North America

9/9/23, 8:21 PM North America - Wikipedia
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere.[b] North
North America
America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America
and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Canada, the Caribbean, Central
America, Greenland, Mexico, and the United States.
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), representing
approximately 16.5% of the Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after
Asia and Africa, and the fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. As of 2013, North America's
population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. In
human geography and in the English-speaking world outside the United States, particularly in Canada, the terms "North
America" and "North American" are typically defined as including just Canada and the United States.[6][7][8][9][10]
The first human populations reached North America during the Last Glacial Period approximately 20,000 to 17,000 years
ago, during which they crossed the Bering land bridge in the Bering Strait on their way to reaching North America. The
Paleo-Indian period in North America followed the Last Glacial Period, and lasted until about 10,000 years ago when the Area 24,709,000 km2
Archaic period began. The classic stage followed the Archaic period, and lasted from approximately the 6th to 13th (9,540,000 sq mi) (3rd)
centuries. Beginning in 1000 AD, the Norse were the first Europeans to begin exploring and ultimately colonizing areas of Population 592,296,233 (2021; 4th)
North America.
Population 25.7/km2 (66.4/sq mi) (2021)[a]
In 1492, the exploratory voyages of Christopher Columbus led to a transatlantic exchange, including migrations of density
European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the early modern period. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect GDP (PPP) $30.61 trillion (2022 est.; 2nd)[1]
interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves, immigrants from Europe, Asia, and
descendants of these respective groups. GDP (nominal) $29.01 trillion (2022 est.; 2nd)[2]
GDP per capita $57,410 (2022 est.; 2nd)[3]
Europe's colonization in North America led to most North Americans speaking European languages, including English,
Spanish, and French, and the cultures of the region commonly reflect Western traditions. However, relatively small parts of Religions Christianity (74.6%)[4]
North America in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America have indigenous populations that continue No religion (19.2%)[4]
adhering to their respective pre-European colonial cultural and linguistic traditions. Judaism (1.6%)[4]
Islam (1.3%)[4]
Name Hinduism (1.2%)[4]
Other (2.1%)[4]
The Americas were named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller Demonym North American
and Matthias Ringmann.[11] Vespucci explored South America between 1497 and 1502, and was the first European to
Countries 23 sovereign states
suggest that the Americas represented a landmass not then known to Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller published a world
map, and placed the word "America" on the continent of present-day South America.[12] The continent north of present-day Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories
Mexico was then referred to as Parias.[13] On a 1553 world map published by Petrus Apianus,[14] North America was called Languages English, Spanish, French,
"Baccalearum", meaning "realm of the Cod fish", in reference to the abundance of cod fish on the East Coast.[15] Dutch, Danish, indigenous
languages, and many others
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America 1/29
Waldseemüller used the Latin version of Vespucci's name, Americus Vespucius, in its feminine form of "America", following Time zones UTC−10:00 to UTC±00:00
the examples of "Europa", "Asia", and "Africa". Map makers later extended the name America to North America.
Largest cities List of urban areas:[5]
In 1538, Gerardus Mercator used the term America on his world map of the entire Western Hemisphere.[16] On his Mexico City · New York City ·
subsequent 1569 map, Mercator called North America "America or New India" (America sive India Nova).[17] Los Angeles · Chicago · Boston
· Toronto · Dallas–Fort Worth ·
The Spanish Empire called its territories in North and South America "Las Indias", and the name given to the state body San Francisco Bay Area ·
that oversaw the region was called the Council of the Indies. Houston · Miami · Philadelphia
UN M49 code 003 – North America
Definitions 019 – Americas
001 – World
The United Nations and its statistics division recognize North America as including three regions: Northern America,
Central America, and the Caribbean.[18] "Northern America" is a distinct term from "North America", excluding Central America, which
itself may or may not include Mexico. In the limited context of regional trade agreements, the term is used to reference three nations,
Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and the countries of Latin America use a six-continent model, with the Americas
viewed as a single continent and North America designating a subcontinent comprising Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Saint
Pierre and Miquelon (politically part of France), and often including Greenland and Bermuda.[19][20][21][22][23]
North America has historically been known by other names, including Spanish North America, New Spain, and Northern America, the
first official name given to Mexico.[24]
A map of North America's physical,
political, and population
Regions characteristics as of 2018
North America includes several regions and subregions, each of which have their own respective cultural, economic, and geographic
regions. Economic regions include several regions formalized in 20th and 21st century trade agreements, including NAFTA between
Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and CAFTA between Central America, the Dominican Republic, and the United States.
North America is divided linguistically and culturally into two primary regions, Anglo-America and Latin America. Anglo-America
includes most of North America, Belize, and Caribbean islands with English-speaking populations, though subnational entities,
including Louisiana and Quebec, have large Francophone populations; in Quebec, French is the official language.[25].
The southern portion of North America includes Central America and non-English speaking Caribbean nations.[26][27] The north of the
continent maintains recognized regions as well. In contrast to the common definition of North America, which encompasses the whole
North American continent, the term "North America" is sometimes used more narrowly to refer only to four nations, Canada, A 1621 map of North America
Greenland, Mexico, and the U.S.[28][29][30][31][32]
The term Northern America refers to the northernmost countries and territories of North America: the U.S., Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, and St. Pierre and
Miquelon.[33][34] Although the term does not refer to a unified region,[35] Middle America includes Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.[36]
North America's largest countries by land area are Canada and the U.S., both of which have well-defined and recognized subregions. In
Canada, these include (from east to west) Atlantic Canada, Central Canada, Canadian Prairies, the British Columbia Coast, and
Northern Canada. In the U.S., they include New England, the Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic states, East North Central states, West North
Central states, East South Central states, West South Central states, Mountain states, and Pacific states. The Great Lakes region and the
Pacific Northwest include areas in both Canada and the U.S.
Countries, dependencies, and other territories
A 2005 NASA satellite image of

North America
Population Population
Arms Flag Country / Territory[37][38][39] Area[40] Capital Name(s) in official language(s) ISO 3166-1
(2021)[41][42] density
Anguilla 91 km2 15,753 164.8/km2 The Valley Anguilla AIA

(United Kingdom) (35 sq mi) (427/sq mi)
Antigua and Barbuda 442 km2 93,219 199.1/km2 St. John's Antigua and Barbuda ATG
(171 sq mi) (516/sq mi)
Aruba 180 km2 106,537 594.4/km2 Oranjestad Aruba ABW

