{a2rame 0 uae fe 29 40 aaoaa, 20) 2 9661 0-1 f0 “9m save wosnond no uo 6 ee fan po rua Hound ae leon coca “90M Fn at Ol swedde wonsoiosd ssequiep atouin S11 241 wy uorysod aqn puv suonwyndoy on A snode rrFnaug saBuey> oy axcyeq woyysed 27509 24h ve Yoo} 01 pyp¥n oq Ika hy seq SRP 24) Pu Bakdoo dq soeqme jo aonrm.d 24 30 suotosd op 3 BUpyo0] Oj ‘uonsaio1d Baiddlon 49 wores> jenioqnuy uno s oun 4p se popreas Butaq Jo wwouonnbar aun yor econ bis SeeqeD aigenyes SyeoxUWO? pojoid 01 A;peyOods papuayus sem “ysis Brace 28 Y2s2M0H TYBL! seqerep © pue 3y8Adon e yo Aofuo jm sosequiep ames Anna Foe aR 24} se Suonmndoy qn wl oF paar inq wy suoval ms Fe sseaoien Pye cree ag Lat MF wo sano. ay ut Uso IAs e ene jE af auounsoau enuesgne Besta ee creas bapa 2q ue seegeiep aw 31 -aeqeIep 24 J swuatuo> ay uy Sumre SiGe Ave o9 sypniord mows sy si, “uowatoad ayBtsddoo axel, ym 1 “ones reo>ay>nuy i aaceay Be PePBor 99 ue Seeqeiep ay) Jo sae xp Jo yusuDBUEE 10 uno See sana, eae & stg aanoani aw Ope sem UonIOud or word poop Bee auuuntnor uredamg 21 Jo saris s2quDWY uI0s ut uonsaioud sUBlaiden roLene Cry ron save desourioy 9 Btu yeu soseqexep awwos xp sem “oaq possevp) Age) Ore SA 6 ououdbay pomy a see ut sr ayy mn siuaudoppap Sujone) uroouon ey ran cat A aseAtreP J0 WonD>iond yea) aq) wo anna 24 yum Awo> o}vapI0 ut ape crag pie LPM 8661 Aten wo 2i0y ov aute> yeep zee suonDIAoy soxtqpe Brew pue wuiiuidor amy dq poBueys dqueoytus sem sneqzip Jo worse a UL sy wiasés Suexopur o4p 20 sya mxaiady Auv “pdurexa Go} "= Spas siuawajs [e12y-uow se pazajoid 9q pmo swawafa oat) Jo auiog suor ones Bast Suoaraar-sson ‘xapay ku jo odkos use ons ‘one systuddod syo oq ino asoiy SOU fe osegereD awp tw ykdo> ayeseds w oq pnom aio stus0d ayn Bunerooue so Fy Rutfuest pu Ban>9ps uy popuodio sex wupn{so ps 1waounsSupusoad put yao, Berger eusno ue ee ado dq para. 9q now wiood yrey“sulaod a.uewios uoposi io Boner, Psto ‘jdiuexs tog aseqewp oq uy poursue> som 10 stay yenpraypl sui Eusaes supfaddoo propeaspa due oy aypnfane snort ‘s4n00 30 ‘sem sy, suomedions 24 1 Poropsta> 29 pjno> doy se Som Asso se y8izAdoo dq porovoad sam casege Bei pardoooe deus sem nr'g661 Azenuef | uo yo49.4001 Yuya ME adtadden cy NOILONGOYLNI 34614 aseqezep e 84} pue yyblAdoo aseqej}eq el‘The US and the ‘sweat of the brow’ principle Pbevaicur DATABASES IN THE UK BEFORE 1 JANUARY 1998 [Betabases were not expressly mentioned in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 but [FS potentially protected by copyright as compilations, provided they were original in the sense [Pbing the result of skill or judgment. Copyright might have subsisted at two levels i¢the data SBS was a collection of individual works, as mentioned earlier, Each work contained in a data: [BS might have had its own copyright in addition to a separate copyright in the database as a se IF the individual contents of the database were small pieces of information, such as in [Be case of database of customers’ names and addresses, these would not be protected by copy- [Bett independently to the database which could still be subject to copyright providing it was the Feat of skill or judgment expended, for example, in the overall design of the database, includ: Be the design ofits structure Jf the work involved in designing a database was a simple matter, not requiring skill