total drag
c. Stalling of the retreating blade in the main rotor

18.The airflow over part of the main rotor will be in the reverse direction:
a. In the vortex ring state
b. Under ground cushion effect
c. At high forward speeds

19.As a helicopter accelerates in forward flight above approximately 15 knots

a. Less power will be required because the rotor profile drag is reduced
b. More power will be required because the rotor R.P.M are increasing
c. Less power will be required because of the addition of translational
lift, and the reduction of rotor induced drag

20.Dissymmetry of lift in a helicopter main rotor is counteracted by:

a. Permitting the rotor to flap back
b. Cyclic feathering
c. Bias of the cyclic stick to port

21.If an upgust of wind is experienced through the main rotor, rotor R.P.M. will tend
to:
a. Decrease
b. Remain substantially constant
c. Increase

22.Advance Angle on a helicopter main rotor is:

a. The degree of angle by which the input on the pitch change arm
leads the blade
b. The degree of pitch angle required to make the helicopter advance in
translational flight
c. The degree of pitch angle on the advancing blade required to overcome
dissymmetry of lift
23.Phase Lag causes the following condition in the main rotor:
a. Maximum flap up is achieved 90° before maximum pitch is applied
b. Maximum flap up is achieved on the opposite side of the disc to that on which
maximum pitch is applied
c. Maximum pitch is applied 90° before the full effect in terms of blade
flap is achieved

24.The main rotor drive shaft on most modern helicopter is tilted forward:
a. To offset the tendency of the aircraft to drift sideways
b. To ensure a substantially level attitude in forward translational
flight
c. To give a greater angle to the rotor tilt to overcome the tendency of the disc
to flap back under dissymmetry of lift

25.In a helicopter, powered by a gas turbine engine:

a. A throttle twist grip is incorporated to accomplish change in power
requirements with collective movement
b. The power requirement change is automatically compensated for by
either an Nf governor or an anticipator unit which feeds in a signal
proportional to collective movement
c. The power requirement change is compensated for by a speed scheduling
Can in the Ng control

26.When a helicopter with a main rotor rotating anti-clockwise viewed from above,
moves into rearward flight, maximum pitch is applied:
a. 90° to the right of the aircraft longitudinal axis
b. 90° to the left of the aircraft longitudinal axis
c. 90° forward of the aircraft lateral axis

27.Ground cushion effect is given by:

a. Recirculating air giving additional lift
b. Increased pressure under the fuselage
c. Increased density under the main rotor

28.The approximate altitude at which Ground Cushion effect is at its most effective
is:
a. Half the main rotor diameter
b. Twice the main rotor diameter
c. Half the fuselage length

29.An increase in air density will result in:

a. Less lift being developed by the main rotor
b. More lift being developed by the main rotor
c. No change in the amount of lift being developed by the main rotor
30.A semi-rigid main rotor head:
a. Is one that can drag, flap, and change feathering angles
b. Has a hub manufactured as one complete unit in the form of Lithium forging
c. Has no individual flapping or drag hinges

31.The function of a stabilizer bar in a main rotor system is:

a. To overcome the normal stability of the rotor which would otherwise prevent
rotor tilt
b. To provide an inherent stability for the rotor systems
c. To assist the autostabilisation system in controlling the helicopter attitude

32.The function of the stabilizer bar dampers is:

a. To control the rate at which the rotor is allowed to tilt
b. To control the movement of the blade about its drag hinge
c. To control the bar to mast following time

33.A helicopter tail rotor is fitted to:

a. Permit the helicopter to turn on the spot
b. Counteract rotor torque and provide rapid turn facilities
c. Counteract engine torque and provide normal directional control

34.With a hydraulic stabilizer bar damper too hard:

a. The rotor will be unstable and over-responsive to control movement
b. The rotor will be excessively stable and slow to respond to control movement
c. The bar to mast following time would be too slow

35.A helicopter is hovering and the pilot applies right pedal. Assuming the main
rotor rotates anti-clockwise viewed from above, will the helicopter:
a. Descend unless the pilot applies more collective pitch
b. Ascend
c. Descend unless the pilot inches his throttle open

36.A helicopter has a main rotor which rotates anti-clockwise viewed from above
and is fitted with an anti-torque tail rotor. It will tend to drift sideways:
a. To starboard whichever side the tail rotor is fitted
b. To port if the tail rotor is mounted on the right side of the helicopter
c. To port if the tail rotor is mounted on the left side of the helicopter

37.The pitch angle of the tail rotor blades is controllable from positive, through
neutral and into negative to provide:
a. Maximum rate of turn under all flight conditions
b. Full directional control during flight with “Power ON”
c. Normal directional control during an autorotative descent
38.Dissymmetry of Lift in a tail rotor is experienced in:
a. Forwards and rearwards flight
b. All directions of translational flight
c. Vertical flight only

39.With the tail rotor pedals in neutral, tail rotor blade pitch will be:
a. Neutral
b. Negative
c. Positive

40.Centrifugal Turning Moment can be defined as:

a. The tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the main
rotor
b. The tendency of the blades to turn towards fine pitch whilst rotating
c. The turning moment exerted by the autorotative forces during a “Power OFF”
descent

41.Centrifugal Turning Moment in a tail rotor assembly is overcome in the event of a

reversion to manual control by:
a. The addition of counterweight assemblies attached to the
feathering sleeves
b. The fitting of a Delta 3 hinge
c. By allowing the blades to move from a positive angle of attack through to a
negative angle of attack

42.During an autorotative descent, rotor R.P.M. will be:

a. Higher than in powered flight
b. Substantially the same as in powered flight
c. Lower than in powered flight

43.Autorotative force is:

a. The rate of descent in autorotation required to maintain lift
b. The resultant of lift and drag forces on the blades during an
autorotative descent
c. The force the pilot must apply to the collective to prevent it rising during the
descent