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)[c] (69 sq mi) (1,539/sq mi)
13,943 km2 24.5/km2
The Bahamas[d] 407,906 Nassau Bahamas BHS
(5,383 sq mi) (63/sq mi)
Barbados 430 km2 281,200 595.3/km2 Bridgetown Barbados BRB

(170 sq mi) (1,542/sq mi)
Belize 22,966 km2 400,031 13.4/km2 Belmopan Belize BLZ

(8,867 sq mi) (35/sq mi)
Bermuda 54 km2 64,185 1,203.7/km2 Hamilton Bermuda BMU

(United Kingdom) (21 sq mi) (3,118/sq mi)
Bonaire 294 km2 12,093 41.1/km2 Kralendijk Boneiru BES

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)[c][43] (114 sq mi) (106/sq mi)
British Virgin Islands 151 km2 31,122 152.3/km2 Road Town British Virgin Islands VGB
Canada 9,984,670 km2 38,155,012 3.7/km2 Ottawa Canada CAN

(3,855,100 sq mi) (9.6/sq mi)
Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

(9,459,887 sq mi) (57/sq mi)
(2021)[41][42] density
Cayman Islands 264 km2 68,136 212.1/km2 George Town Cayman Islands CYM
Clipperton Island (France) 6 km2 0 0/km2 — Île de Clipperton CPT

(2.3 sq mi) (0/sq mi)
Costa Rica 51,100 km2 5,153,957 89.6/km2 San José Costa Rica CRI
(19,700 sq mi) (232/sq mi)
Cuba 109,886 km2 11,256,372 102.0/km2 Havana Cuba CUB

(42,427 sq mi) (264/sq mi)
Curaçao 444 km2 190,338 317.1/km2 Willemstad Kòrsou CUW

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)[c] (171 sq mi) (821/sq mi)
Dominica 751 km2 72,412 89.2/km2 Roseau Dominica DMA

(290 sq mi) (231/sq mi)
Dominican Republic 48,671 km2 11,117,873 207.3/km2 Santo Domingo República Dominicana DOM
(18,792 sq mi) (537/sq mi)
El Salvador 21,041 km2 6,314,167 293.0/km2 San Salvador El Salvador SLV

(8,124 sq mi) (759/sq mi)
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela 342 km2 2,155 6.3/km2 Gran Roque Dependencias Federales de Venezuela VEN-W
(Venezuela) (132 sq mi) (16/sq mi)
Greenland 2,166,086 km2 56,243 0.026/km2 Nuuk Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland GRL

(Kingdom of Denmark) (836,330 sq mi) (0.067/sq mi)
Grenada 344 km2 124,610 302.3/km2 St. George's Gwinàd GRD

(133 sq mi) (783/sq mi)
Guadeloupe 1,628 km2 396,051 246.7/km2 Basse-Terre Gwadloup GLP

(France) (629 sq mi) (639/sq mi)
Guatemala 108,889 km2 17,608,483 128.8/km2 Guatemala City Guatemala GTM

(42,042 sq mi) (334/sq mi)
Haiti 27,750 km2 11,447,569 361.5/km2 Port-au-Prince Ayiti/Haïti HTI

(10,710 sq mi) (936/sq mi)
Honduras 112,492 km2 10,278,345 66.4/km2 Tegucigalpa Honduras HND

(43,433 sq mi) (172/sq mi)
Jamaica 10,991 km2 2,827,695 247.4/km2 Kingston Jumieka JAM

(4,244 sq mi) (641/sq mi)
Martinique 1,128 km2 368,796 352.6/km2 Fort-de-France Martinique/Matinik MTQ

Mexico 1,964,375 km2 126,705,138 57.1/km2 Mexico City México MEX
Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

(9,459,887 sq mi) (57/sq mi)
(2021)[41][42] density
(758,449 sq mi) (148/sq mi)
Montserrat 102 km2 4,417 58.8/km2 Plymouth,

Montserrat MSR
(United Kingdom) (39 sq mi) (152/sq mi) Brades[e]
Nicaragua 130,373 km2 6,850,540 44.1/km2 Managua Nicaragua NIC

(50,337 sq mi) (114/sq mi)
Nueva Esparta 1,151 km2 491,610 427.1/km2 La Asunción Nueva Esparta VEN-O

(Venezuela) (444 sq mi) (1,106/sq mi)
75,417 km2 45.8/km2
Panama[c][f] 4,351,267 Panama City Panamá PAN
(29,119 sq mi) (119/sq mi)
Puerto Rico 8,870 km2 3,256,028 448.9/km2 San Juan Puerto Rico PRI
(United States) (3,420 sq mi) (1,163/sq mi)
Saba 13 km2 1,537 118.2/km2 The Bottom Saba BES

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)[43] (5.0 sq mi) (306/sq mi)
San Andrés and Providencia 53 km2 77,701 1,468.59/km2 San Andrés San Andrés COL-SAP
(Colombia) (20 sq mi) (3,803.6/sq mi)
Saint Barthélemy 21 km2 354.7/km2

7,448 Gustavia Saint-Barthélemy BLM
(France)[44] (8.1 sq mi)[45] (919/sq mi)
Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 km2 47,606 199.2/km2 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis KNA
(101 sq mi) (516/sq mi)
Saint Lucia 539 km2 179,651 319.1/km2 Castries Sainte-Lucie LCA

(208 sq mi) (826/sq mi)
Saint Martin 54 km2 552.2/km2

29,820 Marigot Saint-Martin MAF
(France)[44] (21 sq mi)[45] (1,430/sq mi)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 242 km2 5,883 24.8/km2 Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon SPM
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 km2 104,332 280.2/km2 Kingstown Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VCT
(150 sq mi) (726/sq mi)
Sint Eustatius 21 km2 2,739 130.4/km2 Oranjestad Sint Eustatius BES

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)[43] (8.1 sq mi) (338/sq mi)
Sint Maarten 34 km2 44,042 1,176.7/km2 Philipsburg Sint Maarten SXM

(Kingdom of the Netherlands) (13 sq mi) (3,048/sq mi)
5,130 km2 261.0/km2
Trinidad and Tobago[c] 1,525,663 Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago TTO
(1,980 sq mi) (676/sq mi)
Turks and Caicos Islands 948 km2 45,114 34.8/km2 Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) Turks and Caicos Islands TCA
(United Kingdom)[g] (366 sq mi) (90/sq mi)
Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

