*Concept of Administration;

Administration is basically concerned with the formulation of the objectives, plans and
policies. It is also referred to as business administration, the management and application of the
processes of an office, business, or organization. It involves the efficient and effective
organization of people, information, and other resources to achieve organizational objectives.

*Administration vs. Management;

*Concept of Leadership;
-a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the
organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent
*Leadership Styles:
1. Authoritarian (Auto- cratic)
-Autocratic, or authoritarian leaders, are often described as those with ultimate authority
and power over others. These leaders tend to make choices based upon their own ideas alone and
do not listen to their team or seek input from others.
2. Participative (Demo- cratic)
-Democratic leadership, which is also commonly known as participative leadership, is
about letting multiple people participate in the decision-making process. This type of leadership
can be seen in a wide range of contexts, from businesses to schools to governments.
3. Delegative (Laissez- Faire)
-Delegative leadership, referred to by many as laissez-faire leadership, is a less intrusive style
where a leader delegates tasks and initiatives to individual team members. Delegative leadership is
considered less intrusive because it gives more control and power to the team.
 Add'l styles:
1. Transformational -A transformational leadership style inspires employees to strive
beyond required expectations to work toward a shared vision, whereas transactional leadership
focuses more on extrinsic motivation for the performance of specific job tasks.
2. Transactional - also known as managerial leadership, is a leadership style
where leaders rely on rewards and punishments to achieve optimal job performance from
their subordinates.
3. Bureaucratic - it involves following established rules, procedures, and regulations.
Decision-making in a bureaucracy is based on such rules and procedures.
4. Servant - is a leadership style and philosophy whereby an individual interacts
with others either in a management or fellow employee capacity to achieve authority
rather than power.
5. Situational - means adapting your leadership style to each unique situation or
task to meet the needs of the team or team members.

*Managerial Leadership Styles:

1. Democratic
2. Servant
3. Inspirational
4. Strategic
5. Affiliative
6. Transactional
7. Results-based
8. Pacesetting
9. Laissez-faire

*Types of Managers:
1. Top-level - Top-level managers are those who represent the highest level of
executive management. Top-level managers often have the word “chief” in their job
titles, such as chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and so on.
2. Middle - Middle managers usually report to the top-level managers, yet they
still have a lot of autonomy to make decisions within their area or department of the
company. These managers often have job titles that include the word “director.” They
may also be department heads.
 3. First-line - This role represents an entry-level position for management
professionals. First-line managers work directly with non-management employees and
project team members. Their overarching role is to supervise employee productivity and
hold employees accountable for achieving company goals.
4. Team leader - Team leaders are managers who specialize in a particular task,
product, or project. Their role is to oversee all the logistics of their assignment, which
may include completing a project on time, onboarding new employees, and assigning
specific tasks to various team members.

*Mintzberg's Management Roles:

1. Interpersonal Roles:
1.1. Figurehead - As a manager, you have social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities.
1.2. Leader - includes all aspects of being a good leader. This involves building a team,
coaching the members, motivating them, and developing strong relationships.
1.3. Liaison - concerned with interactions between the manager and other people.
2. Informational Roles:
2.1. Monitor - In this role, you regularly seek out information related to your organization
and industry, looking for relevant changes in the environment. You also monitor your
team, in terms of both their productivity, and their well-being.
2.2. Disseminator - This is where you communicate potentially useful information to your
colleagues and your team.
2.3. Spokesperson - Spokesperson – Managers represent and speak for their organization.
In this role, you're responsible for transmitting information about your organization and
its goals to the people outside it.
3. Decisional Roles:
3.1. Entrepreneur - As a manager, you create and control change within the organization.
This means solving problems, generating new ideas, and implementing them
3.2. Disturbance Handler - When an organization or team hits an unexpected roadblock,
it's the manager who must take charge.
3.3. Resource Allocator - to ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively,
and that they are allocated in a way that maximizes the overall productivity and
profitability of the organization.
3.4. Negotiator - In the negotiator role, you participate in or direct negotiation situations. These
negotiations may occur with external parties, where you will represent the interests of your
organization.