44.If autorotative R.P.M. are too high, the correct procedure to rectify this is to:
a. Increase pitch on all blades
b. Decrease pitch on all blades
c. Back off the lower collective lever stop
45.When a helicopter enters the Flare following an autorotative descent:
a. Rotor R.P.M. will substantially decrease
b. The angle of attack between the disc and the relative airflow will
increase
c. The helicopter will adopt a nose-down attitude

46.Ground Resonance can be caused by:

a. An overfueling condition in the engine leading to resonance in the exhaust
duct
b. Incorrect pitch angle on the tail rotor blades, leading to excessive forces
acting on the tail boom
c. An out-of-balance or out-of-track main rotor system

47.Blade sailing is counteracted by:

a. Fitting flap and droop restrainers to the blades
b. Maintaining a constant rotor R.P.M. under all conditions
c. Only engaging rotors in wind conditions below 20 knots

48.The function of a Stabilisation Augmentation System (S.A.S) is to:

a. Oppose involuntary changes in attitude or heading
b. Relieve the pilot of the necessity to constantly monitor his controls during
flight
c. Enable the pilot to make attitude or heading changes without touching his
controls

49.Vortex Ring effect can be overcome, given favourable conditions, by

a. Raising the collective pitch lever
b. Lowering the Collective Pitch Lever and moving the cyclic stick
c. Putting the helicopter into an autorotative descent

50.Low frequency vibration in a helicopter originates from:

a. The tail rotor and its associated drives
b. The engine
c. The main rotor

51.For flapping, the semi-rigid rotor makes use of:

a. A seesaw system
b. Individual flapping hinges
c. Blade bending
52.The purpose of counterweights attached to the grip assembly of the Bell 47
helicopter is:
a. To aid in raising the cyclic
b. To aid in raising the collective
c. To insure the rotor returns to the flap pitch stop

53.The crack detection system in which the rotor blade is filled with Nitrogen is
known as:
a. B I M
b. B I S
c. B I N

54.Blade alignment is a common maintenance practice on:

a. Semi-rigid rotors
b. Fully articulated rotors
c. Rigid rotors

55.Blades set forward of the alignment points are in flight:

a. More stable
b. Unstable
c. Slower

56.The damper system failure may cause:

a. Vertical vibrations
b. Lateral vibrations
c. Either lateral or vertical vibration

57.Movement of the cyclic will not affect the collective setting because of the:
a. Gradient system
b. Magnetic brake
c. Mixer assembly

58.The semi-rigid rotor is preconed and has an underslung flapping axis to:
a. Reduce coriolis effect
b. Make it easier to change blade pitch
c. Make the rotor head less stable

59.In the rotating controls:

a. The swashplate assembly tilts in a plane 90° to cyclic direction of movement
to compensate for phase lag
b. The swashplate tilts in direct relationship to cyclic movement
c. The pitch change links are attached to fixed swashplate
60.The stabilizer bar dampers:
a. Cause an unstable helicopter and delayed control response if they are too
soft
b. Cause an unstable helicopter and excessive control response if they
are too hard
c. Are installed to dampen vibrations

61.A minimum friction clamp is fitted to the collective lever torque tube. Its purpose
is to:
a. Eliminate the need for an adjustable friction clamp on the collective lever
b. Eliminate collective bounce
c. Supplement the friction applied by the adjustable friction nuts on the pilot’s
and Co-pilot’s collective lever

62.A teetering rotor head is usually:

a. A number of blades each flapping at its root end on the flapping hinge
b. A rotor head set off to one side
c. Two blades, semi-rigid, one flapping up and the other down with no
separate flapping hinges

63.Coriolis effect on a helicopter means:

a. The blade which flaps down will accelerate
b. The blade which flaps up will accelerate
c. When changing, with power on, from hover to descending the blades will
accelerate

64.Some main rotor blades are built with a twist, this is to:
a. Make the blade stronger
b. Make the trailing edge of the blade give more lift than make the front of the
blade
c. Make the lift more even throughout the length of the blade

65.A semi-rigid main rotor head can move by:

a. Flapping, dragging and pitch change
b. Flapping, and pitch change only
c. Pitch change only

66.What is the purpose of flapping restrainers, fitted to helicopters?

a. To restrict the flapping of a blade at low R.P.M.
b. To restrict the flapping of a blade in flight
c. To control the speed a blade flaps during flight
67.Rotor blades are subjected to:
a. Lift, Centrifugal force, weight and drag
b. Thrust, drag, weight
c. Lift, drag, weight

68.The horizontal pin, which is fitted in the bore of the drag hinge trunnion, allows
the blade to:
a. Flap in the vertical plane
b. Drag in the horizontal plane
c. Change pitch

69.To counteract the effect of blade sailing:

a. Flapping restrainers are fitted
b. Droop restrainers are fitted
c. Flapping and droop restrainers are fitted

70.The purpose of the mixer unit is to:

a. Permit collective movement to be superimposed on cyclic movement
and vice-versa
b. To enable both engines to be controlled from a single lever
c. To ensure that as the collective is raised, the star assembly tilts progressively
to port

71.The main rotor drive shaft on most helicopters is tilted forward:

a. To offset the tendency of the aircraft to drift sideways
b. To ensure a substantially level attitude in forward translational
flight
c. To give a greater angle to the rotor tilt to overcome the tendency of the disc
to flap back under dissymmetry of lift

72.Centrifugal Turning Moment in a tail rotor tilt to overcome in the event of a

reversion to manual control by:
a. The addition of counterweight assemblies attached to the
feathering sleeves
b. Fitting a Delta 3 hinge
c. By allowing the blades to move from a positive angle of attack through to a
negative angle of attack

73.In the starflex main rotor assembly, when the blade moves in the flapping plane,
all movement is achieved by:
a. Flexing of the star arm only
b. Flexing of the star arm and elastic distorsion of the spherical thrust
bearing
c. By the elastic distorsion of the spherical thrust bearing only
74. The laminated spherical thrust bearing in the starflex main rotor head only
distorts:
a. When pitch changes are applied
b. When dragging forces are applied
c. When pitch changes, dragging and flapping movements occur.