(9,459,887 sq mi) (57/sq mi)
(2021)[41][42] density
9,629,091 km2 32.7/km2
United States[h] 336,997,624 Washington, D.C. United States of America USA
(3,717,813 sq mi) (85/sq mi)
United States Virgin Islands 347 km2 100,091 317.0/km2 Charlotte Amalie US Virgin Islands VIR
(United States) (134 sq mi) (821/sq mi)
Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

(9,459,887 sq mi) (57/sq mi)
Natural characteristics
Geography
North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the
Americas, or simply America, which, in many countries, is considered a single continent[46][47][48] with North America a
subcontinent.[49][50][51] North America is the third-largest continent by area after Asia and Africa.[52][53]
North America's only land connection to South America is in present-day Panama at the Darien Gap on the Colombia-Panama border,
placing almost all of Panama within North America.[54][55][56] Alternatively, some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit
at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point.[57] The
Caribbean islands, or West Indies, are considered part of North America.[50] The continental coastline is long and irregular. The Gulf of
Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent, followed by Hudson Bay. Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the
Gulf of California.
Before the Central American isthmus formed, the region had been underwater. The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged
former land bridge, which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela. North America's landforms and land
cover depicted in a 2021 map
There are several islands off the continent's coasts; principally, the Arctic Archipelago, the Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, the Greater and
Lesser Antilles, the Aleutian Islands (some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper), the Alexander Archipelago, the many
thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast, and Newfoundland. Greenland, a self-governing Danish island, and the world's largest,
is on the same tectonic plate (the North American Plate) and is part of North America geographically. In a geologic sense, Bermuda is
not part of the Americas, but an oceanic island that was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago
(mya). The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. However, Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America,
especially given its historical, political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent.
The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate. Parts of western Mexico, including Baja California, and of
California, including the cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, and Santa Cruz, lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate, with the two plates
meeting along the San Andreas fault. The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean The Sonoran Desert in Arizona
Plate, whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier.
The continent can be divided into four great regions (each of which contains many subregions): the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic;
the geologically young, mountainous west, including the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, California and Alaska; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian
Shield in the northeast; and the varied eastern region, which includes the Appalachian Mountains, the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard, and the Florida peninsula.
Mexico, with its long plateaus and cordilleras, falls largely in the western region, although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf.
The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon,
Washington, and British Columbia, with the Great Basin—a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts—in between.
The highest peak is Denali in Alaska.
The U.S. Geographical Survey (USGS) states that the geographic center of North America is "6 miles [10 km] west of Balta, Pierce
County, North Dakota" at about 48°10′N 100°10′W, about 24 kilometers (15 mi) from Rugby, North Dakota. The USGS further states
that "No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 states,
the conterminous United States, or the North American continent."[58] Nonetheless, there is a 4.6-meter (15 ft) field stone obelisk in
Rugby claiming to mark the center. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the
nearest coastline, between Allen and Kyle, South Dakota at 43.36°N 101.97°W.[59] Moraine Lake in Banff National Park
in Alberta
Geology
Geologic history
Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during
the Proterozoic eon.[60] The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton. From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras,
North America was joined with the other modern-day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea, with Eurasia to its east. One of
Nuuk, the capital of Greenland
the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains, which formed some 480 mya, making it among the oldest
mountain ranges in the world. When Pangaea began to rift around 200 mya, North America became part of Laurasia, before it
separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period.[61] The Rockies and other western mountain ranges
began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny, between 80 and 55 mya. The
formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 mya,[62]
and the Great Lakes (as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years
ago.
North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods.[63] The geographic area that would later
become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country.[63] According to
paleontologist Peter Dodson, this is primarily due to stratigraphy, climate and geography, human resources, and history.[63] Much of
the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent.[63] The most significant Late Jurassic
dinosaur-bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western U.S.[64]
The principal water divisions in

Canada Canada, the United States, and
Mexico
Canada is geographically one of the oldest regions in the world, with more than half of the region consisting of Precambrian rocks that
have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era.[65] Canada's mineral resources are diverse and extensive.[65] Across
the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, and uranium reserves. Large diamond concentrations have been
recently developed in the Arctic,[66] making Canada one of the world's largest producers. Throughout the Shield, there are many mining towns extracting these minerals.
The largest, and best known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that
the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. Its
magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin, and so it could be a second metal-rich impact crater.[67] The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that
support an important logging industry.
United States
The lower 48 U.S. states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces:
1. The American cordillera

2. The Canadian Shield[65] Northern portion of the upper midwestern U.S.
3. The stable platform
4. The coastal plain
5. The Appalachian orogenic belt
The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera, while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a
hot spot.
A geologic map of North America

Central America
published by the U.S. Geographical
Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time. In 1976 Guatemala was hit Survey
by a major earthquake, killing 23,000 people; Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972, the
last one killing about 5,000 people; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador, one in 1986 and two in 2001; one
earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009, killing at least 34 people; in Honduras a powerful
earthquake killed seven people in 2009.
Volcanic eruptions are common in the region. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted and killed 87
people. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in
agriculturally productive highland areas.
Central America has many mountain ranges; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia,
and the Cordillera de Talamanca. Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people; in
A 2003 image of North A 2015 map of North
fact, most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala live in valleys. Valleys are also suitable for the
America's bedrock and America's cratons and
production of coffee, beans, and other crops.
terrain basement rocks
Climate
North America is a very large continent that extends from north of the Arctic Circle to south of the Tropic of Cancer. Greenland, along
with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is
composed of a very large ice sheet. This tundra radiates throughout Canada, but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains (but still
contains Alaska) and at the end of the Canadian Shield, near the Great Lakes. Climate west of the Cascade Range is described as being
temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches (510 millimeters).[68] Climate in coastal California is described to be
Mediterranean, with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 °F (14 to 21 °C) over the course of the
year.[69]
Central America rests on the
Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota, and stretching down to Kansas, is the humid continental climate featuring Caribbean Plate.
intense seasons, with a large amount of annual precipitation, with places like New York City averaging 50 in (1,300 mm).[70] Starting at
the southern border of the humid continental climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico (whilst encompassing the eastern half of
Texas) is the humid subtropical climate. This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S., with annual precipitation reaching 67 in (1,700 mm) in Mobile, Alabama.[71]
Stretching from the borders of the humid continental and subtropical climates, and going west to the Sierra Nevada, south to the southern tip of Durango, north to the
border with tundra climate, the steppe/desert climates are the driest in the United States.[72] Highland climates cut from north to south of the continent, where subtropical
or temperate climates occur just below the tropics, as in central Mexico and Guatemala. Tropical climates appear in the island regions
and in the subcontinent's bottleneck, found in countries and states bathed by the Caribbean Sea or to the south of the Gulf of Mexico
and the Pacific Ocean.[73] Precipitation patterns vary across the region, and as such rainforest, monsoon, and savanna types can be
found, with rains and high temperatures throughout the year.
Ecology A Köppen climate classification map