and judg- at then it would not have its own copyright. In such a case, the House of Lords decision in [GA Cramp & Sons Lud v Frank Smythson Ltd [1944] AC 329 would be applicable. Nonetheless, $= UK approach to compilations in the past was a generous one and compilations of non-orig, [Seal matter can be protected providing that some skill or judgment had been expended in their Beetking (see Macmillan & Co Ltd v K& J Cooper (1923) 40 TLR 186). In reported eases on copy- (Pedr and databases, including cases on the copyright in a database of lawyers, the question of Pater the databases were protected by copyright was not put into issue; see, for example, Waterlow Directories Lid v Reed Information Services Ltd {1992] FSR 409. It could have been $eimed in the past that the UK provided very strong protection for databases IE US AND THE ‘SWEAT OF THE BROW’ PRINCIPLE [Phe sweat of the brow’ principle, affording copyright protection to works which are the result SE labour only, was roundly rejected in the US Supreme Court in Feist Publications Inc v [Baral Telephone Service Co Inc 499 US 340 (1991). In that case, it was held that the ‘white [Fees in a typical telephone directory were not protected by copyright because of a lack of [Eeeativity, as they did not owe their origin to an act of authorship. The court did recognise, [Beverer, that a compilation of facts could be the subject of copyright because the author has PS choose which facts to include and in what order to place them. The court went on to sug [E> that the ‘yellow pages’ section of a telephone directory could be protected because of the [Pscence of original material such as drawings in advertisements. There is also some skill in [Bevising the classification system used. Subsequently, however, it was held in the US that [Biking @ large amount of data from a classified directory did not infringe copyright (see BeUSouth Advertising & Publishing Corp v Donnelley Information Publishing Inc 999 F 2d HES, US Court of Appeals 11° Circuit, 1993). The arrangement or appearance of the GEimant’s directory had not been copied and, although the amount of material taken by the [Befendant was substantial in a purely quantitative sense, it did not take what original elements [Sieh arguably exist in the claimant’ directory. The court noted that the protection of com- [Ptions of factual information was ‘thin. One judge in the Court of Appeals dissented and. BB thought that the defendant had infringed copyright, for example, by using substantially esis headings and listings under the headings. The US Court of Appeals, 3 Circuit, considered whether a database of part numbers for fas- Heiing devices was protected by copyright in Southco Ine v Kanebridge Corp (unreported) 3 May 2003. Southco complained when Kanebridge used 51 of Southco’s part numbers in a a1yBus a1p jo adons pue axmeu amp Suypuess Spun wy pay anny sep Buper-auoy jo aseqeep © pues aumay regions Mast S990 sn yo vine ueadosng ayy wou) Buy "HBta4doo oy agen 20H 6) SHED (eS Be gaegn wousdujus paw auaasisqns 20} sso soem goa TUBE PANIED 2 POS aysirddeo Gooeoy szouasayyp seus autos ate a1) yBt14do-tse w se POgUONP 29H nowy Fpssoaoquoo aout Aygendse st seq au, "sses at am peat 8 “squaiayIp 2ui0s sy unde -pue yom Ares Jo mans © 218 sseqeiep wgsuddop uous soot wanineets rea