75.The starflex main rotor head absorbs centrifugal force by:

a. Tension-Torsion strap installed in the rotor head
b. Steel ball bearing
c. Elastomeric spherical thrust bearing becoming rigid under
compression load

76.The pitch change mechanism in the tail rotor incorporates:

a. A rotating pitch change control rod which also moves axially inside
the drive shaft
b. A rotating pitch change control rod which also moves axially outside the drive
shaft
c. A K-coupling for the tail rotor thrust force variation

77.Pitch horns are located on:

a. The lead side of the blades
b. The “trail” side of the blades
c. Top of the blades

78.When tail rotor blades flap, an automatic pitch change takes place. This is
because:
a. Of the sleeve/spindle assembly on which each blade is mounted
b. Because of the 90° hinge fitted at the blade root end
c. The pitch link connection is outboard of the point of flap motion and
producing a K-coupling

79.Counter-weights fitted to blade sleeves will exert a movement to try to:

a. Reduce the blade pitch
b. Increase the blade pitch
c. Maintain the blade pitch constant

80.Spanwise balancing of rotor blades can be achieved by:

a. Removing weights from pitch horn attachment bolts
b. Adding weights to the blade tip
c. By sweeping the blade fore or aft
81.Chip detectors are installed in the gearboxes to monitor for:
a. Broken gear teeth in the assembly
b. Metal particles in the gearbox
c. Aluminium alloy particles in the gearbox

82.When carrying out blade chordwise balance

a. Never sweep blade aft
b. It is impossible to sweep a blade in either direction on the semi-rigid rotor
c. Never sweep a blade forward

83.A vertical 1/Rev. vibration is caused by:

a. Blades out-of-track
b. Spanwise out-of-balance
c. Chordwise out-of-balance

84.For Spanwise static balance:

a. Weight may be added to blade tip pocket
b. The blade may be moved aft
c. The blade may be swept forward

85.Track may be checked in the air by the:

a. Flag method
b. Stick method
c. Strobe method

86.When a blade is said to be pre-tracked:

a. The blade may be installed without a further requirement for dynamic
balance
b. The blade is matched to a master blade in a preflown factory test
and adjustments required on installation stenciled on the blade butt
c. The blade pitch angle must never be readjusted

87.A main function of the magnetic pickup in the dynamic balance kit is to:
a. Trigger the strobex for the observation of main blade track
b. Measure the level of vibration in the main rotor head
c. Pick-up a bearing failure in the rotor head

88.Vibration in helicopters can be sensed through the use of:

a. Magnetic pick up
b. Interrupters
c. Accelerometers
89.Blade tracking is:
a. A process for accessing the level of vibration in a rotor head.
b. A process used to check that all rotor blades are travelling within
the same tip path plane.
c. A process for checking the “heading” of a helicopter in flight.

90.Which of the following tracking methods can be used for both ground and in-
flight tracking:
a. Light reflector method
b. Pre-track method
c. Stick method

91.When the flag method is used to check blade track:

a. One notch appearing, indicates that the blades are in perfect dynamic
balance.
b. One notch appearing, indicates that the blades are in track and no
adjustments will be required.
c. Two notches appearing indicates that two blades only are in track.

92.Low frequency vibrations are:

a. Associated with the main rotor which rotates in the 300 – 500
R.P.M. range.
b. Distinguished by a buzz or high pitched whine and are sometimes felt as a
tingling sensation.
c. Difficult for the maintenance engineer to identify without the use of test
equipment.

93.Different manufacturers adopt different methods of damping the basic vibrations,

these include:
a. The installation of resonant mass in rotor heads or the use of Nodal
beam damping.
b. The installation of accelerometers.
c. The pre-tracking of all rotor blades

94.Track may be adjusted by:

a. Trim tabs
b. Pitch change rods
c. Either (a) or (b) above depending on the helicopter

95.The term “Sweeping the blade” is associated with:

a. Semi-rigid rotors
b. Fully articulated rotors
c. Composite rotor blades
 96.The Balance chart:
a. Is used in conjunction with the strobex unit to check blade track.
b. Enables vibrations to be shown graphically and corrective action
determined.
c. Allows the intensity of vibration in I.P.S. to be measured.

97.There are many sources of vibration in helicopters. These include:

a. Mechanical sources e.g. rotors, drive shafts and gearbox.
b. The Nodal beam, the resonant mass and counterweights in rotor heads.
c. The cyclic and collective controls as well as the anti-torque pedals.

98.The primary objective of flying control system rigging is:

a. To ensure that when the cockpit controls e.g. cyclic, collective and yaw
pedals are set neutral, the corresponding control surfaces i.e. the rotor blades
are also set at zero pitch angles.
b. To ensure that the pilot can fly hands off the controls in cruise flights of
helicopters.
c. To obtain full and free range of movement through the system
without causing the servos to bottom.

99.Duplicate inspections must be carried out on:

a. Primary flying control systems only.
b. Collective, cyclic and tail rotor controls on helicopter airframes and also
throttle and fuel cock controls of engines only.
c. Primary controls systems on helicopter airframe and also engine
control systems plus any other controls which are interlinked in
such a manner that their malfunction could interfere adversely with
control systems operation.

100. Duplicate inspections on flying and engine control systems are required:
a. When the systems are rigged in the Hangar only.
b. On any occasion it is necessary to disturb or adjust the systems.
c. At periods specified in the maintenance manuals only.

101. Friction dampers are fitted to control systems to:

a. Permit the pilot to set the feel of his controls to his own particular
liking.
b. Lock the controls for hands off flying only.
c. Dampen friction in the flying control run.

102. Rigging pins and fixtures are supplied by helicopter manufacturers to:
a. Assist the engineer in control rigging
b. Disconnect hydraulic power assistance when control load becomes excessive
c. Lock out the artificial feel systems
103. The primary purpose of the power piston in a hydraulic servo:
a. To overcome through the use of hydraulic pressure, the aerodynamic
and mass loads of the main rotor system.
b. To overcome the mass load of the rotor system only.
c. To convert mechanical power into pressure energy.