of North America
Notable North American fauna include the bison, black bear, jaguar, cougar, prairie dog, turkey, pronghorn, raccoon, coyote, and
monarch butterfly.
Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco, maize, squash, tomato, sunflower, blueberry, avocado, cotton, chile pepper, and vanilla.
History
Pre-Columbian era
The indigenous peoples of the Americas have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its
creation,[74] but there is no evidence that humans evolved there.[75] The specifics of the initial settlement of the Americas by ancient
Asians are subject to ongoing research and discussion.[76] The traditional theory has been that hunters entered the Bering Land Bridge
between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska from 27,000 to 14,000 years ago.[77][78][i] A growing viewpoint is that the first
American inhabitants sailed from Beringia some 13,000 years ago,[80] with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the
Last Glacial Period, in what is known as the Late Glacial Maximum, around 12,500 years ago.[81] The oldest petroglyphs in North
America date from 15,000 to 10,000 years before present.[82][j] Genetic research and anthropology indicate additional waves of
migration from Asia via the Bering Strait during the Early-Middle Holocene.[84][85][86]
Prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonists in North America, the natives of North America were divided into many
different polities, ranging from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in several culture areas, which roughly
correspond to geographic and biological zones that defined the representative cultures and lifestyles of the indigenous people who lived
there, including the bison hunters of the Great Plains and the farmers of Mesoamerica. Native groups also are classified by their
language families, which included Athapascan and Uto-Aztecan languages. Indigenous peoples with similar languages did not always
share the same material culture, however, and were not necessarily always allies. Anthropologists speculate that the Inuit of the high
Arctic arrived in North America much later than other native groups, evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from
the archaeological record and their replacement by the Thule people.
A map of subsistence methods in
During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. One of the oldest yet discovered is the the Americas, including North
Clovis culture (c. 9550–9050 BCE) in modern New Mexico.[83] Later groups include the Mississippian culture and related Mound America, as of 1000 BCE
building cultures, found in the Mississippi River valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners. The more southern Hunter-gatherers
cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as Simple farming societies
tomatoes, squash, and maize. As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, many other cultural advances were made there. Complex agricultural societies,
The Mayans developed a writing system, built huge pyramids and temples, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero including tribal chiefdoms andr
around 400 CE.[87] civilizations
The first recorded European references to North America are in Norse sagas where it is referred to as Vinland.[88] The earliest verifiable
instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact by any European culture with the North America mainland has been dated to around 1000 CE.[89] The site, situated at the
northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland, has provided unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement.[90] Norse explorer Leif Erikson (c. 970–1020 CE) is
thought to have visited the area.[k] Erikson was the first European to make landfall on the continent (excluding Greenland).[92][93]
The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish conquistadors arrived, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the
Aztec Empire, whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés.[94]
Post-contact, 1492–1910
During the so-called Age of Discovery, Europeans explored overseas and staked claims to various parts of North America, much of
which was already settled by indigenous peoples. Upon Europeans' arrival in the "New World", indigenous peoples had a variety of
reactions, including curiosity, trading, cooperation, resignation, and resistance. The indigenous population declined substantially
following European arrival, primarily due to the introduction of Eurasian diseases, such as smallpox, to which the indigenous peoples
lacked immunity, and because of violent conflicts with Europeans.[95] Indigenous culture changed significantly and their affiliation with
political and cultural groups also changed. Several linguistic groups died out, and others changed quite quickly.
On the North America's southeastern coast, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, who had accompanied Columbus's second voyage,
visited and named in 1513 La Florida.[96] As the colonial period unfolded, Spain, England, and France appropriated and claimed A 1702 map of North America
extensive territories in North America eastern and southern coastlines. Spain established permanent settlements on the Caribbean showing forts, towns, and (in solid
islands of Hispaniola and Cuba in the 1490s, building cities, putting the resident indigenous populations to work, raising crops for colors) areas occupied by European
Spanish settlers and panning gold to enrich the Spaniards. Much of the indigenous population died due to disease and overwork, colonial settlements
spurring the Spaniards on to claim new lands and peoples. An expedition under the command of Spanish settler, Hernán Cortés, sailed
westward in 1519 to what turned out to be the mainland in Mexico. With local indigenous allies, the Spanish conquered the Aztec
empire in central Mexico in 1521. Spain then established permanent cities in Mexico, Central America, and Spanish South America in the sixteenth century. Once
Spaniards conquered the high civilization of the Aztecs and Incas, the Caribbean was a backwater of the Spanish empire.
Other European powers began to intrude on areas claimed by Spain, including the Caribbean islands. France took the western half of Hispaniola and developed Saint-
Domingue as a cane sugar producing colony worked by black slave labor. Britain took Barbados and Jamaica, and the Dutch and Danes took islands previously claimed by
Spain. Britain did not begin settling on the North American mainland until a hundred years after the first Spanish settlements, since it sought first to control nearby
Ireland.
English settlements
The first permanent English settlement was in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, followed by additional colonial establishments on the east coast from present-day Georgia in
the south to Massachusetts in the north, forming the Thirteen Colonies of British America. The English did not establish settlements north or east of the St. Lawrence
Valley in present-day Canada until after the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War. Britain's early settlements in present-day Canada included St. John's,
Newfoundland in 1630 and Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. The first permanent French settlement was in Quebec City, Quebec in 1608
Seven Years' War
With the British victory in the Seven Years' War, France in 1763 ceded to Britain its claims of North American territories east of the Mississippi River. Spain, in turn,
gained rights to the territories west of Mississippi, which then served as a border between Spain and Britain's territorial claims. French colonists settled Illinois Country
after several generations of experience on North America, migrating over the Mississippi River to regions where Spain was not present and where they were able to
leverage their earlier Louisiana French settlements around the Gulf of Mexico. These early French settlers partnered with midwest indigenous tribes, and their mixed
ancestry descendants later followed a westward expansion all the way to the Pacific Ocean on the present-day U.S. West Coast.
American Revolution
In 1776, after various attempts to reconcile differences with the British, the Thirteen Colonies in British America sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress in
Philadelphia, who unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, a member of the Committee of Five
charged by the Second Continental Congress with authoring it. In the Declaration, the thirteen colonies declared their independence from the British monarchy, then
governed by King George III, and detailed the factors that contributed to their decision. With the signing and issuance of the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen
colonies formalized and escalated the American Revolutionary War, which had begun the year before at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. Gathered
in Philadelphia following the war's outbreak, delegates from the thirteen colonies established the Continental Army from various patriot militias then engaged in resisting
the British, and appointed George Washington as the Continental Army's military commander.
As the American Revolutionary War progressed, France and Spain, both then enemies of Britain, began to ultimately see the promise of a potential American victory in the
war and began supporting Washington and the American Revolutionary cause. The British Army, in turn, was supported by Hessian military units from present-day
Germany.
In 1783, after an eight-year attempt to defeat the American rebellion, King George III acknowledged Britain's defeat in the war, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Paris
on September 3, 1783, which solidified the sovereign establishment of the United States.
Westward expansion
By the late 18th century, Russia was established on the Pacific Northwest northern coastline, where it was engaged in maritime fur trade and was supported by various
indigenous settlements in the region. As a result, the Spanish were showing more interest in controlling the trade on the Pacific coast and mapped most of its coastline. The
first Spanish settlements were attempted in Alta California during that period. Numerous overland explorations associated with voyageurs, fur trade, and U.S. led
expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark, Fremont and Wilkes expeditions, reached the Pacific.
In 1803, during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, the third U.S. president, Napoleon Bonaparte sold France's remaining North American territorial claims, which
included regions west of the Mississippi River, to the U.S., in the Louisiana Purchase. Spain and the U.S. settled their western boundary dispute in 1819 in the Adams–Onís
Treaty. Mexico fought a lengthy war for independence from Spain, winning it for Mexico (which included Central America at the time) in 1821. The U.S. sought further