Grteis ewanoitos dry saseqerp 20y wu aegerep « pe woes faqs Whe SOT Ban po teen ayn ave Ge sosegenp 30} wHBLAdoo © 30 ypeosdde een Hu SL sosnqeiep Br as suonrod jo aarpadsiad a1p wo4y Aoppeysnes azous 2q 01 stead adomd vt twosisod 24 Fae pa sussuoo aos yo esas anys ssegeep 3 worroond ye] 241 Wo SNTCTE swonaaiaud 1gitsidoo Fer 03 ploon ‘aye oy ausunsoaujemaagns Sumbor Bronte PEM Seg A A cpqeus a) anu! 0} aaguaout ayy 24OwDr Pam se "Patazvosdun o8 Pron POS eando 10 eer uo pro 20 vonduosqa dq auUO a}geEPAE 9peus alae crue soreeneD Jo oT! Fenn stay» som au eos uvodoung » Uo WORE aye] ov wesolpo/9PS “yp ase Err siusuudojsop Autwoyfy vonDotond ou qs >t Supa sseaearP TENS Auyeppsoui0> Jo aap a pus adoang woyoorp dopostosdasqerep jo wonesouuse J0 Pel 2130 4208 uy gouna NY 9A 3H NI S3SVAVLVG 40 NOLLIALOYd sa ba pouuaguoo se 3u0m ® Aq pafooo uoneuoy pu seas a wodn {es PUN sioo Bago rspn woos fou, se) palaaonsp ADU uate PuE se2py Mot O} UORD=AOH! aug scejo Buudusp xnomyy su@ ys 2xh pure sues jo ssdoud ap aouuord oS ayaiuAdo> jo pal ey Sves pug Jo "Pa 1 PRAY oeNRAUOD SAH PSVAAUAL TA ant Beer dorap asa uaa aulOs a, “{geiss Aqptratiato> aq ‘osuuodo "Plow FE Noe sy ynueysgns © Jo 3080 290 248 sseqeneD at Jf UO Os e TUL SHINS Ah Supsaiord go sun us qu2}s>-Ulou. ua49 20 yeou Ld8 st inddon paparoid sasppstogp 204 5° 2M se uo yo Susduao> sneqerep Jo mason Aq wonaovond ay ests) Sse 72030 ogsdn UL fade fq paras] sanysstayy 308 sequin ed yenpaypuratosd route exp wonnovoid Wado sy uoumdo® ¥ ESA! ® surepuayop 249 usyer u29q pey ssoquunu aed o0'T Jo mo Te dquo ase> sip uy saquimu ed ay Jo woRDR Pe juatuaSivease 247 07 Sfuo soe hetiayy sfaquimu wed 9 01 Puabe 20m pp pepsoye sm gowrsion St dygsioune Pichoujee jo Fe ue so aint oxy om 31 yBtsddoo yo sonra T3[qre BON OO PE sey red yo wow oo & yBoosny (09¥ 1BtsAdoo So 2480 1018) SypouNesS Founding ue saimeuo> ofouon © me som Buoso 2 etn feat © Hons ‘poluesae 20 “pazeu ree “paniysn ase Te ei Jo 20 seins Bunsx= 276 Jo Huyaese pus HAS i powwsoy aan vst uoneciso> y 7papatord are stONTae? ney 1qBuddo> $9. 2PUN gaan aa Kay Jf wane payooroud sou arom ssoquinu ed a, ep ys © AN8H WY 218 Ulu Ho dl 1 SELL Hoe, Fujwsour too, sun sige snp wo worPor0%d pauapAsnowatd aezgd Jo-qsunm9 UY OEE -o1-LF eee aguana ed w yo aurea we) msusdon £q parsiosd tou 2Te spr PUe sosesyd HOYS = smoqjey se plo 1un09 249 “worry dino> e se Afag>oqion 10 enprayp ssnqun aed agp potsqns addon yey Suxuop a yiousrHaAre aaniezeduion ‘adoung pue yn ou ul 98e99}6P Jo UOR2eICLAProtection of databases in the UK and Europe Database copyright and the database right both apply equally to electronic and non-electronic Petabases. This is in line with the desire of not to distinguish between clectronic and manual [Betsbases. Both rights are without prejudice to copyright or other rights, if any, subsisting in the [Seatents of the database. Thus, where a database contains individual works of copyright, those Serks will retain their own copyright in addition to any copyright or database right in the data- Bee as a whole. For example, consider a database of recipes. Ifa person copies one of the recipes SeBout permission, he will infringe the copyright in it. IF he copies numerous recipes without emission, he will infringe the copyright in each individual recipe and may also infringe the Beprrisht in the