104. In the servo control unit:

a. The Bypass valve closes when the pressure is turned on
b. The Bypass valve is directly operated by the sloppy link
c. The Bypass valve opens to bypass excessive pressure due to thermal expansion.

105. To prevent hydraulic lock in the servo jack when the primary system is
inoperative:
a. A thermal relief valve is fitted
b. A bypass valve is fitted
c. A pilot valve is fitted

106. If length of structural member is 2M and the clearance measured by feeler

gauges is 0.04 CM, the amount of bow is:
a. Within limits
b. Outside of limit
c. There is no limit to extent of bow in a tubular structural member

107. Autorotation R.P.M. is adjusted by:

a. Adjusting the pitch links equally
b. Adding weights to blade retention bolts
c. Shortening a pitch link and lengthening the other

108. Vertical vibration is usually more prominent in:

a. Hover
b. Forward speed
c. Low rotor R.P.M.

109. To determine the results of rotor system adjustments:

a. The Helicopter must be flight tested
b. Duplicate inspection must be carried out
c. Carry out symmetry check on the collective system

110. A 1/rev. vertical vibration is caused by:

a. An unbalanced rotor system, either spanwise or chordwise
b. Blades out of track
c. Low flight speed
111. A 1/rev. lateral vibration could be caused by:
a. Blades out of track
b. Low forward speed
c. A chordwise unbalance of the rotor system

112. Blade tracking is accomplished:

a. By adding weights to the blade tip
b. By sweeping the blades aft
c. To determine if both blade tips are flying in the same plane of rotation.

113. Dynamic chordwise unbalance is corrected in a two bladed rotor system by:
a. Sweeping a blade
b. Taping a blade
c. Bending a trim tab

114. How does a helicopter obtain its thrust?

a. From the rotor useful force
b. From the centrifugal force acting on the blades
c. From its flapping hinges

115. When a fully articulating rotor is slowing down the blades pivoting about their
drag hinges are:
a. Fully forward
b. Fully aft
c. In their mid position

116. Coriolis effect on a helicopter means:

a. The blade which flaps down will accelerate
b. The blade which flaps up will accelerate
c. When changing, with power on, from hover to descending the blades will
accelerate

117. Translation flight is:

a. Climbing vertically
b. Flight in any direction other than vertical
c. The control of the tail rotor by the pilot

118. Phase lag means

a. The advancing and dragging of a blade in rotation
b. A force which is applied to a rotor and its effect is not felt until 90°
later
c. A time between the mechanical movement of a pilot valve in a hydraulic jack and
the power piston moving
119. A helicopter is in the hover
a. When the rotors total useful force equals the weight force
b. When the rotors useful force is greater than the weight force
c. When the density of air above the blade is greater than air below the blade

120. The effect of the ground cushion on a helicopter is:

a. To increase the lift near the ground
b. To decrease the lift near the ground
c. To reduce the density of the air under the helicopter

121. How is dissymmetry of lift cancelled out on a tail rotor?

a. By flapping hinges
b. There is none
c. The strength of the blades take care of any dissymmetry

122. Which direction is the air flow through the main rotor in autorotation?
a. Downwards
b. Upwards
c. This depends on the position of the collective stick

123. If the resultant of the lift force and the drag force is forward of the vertical on a
main rotor blade in autorotation, blades R.P.M. is:
a. Speeding up
b. Slowing down
c. Holding steady

124. Hookes joint effect occurs:

a. When the axis of the cone of the rotor blades no longer coincides with
the axis of the rotor drive shaft
b. When the blades flap up and down about their flapping hinges
c. When collective pitch changes take place in the hover

125. A semi-rigid main rotor head can move by:

a. Flapping, dragging and pitch change
b. Flapping and pitch change only
c. Pitch change only

126. The reason for limitation of maximum forward speed on a helicopter is:
a. To ensure rotor R.P.M. is maintained at all times
b. To prevent stalling of the retreating blade
c. To ensure the helicopter operates within its pitch range
127. During autorotation, if down gust causes a decrease in rotor RPM the positive
autorotative force will
a. Move towards the tip of the blade
b. Move towards the root of the blade
c. Will not move at all

128. At high forward speeds:

a. The airflow over retreating blade will be from the trailing edge to the
leading edge at the root of the blade
b. From the leading edge to trailing edge at the root
c. From the trailing edge to leading edge at the tip

129. During flapping, the upward flapping blade will:

a. Accelerate
b. Decelerate
c. Will not accelerate or decelerate

130. To prevent blade sailing:

a. Droop and flap restrainers are fitted
b. Drag dampers are fitted
c. Blade sailing dampers are fitted

131. Blade sailing is most likely to occur:

a. During starting or stopping, low rotor RPM and gusty wind condition
b. In hover
c. In forward flight

132. To prevent dissymmetry of lift in the tail rotor

a. Flapping hinges are fitted
b. It does not affect operation of the helicopter
c. It can be corrected by movement of the rudder pedals

133. The rotor drive shaft (mast) is tilted laterally

a. To compensate for drift
b. To counteract blade sailing effect
c. To compensate for engine torque reaction

134. If the tail rotor is mounted at height below the main rotor, the helicopter will
tend to hover or land will a:
a. One skid low
b. Tail down
c. Sideways drift
135. Main rotor blades are normally twisted to ensure a fairly even lift along the
blade. The twist is:
a. High angle at the root and low angle at the tip
b. Low angle at the root and high angle at the tip
c. High angle in the middle and low angle at the root

136. In a tail rotor with a delta-three hinge, the advancing and flapping blade will
have:
a. Increased angle of attack
b. Reduced angle of attack
c. No change in angle of attack

137. The choice of aerofoil section for a rotor blade is such that:
a. It has a stable centre of pressure
b. The C. of P. moves rapidly in response to pitch change
c. The C. of P. Moves very slowly