westward expansion and fought the Mexican–American War, gaining a vast territory that first Spain and then Mexico claimed but which they did not effectively control.
Much of the area was in fact dominated by indigenous peoples, which did not recognize the claims of Spain, France, or the U.S. Russia sold its North American claims,
which included the present-day U.S. state of Alaska, to the U.S in 1867.
Canada and Panama Canal
In 1867, colonial settlers north of the United States, unified as the dominion of Canada. The U.S. sought to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in present-day
Panama in Central America, then a part of present-day Colombia. The U.S. aided Panamanians in a war that resulted in its separation from Colombia. The U.S.
subsequently carved out the Panama Canal Zone, and claimed sovereignty over it. After decades of work, the Panama Canal was completed, which connected the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans in 1913 and greatly facilitated global shipping navigation.
Demographics
Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations on the continent followed by Mexico, a newly
industrialized country.[97] The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human
development. For example, small Caribbean island-nations, such as Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Antigua and Barbuda, have a
higher GDP (PPP) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations. Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human
Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations.[98] Additionally, despite Greenland's vast resources in oil
and minerals, much of them remain untapped, and the island is economically dependent on fishing, tourism, and subsidies from
Denmark. Nevertheless, the island is highly developed.[99]
Demographically, North America is ethnically diverse. Its three main groups are Whites, Mestizos and Blacks.[100] There is a significant
minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups.[100]
Languages
Non-native nations' control and
The dominant languages in North America are English, Spanish, and French. Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic, claims over North America,
and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean. The term Anglo-America is used to refer to the anglophone c. 1750 to 2008
countries of the Americas: namely Canada (where English and French are co-official) and the U.S., but also sometimes Belize and parts
of the tropics, especially the Commonwealth Caribbean. Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas (generally south of the
U.S.) where the Romance languages, derived from Latin, of Spanish and Portuguese, (but French-speaking countries are not usually
included) predominate: the other republics of Central America (but not always Belize), part of the Caribbean (not the Dutch-, English-,
or French-speaking areas), Mexico, and most of South America (except Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana [France], and the Falkland
Islands [UK]).
The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions.
Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the Province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their
first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick. Other French-speaking locales include the
Province of Ontario (the official language is English, but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), the Province of Manitoba
(co-official as de jure with English), the French West Indies and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, as well as the U.S. state of Louisiana, where
French is also an official language. Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and
Native languages of the United
French. Similarly, French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English.
States, Canada, Greenland, and
A significant number of Indigenous languages are spoken in North America, with 372,000 people in the U.S. speaking an indigenous Northern Mexico
language at home,[101] about 225,000 in Canada[102] and roughly 6 million in Mexico.[103] In the U.S. and Canada, there are
approximately 150 surviving indigenous languages of the 300 spoken prior to European contact.[104]
Religions
Christianity is the largest religion in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, 77% of
the population considered themselves Christians.[105] Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in
North America.[106] The U.S. has the largest Christian population in the world, with nearly 247 million Christians (70%), although other
countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations.[107] Mexico has the world's second largest number of
Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.[108]
According to the same study, the religiously unaffiliated (including agnostics and atheists) make up about 17% of the population of
Canada and the U.S.[109] Those with no religious affiliation make up about 24% of Canada's total population.[110]
Canada, the U.S. and Mexico host communities of Jews (6 million or about 1.8%),[111] Buddhists (3.8 million or 1.1%)[112] and Muslims
(3.4 million or 1.0%).[113] The largest number of Jews can be found in the U.S. (5.4 million),[114] Canada (375,000)[115] and Mexico
(67,476).[116] The U.S. hosts the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9%,[117][118] while Canada hosts about
one million Muslims or 3.2% of the population.[119] In Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in 2010.[120] In 2012, U-T San Diego
estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people, of whom 40% are living in Southern California.[121]
The predominant religion in Mexico and Central America is Christianity (96%).[122] Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Mexico The percentage of people who
in the 16th century, Roman Catholicism was the only religion permitted by Spanish crown and Catholic church. A vast campaign of identify with a religion in North
religious conversion, the so-called "spiritual conquest", was launched to bring the indigenous peoples into the Christian fold. The America, according to 2010–2012
Inquisition was established to assure orthodox belief and practice. The Catholic Church remained an important institution, so that even data
after political independence, Roman Catholicism remained the dominant religion. Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in other
Christian groups, particularly Protestantism, as well as other religious organizations, and individuals identifying themselves as having
no religion. Christianity is also the predominant religion in the Caribbean (85%).[122] Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari (in Jamaica), and
Afro-American religions such as Santería and Vodou.
Populace
North America is the fourth most populous continent after Asia, Africa, and Europe.[123] Its most populous country is the U.S. with 329.7 million persons. The second
largest country is Mexico with a population of 112.3 million.[124] Canada is the third most populous country with 37.0 million.[125] The majority of Caribbean island-nations
have national populations under a million, though Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico (a territory of the U.S.), Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago each have
populations higher than a million.[126][127][128][129][130] Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size (2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2), and therefore, it
has the world's lowest population density at 0.026 pop./km2 (0.067 pop./mi2).[131]
While the U.S., Canada, and Mexico maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. There are also large cities in the Caribbean.
The largest cities in North America, by far, are Mexico City and New York City. These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million, and two of three in
the Americas. Next in size are Los Angeles, Toronto,[132] Chicago, Havana, Santo Domingo, and Montreal. Cities in the Sun Belt regions of the U.S., such as those in
Southern California and Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Atlanta, and Las Vegas, are experiencing rapid growth. These causes included warm temperatures, retirement of Baby
Boomers, large industry, and the influx of immigrants. Cities near the U.S. border, particularly in Mexico, are also experiencing large amounts of growth. Most notable is
Tijuana, a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia. Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North
America, they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages.[133]
Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the U.S. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City
metropolitan area, Los Angeles metropolitan area, Chicago metropolitan area, and the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.[134] Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan
areas are within the U.S., Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America: Greater Mexico City.[135] Canada also breaks into the top ten
largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people.[136] The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada–U.S. border and Mexico–
U.S. border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas. These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit–Windsor and
San Diego–Tijuana and experience large commercial, economic, and cultural activity. The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions North American cities
of dollars of trade dependent on international freight. In Detroit-Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded
US$13 billion was dependent on the Detroit–Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego-Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa
Port of Entry was valued at US$20 billion.[137][138]
North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas. In the U.S. exists eleven megaregions that transcend
international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions. These are the Arizona Sun Corridor, Cascadia, Florida,
Front Range, Great Lakes Megalopolis, Gulf Coast, Northeast, Northern California, Piedmont Atlantic, Southern California, and the Texas
Triangle.[139] Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions. These include the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, Golden Horseshoe
Mexico City
—both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis—and the Central Mexico megalopolis. Traditionally the largest
megaregion has been considered the Boston-Washington, DC Corridor, or the Northeast, as the region is one massive contiguous area. Yet
megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region, being home to
53,768,125 people in 2000.[140]
The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013,
based on national census numbers from the U.S. and census estimates from Los Angeles
Canada and Mexico
Metro Area Population Area Country