database and/or the database right, depending upon the circumstances, Ti should also be noted at this stage that the author of a copyright database may have moral GAGs in respect of it although there are no moral rights in respect of a database only protected Be the database right (ignoring any copyright in the constituent parts). Music collections on [Pemnpact discs are expressly excluded from the provisions of databases. They continue to be Fetted as compilations for copyright purposes, W Meaning of database Both copyright purposes and the database right, the meaning of ‘database’ is the same and is [Be the same for electronic and non-electronic databases. Databases are no longer treated as [eenpilations and this is made explicit in section 3(1)(a) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents = 1988. There isa detailed definition of ‘database’ which follows that in the Directive on the legal pro- ‘of databases, Section 3A of the Act defines a ‘database’ as idependent works, data or other materials which ~ iged in a systematic or methodical way, and {) are individually accesible by electronic or other means, ly equally to non-electronic s. The recitals to the Directive confirm this, A card index containing customer details ged by name will be a database for the purposes of copyright and the database right. Gough the Act, as modified, is silent on the point, the Directive on the egal protection of data- es makes it clear that the copyright protection for a database does not extend to any computer gram used in the making or operation of an electronic database. This could cause some issues id not, on this basis, be considered to be a database but should, instead be classed as a com: ‘The meaning of ‘database’ came up for consideration in a ruling made by the European Court Justice in a case involving fixture lists for football games in the English and Scottish leagues, {Case C-444/02 Fixtures Marketing Ltd v OPAP [2004] ECR-105 49, the daimant complained the defendant, in Greece, was making use ofits fixture lists without permission and brought {ection for infringement of the database right. The European Court of Justice confirmed that iGatabase was: _.-any collection of works, data or other matcrals, separable from one another without the value ‘oftheir contents being affected, including a method or system of some sort for the retrieval of ‘ach ofits constituent materials. [Fee court went on to confirm that fixture list such as the one in isste was a database within the [Gecaning in the Directive, Although the case concerned the database right, as the definition of [Betbase is also the same for copyright databases, this must also apply to the latter. The ruling Jub eseqerep ayy pue yyb1sAdoo asegerea fopinoa si, "aseqeiep ayy Jo 2sn pur o} sane yo ute xp Japan ov wodand «pry yuaursadte Phase] af uy sua) Buspnpul aseqeiep © Susu2>q wosy uosiad e siosoid sty -9q APU 258 sep se ‘areqeie aif so aed xo aseqenep ata Jo s1U91UO> 24 Jo ash pu oy ssace sy 30 sasodand a oy lasssapo SM Suny saop oy Bla ey Jo se OND oyp we 3f wyRyedlon ABuegEY Jou s90p uosiad e yang “esiwsaqyo 20 ryBtuddon aqy £q prrunses spe atp 30 AUB op O1 UHL trope iaqioy ‘aseqerep & jo wed 1 aseqeiep e asn 01 14811 e Buyary uossed Aue or sondde Se4L BY 2tn Jo COs UOH29s zspuN PepNPU S| seseqEIP 4 