138. A helicopter is hovering and the pilot applies right pedal. Assuming the main
rotor rotates anti-clockwise viewed from above, the helicopter will:
a. Descend unless the pilot applies more collective pitch
b. Ascend
c. Descend unless the pilot inches his throttle open

139. A helicopter has a main rotor which rotates anti-clockwise viewed from above
and is fitted with an anti-torque tail rotor. It will tend to drift sideways:
a. To starboard whichever side the tail rotor is fitted
b. To port if the tail rotor is mounted on the right side of the aircraft
c. To port if the tail rotor is mounted on the left side of the aircraft

140. If the helicopter is required to move sideways to port to move into position for
load-lifting, the pilot will:
a. Apply left cyclic, right pedal and close throttle slightly
b. Apply left cyclic, left pedal and raise collective slightly
c. Apply left cyclic, left pedal and lower collective slightly

141. Autorotative force is:

a. The rate of descent in autorotation required to maintain lift
b. The resultant of lift and drag forces on the blades during an
autorotative descent
c. The force the pilot must apply to the collective to prevent it rising during the
descent
 142. If the C of G of a helicopter is aft of its permitted range
a. It will have no noticeable effect
b. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum forward speed
c. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum rearward speed

143. As a helicopter accelerates in forward flight above approximately 15 knots

a. Less power will be required because the rotor profile drag is reduced
b. More power will be required because the rotor R.P.M are increasing
c. Less power will be required because the addition of translational lift,
and the reduction of rotor induced drag

144. A teetering rotor head is usually:

a. A number of blades each flapping at its root and on the flapping hinge
b. A rotor head set off to one side
c. Two blades semi-rigid one flapping up and the other down with no
separate flapping hinges

145. Movement of the collective stick will:

a. Alter the pitch of the advancing blades more than the retreating blades
b. Alter the pitch on all blades equally
c. Tilt the swashplate forward

146. The reason for fitting a tail rotor on a helicopter is:

a. To counteract engine torque
b. To prevent sideways drift
c. To ensure thrust is in the same direction as the couple produced by engine
torque

147. The pitch on a puller tail rotor in forward flight with the pedals neutral is:
a. In neutral
b. In positive pitch
c. In negative pitch

148. Why is a freewheel unit are necessary on a helicopter transmission system?

a. To enable the engine to be started
b. So that when the helicopter is in forward flight the freewheel unit take the load
c. In the event of an engine failure the rotor will continue to turn

149. Why are clutches used on piston engined helicopters?

a. To be able to disengage the rotor by the pilot when necessary
b. To enable the engine to be started before the rotor is fully engaged
c. When the pilot operates the clutch it brings in the freewheel unit
150. Are droop stops in or out during flight?
a. In forward flight-in
b. In
c. out

151. What defects could possibly cause a helicopter to go into ground resonance?
a. Out of balance rotor and incorrectly filled oleos
b. Hovering too close to the ground
c. Tail rotor out of balance

152. Helicopter power assisted controls usually means:

a. Control system assisted by heavy springs
b. Control system assisted by electrical power
c. Control system assisted by hydraulic power jacks

153. Tracking on a helicopter means:

a. That the tip of the blades pass approximately through the same plane
b. That the blades must all have the same pretrack number, or they should be
rejected
c. That the blades are subjected to a check with a straight edge along their leading
edges

154. A swashplate is used for:

a. Controlling the dragging of a blade
b. Taking the loads of the rotor away from the flying controls
c. Transmitting stationary control movement to rotating control
movement

155. Some helicopter have stabilizer bars, they are:

a. Connected through linkage to the rotating swashplate and rotor
blades
b. Connected to the swashplate and pilots controls
c. Fixed to the pitch change mechanism only

156. In a swashplate mechanism how many actuators are required to move the
whole mechanism:
a. 1 Actuator
b. 2 Actuators
c. 3 Actuators
157. In the swashplate mechanism:
a. The rotating scissors drives the upper swashplate from the drive shaft
while the lower stationary scissors prevents the lower swashplate rotating
b. The upper rotating scissors drives the driveshaft (mast) while the lower
stationary scissors prevents the lower swashplate rotating
c. The lower swashplate drives the upper swashplate in rotation

158. In a gas turbine powered helicopter, for autorotation to take place you will need:
a. No freewheeling unit
b. A freewheeling unit and a clutch between the engine and the rotor system
c. A freewheeling unit between the rotor system and the engine

159. In a semi-rigid see saw (fully teetering head):

a. The blades have flapping and drag hinges
b. Have drag hinges but no flapping hinges
c. No flapping or drag hinges, but mounted on a gimbal so that it can flap
as a unit

160. Drag dampers are fitted to:

a. Control the rate of hunting and limit the range of movement about the
drag hinge
b. Control the rate of oscillatory movement about the horizontal hinge
c. Dampen out vertical vibration in rotor heads

161. A rigid rotor head:

a. Has a flapping and drag hinge
b. Has no flapping and drag hinges but flexible root elements
c. Is mounted on a gimbal so that it can flap as a unit

162. Following work on a control system that alters the aircraft attitude:
a. A flight that is required
b. A duplicate inspection is mandatory
c. An entry must be made in the engine log book

163. Flexible shaft couplings:

a. Allow for airframe flexing during flight which could cause transmission
system components to run of true
b. Allow for expansion of shaft due to heat
c. Allow for the correct fitment of shafts to airframe to correctly align shafts on the
same waterline
164. The mixing unit permits:
a. Yaw control to be superimposed on to collective control
b. Cyclic control to be superimposed on the yaw control and vice versa
c. Cyclic control to be superimposed on to the collective control and vice
versa

165. When the cyclic stick is moved laterally:

a. All the three main servos move
b. Only one main servo unit moves
c. Two main servo units move

166. When the cyclic is moved longitudinally (fore and aft)

a. Only the pitch servo moves
b. Only the roll servos move
c. All three servos move

167. Cyclic stick friction is often provided by:

a. A friction cup which board against an inner friction ball
b. A friction cup inside a cap which board against an inner cup
c. Non-adjustable minimum friction clamps