Mexico City † 2 Mexico
21,163,226 7,346 km (2,836 sq mi)
New York City 19,949,502 2 United States
17,405 km (6,720 sq mi)
Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km2 (4,850 sq mi) United States
Toronto
Chicago 9,537,289 2 United States
24,814 km (9,581 sq mi)
Dallas–Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km2 (9,289 sq mi) United States
Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km2 (10,062 sq mi) United States
Toronto 6,054,191† 5,906 km2 (2,280 sq mi) Canada
Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km2 (5,118 sq mi) United States

Chicago
Washington, DC 5,949,859 14,412 km2 (5,565 sq mi) United States
Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km2 (6,137 sq mi) United States
†
2011 Census figures
New York City
Guadalajara
Economy
North America's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be $41,830, making it the
richest continent in the world,[143] followed by Oceania.[144]
Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. have significant and multifaceted economic systems. The U.S. has the largest economy of all three
countries and in the world.[144] In 2016, the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $57,466 according to the
World Bank, and is the most technologically developed economy of the three.[145] The U.S.'s services sector comprises 77% of the
country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 22% and agriculture comprises 1.2%.[144] The U.S. economy is also the fastest
growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole,[146][143] with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well.[143]
Mexican President Enrique Peña
Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing.[147]
Canada's per capita GDP (PPP) was Nieto, U.S. President Donald
Trump, and Canadian Prime
estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP (nominal) in 2014.[147] Canada's services sector comprises 78% of the country's
Minister Justin Trudeau sign the
GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 20% and agriculture comprises 2%.[147] Mexico has a per capita GDP (PPP) of $16,111 and
U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement
as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP (nominal) in the world.[148] Being a newly industrialized country,[97] Mexico maintains both modern during the 2018 G20 Buenos Aires
and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations.[149] Its main sources of income are oil, industrial exports, summit
manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services.[150]
Rank Country or territory

GDP (nominal, peak year)
Peak year Rank Country or territory GDP[141] (PPP, peak year) Peak year
millions of USD millions of USD
1 United States 26,854,599 2023 1 United States 26,854,599 2023