Ayeayoads He pontaLAd V Aesouad Buyqeap suey 01 ape soBueyp qu uy uy se sy, sodand fpsounion # sop gegeyep & 01 won wt Suxgndue op os SuP2P dhs ou $4 4-(6)62 UoRD2s opumn ‘souuaxpang “Pow>1put2q 0 pauiboss amnos 4p Apms 2884 Jad so yoreasas oy Sujeop ares yo padsau uy 1>y agp ut Suosstsoud Buspeop 25 24) OnuL prast sem (VI}62 woRDeS veg adaox9 sfsoM Aaes>H 1 Ale eyp sine panruod yewonspen xp Aiden sem 3 2 Ur ppeosdde au, soseqenep aysisAdo> 10j palousa|diat Aaya sive panuttad PEGA OF se womalasip wos tis soveIg JOQUIOyy yo] seseqeeP Jo woRDDIONd je22] ay uO axn>>HEC HL {wonesuen 10 worsta4 pasayp) wreaford yoyspeaids 10 uyssanoad ros v oi potsodus 54 924 0 apoo 16 Z 0 4g WON panraauod st 2724420 sqHaILOD Bip ssaone 01 wesBoxd juasagip © ua pos 9q 01 PSLBAIOD S| aSeqeTep a) HoH UT] WO}IAN Pw (uoysi94 pazoye 30 yuouiaAresse) (104 30 splay 20 spiooes 22qi9) pop 20 passaiddos sy woReUzOpUL aH JO SLHOS YY UL UO}ION Em s(quouoSuexze) 19p10 jurspyip © ous porsos 209 sey asoqetep au Ut PauTEWO9 UOREUIZO}AF ay PAY UI UOHSIDA Tw ou su Jo sojdurexs oseqerep 2tp Jo uone|sten e 10 vorsi94 paso 20 yuourSaes8 we HuIDg uoneidepe uo jo suo ul saseqeep 10j pauyepars] uoNeKdepe we Bupyeu Jo 128 perrenser ap exp adaoxo Aqesouad sjiom Ases9u 20} op Aah se soveqerep o1 Aude ste po}USDs ens LL aufduuAdoo 4q pooaqord 2q ued aseqerep & Jo oamy2ans ayy eq) Wy “oo soseqevep Jo wonrajoud yea} 293 Wo aao9zI ay} OF SEHD 2Hp se Aerads9 opgssod Was inom su, sseqewep © ut sjeuDrew poeas> Aout Buyer uy Ayanes9 Ares 24) 2 ue Er yup aqendae sea] 1 20, aaRounirp 4p 0 ae anp Aq TonoMOH "aseqeaep eu HOKp But ureize pu sjeoyew Bunsixo zoqpofon SurooIo> Jo a¢e> ©! a Y>xPEY staylo> asoxp Jo WORE? Say on parse rou soop fein soy sp pu aseqerep 2¢p Jo iusto ayp Susfueaze 20 Bu29]%8 So 08 on areas ‘axoja.oy sts Ayanea. ay, ;s}usyTO> Jo wourDSuL 10 UOH?2Ps ah fo ost: Ag, vossardxo aya 4q page st nq stuesosd snduuon 01 Ade wou pjnous eH 1, Sep 01 Fepus st sy, -(Z)VE UoOND2s ‘wonear yemoaqIUl UNO syHnE ayp saymIIsUOD asegeIEP Sip stuaiu09 sit so sUa{TURAIP 10 UoND2as 2qf Jo Uostas Aq 4 quo put sasodand wake oy urdu0 s aseqetep pe Ayjeuis0 30.50 34) 0 pappe st sso w soeeqrrep 1lAkdcD 04 soveqeiep 01 soydde rey spe ponuniad qerads e st 2u0e9 pur suoisiaoxd Buyjeap see agp wt souDrapEP st 24H PUN parow Bq Pinos 3 44 peg Z0y au axp axw suoTHAosd aq Jo AuPUL‘ossn09 10 ‘powan ave suone|d scion pur seseqeiep sot 0} Se s25UR:2pIp 2u10s sAou 240 a1oup‘ssodand wis4o> s0j suoney ows 10] ou ae ssequiep sy 10M Asean 218 vey SOM JOSH] saNSTEYHD-UOU 3 OPAPP om oreqeitp, pue papuaure sear gg61 DY sidateg pue sulysoq “rgBEsddad ayp Jo (T}e HOND?S SASVAVLVG LHOIYAdOD satjo "pe roxy wapuodopur Suing sued yuonnsuoo jenpysypur aq Jo 2>uevsodu 24) aye Wy StaNHOD soseqoyep qwotskde3Copyright databases Bhe case where the licence grants permission to carry out acts restricted by copyright but Plades other terms which prejudice the exercise of those rights. It is no easy matter to think (Examples. One might be where the licence grants the right fo access and consult the contents fp clectronic database but contains a term stating that transient copies cannot be made of database. Bhs provision is essentially an example of non-derogation from grant. As ection SUD accepts, BS possible to grant a right to use only part of the contents of a