168. During control system rigging, the main rotor head must be:
a. Leveled to the mast and swashplate assembly by a rigging fixture
b. Perpendicular to the mast and level to the swashplate assembly by a
rigging fixture
c. Held tilted forward by a rigging pin

169. Adjustments to the flight control during rigging are achieved by:
a. Lengthening the push-pull rods which reduces blades pitch
b. Shortening the push-pull rods which increases blades pitch
c. By lengthening or shortening the push-pull rods

170. The range of movement adjustments of the control system are achieved:
a. At the control travel limit stops
b. By the friction lock
c. By fitting pins

171. Lowering the collective lever causes the swashplate assembly to:
a. Move up
b. Remain stationary
c. Move down
172. To prevent collective bounce, minimum collective friction is adjusted by:
a. Clamps on the collective jackshaft
b. Friction control knob at the base of the collective lever
c. Using collective brake

173. The force gradient unit is used to:

a. Provide artificial feel in the control run
b. To lock the controls
c. Adjust minimum friction in the control run

174. Magnetic brakes are:

a. Electrically energised when force trim switch on the cyclic in depressed
b. Electrically de-energised when force trim switch on the cyclic is
depressed
c. Used to lock collective control

175. Without assistance from the dampers, the stabilizer bar:

a. Will never move out of the original plane of rotation
b. Will move out of the original plane of rotation but movement will be fast
c. Will move out of the original plane of rotation but movement will be
slower

176. Windows are provided on each stabilizer bar hydraulic dampers to:
a. Observe fluid level only
b. Observe fluid level and indicator pin
c. Observe corrosion in the dampers

177. During stabilizer bar damper timing check, a soft damper is indicated by:
a. Slow return of pin to neutral
b. Fast return of pin to neutral
c. Pin maintaining its position

178. A soft stabilizer bar damper would result in:

a. An unstable helicopter and a delayed control response
b. A stable helicopter and a delayed control response
c. A stable helicopter and a fast control response

179. Hard damper (stabilizer bar) will result in:

a. Quicker stabilizer to most following time
b. Fast return of indicator pin
c. Longer stabilizer bar to most following time
180. In the starflex main rotor assembly, when the blade moves in the flapping plane,
all movement is achieved by:
a. Flexing of the star arm only
b. Flexing of the star arm and elastic distorsion of the spherical thrust
bearing
c. By the elastic distorsion of the spherical thrust bearing only

181. The laminated spherical thrust bearing in the starflex main rotor head only
distorts:
a. When pitch changes are applied
b. When dragging forces are applied
c. When pitch changes, dragging and flapping movements occur

182. The starflex main rotor absorbs centrifugal force by:

a. Tension-torsion strap installed in the rotor head
b. Steel ball bearing
c. Elastomeric spherical thrust bearing becoming rigid under
compression load

183. The pitch change mechanism in the tail rotor incorporates:

a. A rotating pitch change control rod which also moves axially inside the
drive shaft
b. A rotating pitch change control rod which also moves axially outside the drive
shaft
c. A k-coupling for the tail rotor thrust force variation

184. Pitch horns are located on:

a. The lead side of the blades
b. The trail side of the blades
c. Top of the blades

185. When tail rotor blades flap, an automatic pitch change takes place. This is
because:
a. Of the sleeve spindle assembly on which each blades is mounted
b. Because of the 90° hinge fitted at the blade root end
c. The pitch link connection is outboard of the point of flap motion and
producing a K-coupling

186. Counter-weights fitted to blade sleeves will exert a movement to try to:
a. Reduce the blade pitch
b. Increase the blade
c. Maintain the blade pitch constant
187. Spanwise balancing of rotor blades can be achieved by:
a. Removing weights from pitch horn attachment bolts
b. Adding weights to the blade tip
c. By sweeping the blade fore or aft

188. The following components are driven from the main gear box accessory drivers
casing:
a. One DC. generator, rotor tacho-generator, oil pump primary hydraulic pump and
host hydraulic pump
b. Rotor tacho-generator, oil pump, primary hydraulic pump, boost hydraulic pump
c. Rotor tacho-generator, oil pump, and primary hydraulic pump

189. The main transmission lubrication system has:

a. One pressure pump and no scavenge pump
b. One pressure pump and one scavenge pump
c. One pressure pump and three scavenge pump

190. Pressure regulation of the gear box all system is achieved by:
a. Two relief valves in the oil cooler
b. A bypass valve filled to the pressure filter assembly
c.

191. The purpose of intermediate gearbox is to:

a. Change the speed of drive
b. Change direction of rotation
c. Change the engine of drive

192. Chip detectors are installed in the gearbox to monitor for:

a. Broken gear teeth in the assembly
b. Ferrous particles in the gearbox
c. Aluminium alloy particles in the gearbox

193. The balance chart:

a. Is used in conjunction with the vibrex unit to check blade track
b. Enables vibrations to be shown graphically and corrective motion
determined
c. Allows the intensity of vibration in I.P.S. to be monitored

194. Angle of attack is:

a. The angle between the plane of rotation and the vertical axis
b. The angle between the chordline and the relative airflow
c. The angle between the blade and the tip path plane
195. The disc area is:
a. The area swept by the rotor blades
b. The area of maximum downwash
c. The total area of the rotor blades

196. The flapping hinge allows movement of the blades:

a. About a vertical axis
b. Around a horizontal axis
c. About the lateral axis

197. The collective lever moves all the blades:

a. Down in the advancing sector
b. Down in the rear of the rotor disc
c. By the same amount simultaneously

198. A fully articulated rotor head allows the blades to:

a. Flap, drag, change pitch
b. Change pitch, droop, flap
c. Flap, sail, change pitch

199. Flap back of the rotor disc is cause by:

a. Rapid cyclic control movement
b. Dissymmetry of lift
c. Cyclic feathering

200. Rotor useful force is:

a. The lift produced by all the blades acting through one point
b. The total lift produced by one blade during one revolution
c. The resultant of lift and drag