2 Canada 2,139,840 2022 2 Mexico 3,125,902 2023
3 Mexico 1,663,164 2023 3 Canada 2,385,124 2023
4 Cuba[142] 545,218 2021 4 Dominican Republic 277,741 2023
5 Dominican Republic 121,289 2023 5 Cuba 545,218 2021 The regions of the world respective
wealth (in trillions USD) as of 2018
6 Puerto Rico 120,838 2023 6 Guatemala 201,360 2023
7 Guatemala 102,309 2023 7 Panama 178,900 2023
8 Costa Rica 77,777 2023 8 Costa Rica 139,482 2023
9 Panama 77,257 2023 9 Puerto Rico 137,372 2023
10 Honduras 34,338 2023 10 Honduras 75,715 2023
The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas.[151] These areas are those under the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and the Central American Common Market (CACM).[151] Of these trade blocs, the U.S. takes part
in two. In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free-trade relations, often between the larger,
more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries.
NAFTA formed one of the four largest trade blocs in the world.[152] Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating
barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada, the U.S. and Mexico.[153] While Canada and the U.S. already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship—
and to present day still do—in the world and Canada–U.S. trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs,[154] NAFTA allowed Mexico to
experience a similar duty-free trade. The free-trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on U.S.–Mexico trade. Trade volume
has steadily increased annually and in 2010, surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all-time historical increase of 24.3% or US$791 billion.[155] The
NAFTA trade bloc GDP (PPP) is the world's largest with US$17.617 trillion.[156] This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the U.S. is the world's largest
national economy; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010.[157] The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other's largest trade partners.
The U.S. is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico,[158] while Canada and Mexico are each other's third largest trade partners.[159][160] In 2018, the NAFTA was
replaced by the U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement.
The Caribbean trade bloc (CARICOM) came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations. As of 2000, CARICOM trade volume was US$96 billion.
CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations. In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on free-trade agreements and under
the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations free-trade agreements have been signed into effect.
Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961; this was the first attempt to engage
the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation. The 2006 implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) left the future of the CACM
unclear.[161] The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries, the Dominican Republic, and the U.S. The focal point of CAFTA
is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA. In addition to the U.S., Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs.
These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs. Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement
with the EU. The U.S. has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union; the U.S.–Middle
East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself; and the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations,
Australia, and New Zealand.
Transport
The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km (30,000 mi) in length which
travels through the mainland nations. No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the U.S. and Canadian
governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway, and Mexico officially has
many branches connecting to the U.S. border. However, the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the
highway is roughly 26,000 km (16,000 mi).
The first transcontinental railroad in the U.S. was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on
the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide
mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition
from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system.[162] Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status
of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern U.S. railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad
system in the world. The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway had, by 1867, already accumulated more than 2,055 km (1,277 mi) of track by
A 2006 map of the North American
connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron, Michigan, through Sarnia, Ontario. Class I railroad network
Communications
A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories: the U.S. and
its territories, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 Caribbean nations.
Culture
The cultures of North America are diverse. The U.S. and English Canada have many cultural similarities, while French Canada has a distinct culture from Anglophone
Canada, which is protected by law. Since the U.S. was formed from portions previously part of the Spanish Empire and then independent Mexico, and there has been
considerable and continuing immigration of Spanish speakers from south of the U.S.–Mexico border. In the southwest of the U.S. there are many Hispanic cultural
traditions and considerable bilingualism. Mexico and Central America are part of Latin America and are culturally distinct from
anglophone and francophone North America. However, they share with the United States the establishment of post-independence
governments that are federated representative republics with written constitutions dating from their founding as nations. Canada is a
federated parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy.
Canada's constitution dates to 1867, with confederation, in the British North America Act, but not until 1982 did Canada have the power
to amend its own constitution. Canada's Francophone heritage has been enshrined in law since the British parliament passed the
Quebec Act of 1774. In contrast to largely Protestant Anglo settlers in North America, French-speaking Canadians were Catholic and
with the Quebec Act were guaranteed freedom to practice their religion, restored the right of the Catholic Church to impose tithes for its
support, and established French civil law in most circumstances. Baseball is known as the national
pastime of the United States, and is
The distinctiveness of French language and culture has been codified in Canadian law, so that both English and French are designated
also played in Canada and many
official languages. The U.S. has no official language, but its national language is English.
Latin American countries.
The Canadian government took action to protect Canadian culture by limiting non-Canadian content in broadcasting, creating the
Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission to monitor Canadian content. In Quebec, the provincial government established
the Quebec Office of the French Language, often called the "language police" by Anglophones, which mandates the use of French terminology and signage in French.[163]
Since 1968 the unicameral legislature has been called the Quebec National Assembly. Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, 24 June, is the national holiday of Quebec and celebrated by
francophone Canadians throughout Canada. In Quebec, the school system was divided into Catholic and Protestant, so-called confessional schools. Anglophone education
in Quebec has been increasingly undermined.[164]
Latino culture is strong in the southwest of the U.S., as well as Florida, which draws Latin Americans from many countries in the hemisphere. Northern Mexico,
particularly in the cities of Monterrey, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Mexicali, is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the U.S. Monterrey, a modern city with
a significant industrial group, has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico.[165] Northern Mexico, the Western U.S. and Alberta, Canada share a cowboy
culture.
The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed and participated in the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region, and its replacement by the economic
influence of Northern America in the Anglophone Caribbean. This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English-speaking Caribbean countries, and also
because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home.
Greenland has experienced many immigration waves from Northern Canada, e.g. the Thule people. Therefore, Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous
peoples of Canada. Greenland is also considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark.[166]
Popular culture – sports
The U.S. and Canada have major sports teams that compete against each other, including baseball, basketball, hockey, and soccer/football. Canada, Mexico and the U.S.
will host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.
The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America, in order of average revenue.[167][168] Canada has a separate Canadian Football League
from the U.S. teams.
The Native American game of lacrosse is considered a national sport in Canada. Curling is an important winter sport in Canada, and the Winter Olympics includes it in the
roster. The English sport of cricket is popular in parts of anglophone Canada and very popular in parts of the former British empire, but in Canada is considered a minor
sport. Boxing is also a major sport in some countries, such as Mexico, Panama and Puerto Rico, and it is considered one of the main individual sports in the U.S.
Primary Revenue Average

League Sport Founded Teams
country US$ (bn) attendance
National Football League (NFL) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 67,604
United States
Major League Baseball (MLB) Baseball 1869 30 $8.0 30,458
Canada
United States
National Basketball Association (NBA) Basketball 1946 30 $5.0 17,347
Canada
United States
National Hockey League (NHL) Ice hockey 1917 32 $3.3 17,720
Canada
Liga MX Football (soccer) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 25,557

United States
Major League Soccer (MLS) Football (soccer) 1994 28 $0.5 21,574
Canada
Canadian Football League (CFL) Canadian football Canada 1958 9 $0.3 23,890
See also
Flags of North America
List of cities in North America
North American Union
Outline of North America
Table manners in North America
References
Footnotes
a. This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 f. Panama is generally considered a North American country, though some
km2 only, considerably less than the total combined land and water area of authorities divide it at the Panama Canal. Figures listed here are for the entire
24,709,000 km2. country.
b. Many Western countries view the Americas as a single continent, comprising g. Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than
North and South America. Caribbean Sea, the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are
not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them
c. Depending on the definition, Panama could be considered a transcontinental
with the Caribbean.
country while the ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) and Trinidad and
Tobago could be considered either parts of North America or South America. h. Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US
mainland, with Hawaii distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific
d. Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than
Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of
Caribbean Sea, The Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically
Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia (Russia) and Canada.
part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the
Caribbean. i. The receding of oceans during successive ice ages may have enabled migrants
e. Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July to cross the land bridge as far back as 40,000 years.[79]
1995, much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated j. While not conclusive, some South American rock painting has been dated to
to Brades. Plymouth remains the de jure capital. 25,000 years ago.[83]
k. Descriptions of sites Erikson explored seem to correspond to Baffin Island, the