database, for example, by ing access to certain records or fields within the database. In respect of, say, a database of customers, licensed user may be restricted to customers living inthe south of England ‘or it may be that the user can retrieve names and addresses only and not data relating to duals’ financial standing. The right under section 50D cannot be prohibited or restricted @ section 296B makes void any term or condition in an agreement in so far as it purports to bit or restrict those acts permitted under section 50D or any act necessary for the exercise She rights granted by the agreement Database structure Fave seen in the previous chapter that, potentially, some of the non-literal (or non-textual) ents of a computer program, such as its structure or architecture, may be protected by copy- We have also seen that it is dificult to succeed in a claim of non-literal infringement. This bbe more a reflection of the idiosyncrasies of the case law where such claims were or could been made. Furthermore, the protection of non-literal elements of computer programs is ther constrained by the denial of protection to a computer program's underlying ideas and pes. ‘ere is litle case law on the protection by copyright on the structure of databases in the UK. sructure ofa database used by a COBOL program could be taken to be the field and record Eifications inthe data division of the program. In Total Information Processing Systems Lid v mn Ltd [1992] FSR 171, it was held thatthe data division of a COBOL program was not pro. Because, inthis form, the information in it concerning the field and record specifications Got form a substantial part of the computer program as a whole. However, in IBCOS emiputers Lid v Barclays Mercantile Highland Finance Ltd [1994] FSR 275, Mr Justice Jacob Bede a number of criticisms of the judgment in the Total Information Processing Systems case Beech said that there may well bea considerable degree of sil in devising the data division and Bi could be considered to be a substantial pat of a program as a whole ‘The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997 which implemented the Directive Be the legal protection of databases made no mention of the structure ofa datahase. However, Faia 15 to the Directive expressly states that copyright protection should cover the structure of S Gatabase. The only major requirement for protection, therefore, apart from the qualification Peevisions (for example, that the author was a British citizen atthe time of creation or thatthe Beet was first published inthe United Kingdom) is thatthe databases original. This ssf, and Bly ifby reason of the selection or arrangement ofthe contents of the database, it constitutes Bee euthor’s own intellectual creation. Therefore, that being so, if someone copies the database Seecture but not its contents without the permission of the ovwner, this will infringe the copy- Fabt if the database structure represents a substantial part of the database in terms of the Pathor’s own intellectual cretion, It must be the case that here we are concerned with the Serangement of the contents ofthe database rather than their selection, The work in deciding Bow to arrange the contents rather than that in selecting the contents, must count as an intellec fal creation, That arrangement