201. Parasitic drag will increase:

a. In relation to the aircrafts forward speed
b. As the square of rotor useful force
c. In relation to blade pitch angle

202. Blade loading is:

a. The ratio between all up weight and blade solidity
b. The ratio between all up weight and disc area
c. The ratio between all up weight and total blade area

203. The rotor blade section is symmetrical to ensure:

a. Centre of pressure stays near to the leading edge
b. A relative stable centre of pressure is maintained
c. A stable centre of gravity is maintained
204. The rotor blades will flap to equality when:
a. All the blades are at the same angle of attack
b. The retreating blade is over the tail cone
c. The helicopter is a translational flight

205. The airflow through a main rotor under power is:

a. Down through the blades
b. At right angles to the axis of rotation
c. Upwards through the blades

206. Vortex ring conditions cause:

a. Increased lift in translational flight
b. Vibration, loss of lift and decrease in rotor R.P.M.
c. Increase in rotor R.P.M. during autorotation

207. Due to main rotor shaft tilt most helicopter will hover in:
a. A nose down attitude
b. A level attitude
c. A tail down attitude

208. During high speed forward flight more power is required:

a. To overcome the increases in form drag experienced
b. To offset the increase in rotor induced drag
c. To compensate for change in C of G

209. Helicopter maximum altitude obtainable is governed by:

a. The limits set down in the flight manual
b. Air density, temperature and all up weight conditions
c. The amount of lift produced by the rotor

210. The minimum safe operating altitude in the hover is:

a. Above 300 feet and below 50 feet
b. Above 400 feet and below 100 feet
c. Above 400 feet and below 50 feet

211. If the engine fails in flight the first action of the pilot is:
a. Raise the collective to maintain altitude
b. Attempt a re-light of the engine
c. Lower the collective to maintain rotor R.P.M.
212. Ground resonance can be caused by:
a. Out of balance main rotor system
b. The effects of vortex ring state
c. Gusty wing condition

213. There are three main types of helicopter rotor control system
a. Teetering rotor, spider, swashplate
b. Swashplate, semi-rigid, teetering
c. Spider, teetering, servo assisted

214. The collective controls of a helicopter are used to:

a. Change the pitch of all the main rotor blades simultaneously
b. Alter the pitch of all the main rotor blades collectively and by the
same amount
c. Change the pitch of all the main rotor blades at the same time but by differing
amounts

215. The number of servos required to operate some types of swashplate assemblies
can be:
a. One servo
b. Two servos
c. Four servos

216. To correct a spanwise out-of-balance condition on a tail rotor blade, weights are
normally added at:
a. The blade root
b. The blade attachment bolts
c. The pitch change bracket

217.
a. Outboard of the flapping axis
b. Forward of the pitch change axis
c. Forward of the flapping axis

218. On a fully articulated rotor head the hinge that allows blade movement about a
horizontal axis is called the:
a. Drag hinge
b. Flapping hinge
c. Pitch change hinge

219. The main spar rovings of a composite blade will be laid:

a. At + 45°
b. At + 60°
c. Uni-directional spanwise
220. One advantage of most composite blades is that they:
a. Are lifted ‘on condition’
b. Do not require tracking
c. Do not fatigue

221. Main rotor in-flight track is adjusted by altering:

a. The trim tabs
b. The pitch change rods
c. Tabs or pitch change rods or both

222. Vibrations stimulated by aerodynamic forces acting on the main rotor are mainly
of:
a. Low frequency
b. High frequency
c. Medium frequency

223. Tail rotors do not require drag hinges as the effects of drag are minimal because:
a. There’s no dissymmetry of lift as on the main rotor
b. They are not affected by Coriolis effect
c. They do not have cyclic pitch changes

224. Coriolis effect can be eliminated in two bladed rotor systems by:
a. Preconing and the use of an underslung flapping axis
b. Preconing and also an underslung feathering axis
c. Preconing and underslung pitch change sleeve

225. Semi rigid two bladed rotors like the Bell 212, absorb changes in blade drag by:
a. Fitting individual blade drag hinges
b. Allowing the rotor head yolk to flex
c. A robust and rigid yolk assembly and the use of drag braces

226. A conical type elastomeric bearing will be capable of absorbing:

a. High radial and high compression loads
b. High axial compression loads only
c. High radial shear loads only

227. Flight stress loads in a multi bladed bearingless rotor system are relieved by:
a. Allowing the blades and hub to flex
b. By using elastomeric type bearings
c. Absorbing all loads in a robust and rigid hub assembly
228. Rotor blade alignment is a common maintenance practice on:
a. Semi-rigid two bladed rotors
b. All rotor system
c. Rigid multi-rotor systems

229. One disadvantage of elastomeric bearings over a conventional bearing is that

they:
a. Have to be larger to carry the same load
b. Need to be dismantled for inspection
c. Generally have a shorter ‘in-service’ life

230. A blade damper malfunction would probably cause:

a. Low frequency vertical vibration
b. Low frequency lateral vibration
c. An increase in vibration with an increase in forward airspeed

231. The bearing ‘stack’ inside a sleeve and spindle of a tail rotor would consist of:
a. Roller thrust bearings
b. Needle roller bearings
c. Ball thrust bearings

232. A friction lock is usually fitted to the collective control lever to:
a. Reduce control vibration
b. Allow the pilot to adjust the feel of the control
c. Prevent excessive friction in the system

233. To change the position of the control range of movement, adjustments are
normally made:
a. On an adjustable bellcrank
b. On the appropriate adjustable push-pull rod
c. On a turnbuckle

234. Some two bladed rotors are fitted with a drag brace which:
a. Prevents in-plane oscillations of the blade
b. Allows the blades to be aligned and prevents blade lead lag
c. Absorbs blade drag loads