Labrador coast near Cape Porcupine, as well as Belle Isle, and a site which led
him to name the country Vinland ('Wineland').[91]
Citations
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Further reading
Gould, E.; Mapp, P.; Pestana, C.G. (2022). The Cambridge History of America Kehoe, A.B. (2016). North America before the European Invasions. Taylor &
and the World: Volume 1, 1500—1820. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978- Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-49544-4. LCCN 2016054024 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2016
1-108-31781-8. 054024).
McIlwraith, T.F.; Muller, E.K.; Conzen, M.P.; DeVorsey, L.; Earle, C.; Grim, R.E.; Haines, M.R.; Steckel, R.H. (2000). A Population History of North America.
Groves, P.A.; Guelke, J.K.; Harris, C.; Harris, R. (2001). North America: The Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7. LCCN 99023284 (http
Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978- s://lccn.loc.gov/99023284).
1-461-63960-2. LCCN 2020740684 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2020740684). Kruer, M. (2022). Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of
Berndl, K.; National Geographic Society (U.S.) (2005). National Geographic Colonialism in Early America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-26956-
Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-0-792- 9.
23695-5. LCCN 2005541553 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2005541553). Axtell, J. (1981). The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of
Axtell, J. (1988). After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North Colonial North America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-02904-8.
America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-02206-0. LCCN 87034886 (h LCCN lc80025084 (https://lccn.loc.gov/lc80025084).
ttps://lccn.loc.gov/87034886).
External links
North America (http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=North%20America) web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of
Colorado Boulder Libraries
North America (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
North America: Human Geography (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/north-america-human-geography) at the National Geographic Society
European Colonization of North America (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/european-colonization-north-america) at the National Geographic Society
North America (https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America) at Curlie
"North America" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/North_America). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 760–
765.
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online (http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/) Columbia University Press
"Colonial North America at Harvard Library" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325121642/https://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna). Cambridge
(Mass.): Harvard Library. 2015. LCCN 2019234716 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2019234716). Archived from the original (https://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotli
ght/cna) on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750–2008 animation
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9/9/23, 8:21 PM North America - Wikipedia

Countries, dependencies, and other territories

A 2005 NASA satellite image of

Anguilla 91 km2 15,753 164.8/km2 The Valley Anguilla AIA

Aruba 180 km2 106,537 594.4/km2 Oranjestad Aruba ABW

Barbados 430 km2 281,200 595.3/km2 Bridgetown Barbados BRB

Belize 22,966 km2 400,031 13.4/km2 Belmopan Belize BLZ

Bermuda 54 km2 64,185 1,203.7/km2 Hamilton Bermuda BMU

Bonaire 294 km2 12,093 41.1/km2 Kralendijk Boneiru BES

Canada 9,984,670 km2 38,155,012 3.7/km2 Ottawa Canada CAN

Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

Clipperton Island (France) 6 km2 0 0/km2 — Île de Clipperton CPT

Cuba 109,886 km2 11,256,372 102.0/km2 Havana Cuba CUB

Curaçao 444 km2 190,338 317.1/km2 Willemstad Kòrsou CUW

Dominica 751 km2 72,412 89.2/km2 Roseau Dominica DMA

El Salvador 21,041 km2 6,314,167 293.0/km2 San Salvador El Salvador SLV

Greenland 2,166,086 km2 56,243 0.026/km2 Nuuk Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland GRL

Grenada 344 km2 124,610 302.3/km2 St. George's Gwinàd GRD

Guadeloupe 1,628 km2 396,051 246.7/km2 Basse-Terre Gwadloup GLP

Guatemala 108,889 km2 17,608,483 128.8/km2 Guatemala City Guatemala GTM

Haiti 27,750 km2 11,447,569 361.5/km2 Port-au-Prince Ayiti/Haïti HTI

Honduras 112,492 km2 10,278,345 66.4/km2 Tegucigalpa Honduras HND

Jamaica 10,991 km2 2,827,695 247.4/km2 Kingston Jumieka JAM

Martinique 1,128 km2 368,796 352.6/km2 Fort-de-France Martinique/Matinik MTQ

Mexico 1,964,375 km2 126,705,138 57.1/km2 Mexico City México MEX

Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

Montserrat 102 km2 4,417 58.8/km2 Plymouth,

Nicaragua 130,373 km2 6,850,540 44.1/km2 Managua Nicaragua NIC

Nueva Esparta 1,151 km2 491,610 427.1/km2 La Asunción Nueva Esparta VEN-O

Saba 13 km2 1,537 118.2/km2 The Bottom Saba BES

Saint Barthélemy 21 km2 354.7/km2

Saint Lucia 539 km2 179,651 319.1/km2 Castries Sainte-Lucie LCA

Saint Martin 54 km2 552.2/km2

Sint Eustatius 21 km2 2,739 130.4/km2 Oranjestad Sint Eustatius BES

Sint Maarten 34 km2 44,042 1,176.7/km2 Philipsburg Sint Maarten SXM

Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

Total 24,500,995 km2 583,473,912 22.1/km2

The principal water divisions in

1. The American cordillera

A geologic map of North America

Ecology A Köppen climate classification map

Seven Years' War

Canada and Panama Canal

Metro Area Population Area Country

Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km2 (10,062 sq mi) United States

Toronto 6,054,191† 5,906 km2 (2,280 sq mi) Canada

Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km2 (5,118 sq mi) United States

Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km2 (6,137 sq mi) United States

New York City

Rank Country or territory

1 United States 26,854,599 2023 1 United States 26,854,599 2023

7 Guatemala 102,309 2023 7 Panama 178,900 2023

8 Costa Rica 77,777 2023 8 Costa Rica 139,482 2023

9 Panama 77,257 2023 9 Puerto Rico 137,372 2023

10 Honduras 34,338 2023 10 Honduras 75,715 2023

Popular culture – sports

Primary Revenue Average

Liga MX Football (soccer) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 25,557

k. Descriptions of sites Erikson explored seem to correspond to Baffin Island, the

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