235. Generally speaking as the angle of attack of an aerofoil section increase the
centre of pressure:
a. Moves out toward the tip
b. Moves forward toward the leading edge
c. Moves outwards toward the trailing edge
236. As the air flows over the upper surface of an aerofoil:
a. Its speed increases and total pressure decreases
b. Its speed increases and static pressure decreases
c. Its speed decreases and static pressure decreases

237. The centre of pressure of an aerofoil is:

a. The point where pressure on undersurface is higher
b. The points where pressure on the undersurface is to west
c. The points on the chord line where the resultant force acts

238. If the relative airspeed over a rotor blade at constant angle of attack is doubled:
a. The lift will be double
b. The lift will be four times
c. The lift will increase eight times

239. Angle of attack on a main rotor blade is:

a. The angle between line and horizontal axis of the rotor head
b. The angle between chord line and relative airflow
c. The angle between chord line and total lift vector

240. Ground cushion effect is given by:

a. Recirculatory air giving additional lift
b. Increase pressure under the fuselage
c. Increase air density under the main rotor

241. The chord of aerofoil section:

a. Is the distance between the centre of leading and trailing edges
b. Is the curvature of the cambered surface
c. Is the distance between the upper and lower surfaces in the widest point

242. The choice of aerofoil section for a rotor blade is such that:
a. It has a stable centre of pressure
b. The centre of pressure moves rapidly in response to pitch change
c. The centre of pressure moves very slowly

243. An helicopter main rotor blade is twisted from root to tip:

a. To equalize lift along the blade
b. To permit the blade to straighten under aerodynamic load
c. To give blade additional strength
244. Oscillation of the main rotor blade in the vertical plane around the horizontal
hinge is called:
a. Dragging
b. Flapping
c. Feathering

245. Oscillation of the blade in horizontal plane about the vertical hinge is called:
a. Flapping
b. Feathering
c. Dragging

246. In a helicopter powered by a gas turbine engine:

a. A throttle twist grip is incorporated to accomplish a change in power required
with collective pitch
b. The power requirement change is automatically compensated for by
either an Nf governor or an anticipator unit which feed in a signal
proportional to collective movement
c. The power requirement change is compensated for by a speed

247. Semi rigid rotor head:

a. Is one that can drag, flap and change feathering angle
b. Has a hub manufactured as one complete unit
c. Has no individual flapping or drag hinge

248. Drag damper are fitted on some rotor head:

a. To prevent blade sailing taking place
b. To control and limit the rate of drag of blade
c. To absorb stresses at the rotor end of blade due to oscillation around the
horizontal hinge

249. The airflow over part of the main rotor will be in the reverse direction
a. In the vortex ring state
b. Under ground cushion effect
c. At high forward speed

250. An increase in air density will result in:

a. Less lift being developed by main rotor
b. More lift being developed by main rotor
c. No change in amount of lift being developed by main rotor
251. A Helicopter is hovering and the Pilot applied right pedal, assuming the main
rotor rotates anti-clockwise viewed from above, the helicopter will:
a. Descend unless the pilot applied more collective pitch
b. Ascend
c. Descend unless pilot inches throttle open

252. A Helicopter has a main rotor which rotates anticlockwise viewed from above
and is fitted with an anti-torque tail rotor. It will tend to drift:
a. To starboard whichever side the tail rotor is fitted
b. To port if the tail rotor is mounted on the right side of the aircraft
c. To the port if the tail rotor is mounted on the left side of the aircraft

253. The approximate altitude at which Ground Cushion effect is at its most effective
is:
a. Half the main rotor diameter
b. Twice the main rotor diameter
c. Half the fuselage length

254. If the C.G. of helicopter is aft of permitted range:

a. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum forward speed
b. It will have no noticeable effect
c. It will prevent the pilot from attaining maximum rearward speed

255. A helicopter tail rotor is fitted to:

a. Permit the helicopter to turn on the spot
b. Counteract rotor torque and provide rapid turn facilities
c. Counteract engine torque and provide normal directional control

256. The pitch angle of the tail rotor blades is controllable from positive through
neutral and into negative to provide:
a. Maximum rate of turn under all flight condition
b. Full directional control during flight with power
c. Normal directional control during an autorotative descent

257. Dissymmetry of lift in a helicopter main rotor is counteracted by:

a. Permitting the rotor to flap back
b. Cyclic feathering
c. Bias of the cyclic stick to port
258. Advance angle of a helicopter main rotor is:
a. A degree of angle by which the input or the pitch change arm leads the
blade
b. The degree of pitch angle required to make the helicopter advance in
translational flight
c. The degree of pitch angle on the advancing blade required for phase lag

259. Phase lag causes the following condition in the main rotor:
a. Maximum flap is achieved 90° before maximum pitch is applied
b. Maximum flap is achieved on the opposite side of the disc to that on which
maximum pitch is applied
c. Maximum pitch is applied 90° before the full effect in terms of blade
flap is achieved

260. Maximum forward speed is achieved when:

a. The engine is at maximum R.P.M.
b. Cyclic control is no longer available to overcome disc flap back
c. The main rotor R.P.M. are at maximum

261. As the helicopter accelerates in forward flight above approximately 15 knots

a. Less power will be required because the rotor R.P.M. are increasing
b. More power will be required because the rotor R.P.M. are increasing
c. Less power will be required because of the additional translational lift
and the reduction of rotor induced drag

262. When a helicopter with main rotor relating anti-clockwise viewed from above
moves in rearward flight, maximum pitch is applied:
a. 90° to the right of the aircraft longitudinal axis
b. 90° to the left of the aircraft longitudinal axis
c. 90° forward of the aircraft lateral axis

263. With the tail rotor pedals in neutral, tail rotor blade pitch will be:
a. Neutral
b. Negative
c. Positive

264. The most important factor which limit forward speed of helicopter:
a. An inability to increase rotor R.P.M.
b. An inability to overcome total drag
c. Stalling of the retreating blade in the main rotor
265. Dissymmetry of lift in a helicopter main rotor is counteracted by:
a. Permitting the rotor to flap back
b. Cyclic feathering
c. Bias of the cyclic stick to port