must be reflected in the structure ofthe database, for example, By representing the structure of the fields applied to the records inthe database. WOU ateqeiep our puewubuihdo> sseaeiea RBM‘yeiop ADypAny Us UBEA asequyep axp 36 Bu Joo} 210}29 sase> oso uo Sun>ayax Ayorag rs1y aYssYION 9q JEN ‘SSH MAxY [feqIO9) PUE Uuonewojut pair pue sosioyoses yo asegeyep P Uo s2se9 Ut 2oHsn{ Jo j4NoD ueadong a4) 0} 329/qns uooq axby suH>) a4p Jo 240g -me] 1YSLAAdo> s9puN jaqjezed Ow APY LSTA Jo aos se yueyioduiy Aejnopued o1e 1ySts aseqewep ay 40} pasn sutim Jo woneaxdioy, 9 24x aseqerep 241 01 1alqns aq osye en a pue IyB1sAdoa jo Sfs00% vag IM a[ouen © se aseqejep ays ystUAdoo ansue Jo Sfz0m 9q HM sUIEEP 40 sdear enp ia “pur yy, 2seqeiep axp Jo siuaiuos axp Tunuasoud 10 Sux{juI9A FupuyIGO UE yaUNSAKU [ENTERS qs © jo a1ns9r arp. ose Sek Yara sng aseqeNep 24) wt 9pHUt Oy s}zEKD s0 sdews ay FUND9|V6 UE lworeain femyooyoqur uso s zouyne 24} Jo nso4 24} Sea >I SLeYD 40 sous feULIO Jo asequep te jdurexa 105 ‘2p ‘saya Aaupo 10 yySuAdo> 0} yoalqns soapstuMA a1e YPTYM Sprom ULE 10> aseqevep ayy J: parayeun s1 yBix aseqerep ayy “suoystaouc ystsddoo ayp se Sy "ya aseq -2rep 2x1 pu 1yBtsddon 430g 0} y>o{qns 9q I Soseqerep Lurw pur sasequiep 14BIAdo>-LOU o} pepunsar ou s1 1u8ts 941 1ng 1ySHLAdo> 0} paredusos uoreanp pow Jos] a asequIEp SUI, ‘aseqeiep aun Jo siuauos a4) Sunpayo> pur SuyuFeIgo uy jaUsadu [eUO|ssA}Oxd pur epuruy ayy Jo synsas ayy Jo uoneudaiddesim 94) Woy soseqerep jo sioxeut 24 Sut Spajoud jo sy saseqniep Jo wor.rayoxd yea} 9g) Uo aanDaXICT 94) 01 GE [EHP “soDsNOSe: feOR -qp21 20 weumny “fe>UeUY Jo suLI9} WY Pouyap st UaULIsAAU-aseqeep F Jo ShuartioN ay FayuAsaEd 40 Suyjion ‘Burureigo uy jususOAUL ENUEISANS & Pra}oud 0} pauIsap sem IYsH aseqerep 245, Ay2p08 oneusroqus 24) ur yStxido> uo z 19ydeyD ut paquosop axe pu ssan2e paspioypneun 2151895 430 r1quyord 0} uDye) Seunseau PaIoud suOISTAORd asoyL, TUE asequaep 2x) 01 “uoNe>yspoUL Auessanou yyse (dale ospe (uonaoyaud aqeiedas uno stun aney enya stuexSo0zd soynduwo9 weyp Spqp0) S04 YBL1Adoo 6 Ajdde yeun sounsvout feoruja> aan294F9 FuNUAAMUNOATD Uo suOIs|AoLd ‘sys -{dlo> 10j se ues ay) ate ‘afdurexs 10) ‘sapouras pur Fuysua>q quaLUEg|sse 10j SuOIS|AOLd aif) ‘qu 8uddoo sapun size pay yuized jupqeambo 247) 0) reruns axe yt aveqeiep oxy a8urA]U! OU Op YDIYN SIDe ay} JO OWIOS ‘qyBtaddoo 40} se oures ayp st seqeiep yo wontuYap 24 = Supnpur saeypus Jo syujod awos axe aaa Yeu pres SuLaeyy SySexico soy veqy o1 waseypyp st Anyenuersqns Jo} 1921 oq) uaa IUBHLAdo> 404 ueMp S89] AjNuED suis st aseqevep 2qp jo wonteinp ayy, "(samouseu 8: pue) pouyap Apuaiayip s uaU2BULU pue BifstLAdo> yo aos 1 Aide yeqp 3804p 01 yuDHDyI_ a1: oye Ty AsEqETEP auf Jo B>UANSIEqS 10} Snr oq. syFtsAdoo 04 aamyeu sy uy se Aza 8} eA UNEP 09 EAST ® S|; Ng ayLAACO or ass ils se paquosap aq we> wySls aseqeep a1, 2661 SUOREINADy saseqeieg Ur IER pur BysiAdor op Jo 11 3204 £q 7 o4p Ur 304 poptaoad st yysix oy, ‘onbyUN 10 PUY UNO S150 148 1, Suyuvow syst soda ns v se sasequiep yo wonsayoud |e¥9) a4 UO aALa91EC 949 UE PagEIsaP. S14 a4 -(a1euidordde se soyey possnasyp aq tm sua paryiyiy ayp jo Suyueout 242) a80q sypp b Jo Siunuoo ayp Jo nowpsizynas sojpu uosiavsyx9 posoygneun 34 WaAo4d 0) sHawUsa4ut Jsensgns v jo ynsar aun st y>qypn aseqerep b Jo Jayvu OM 0} uantt wis st 343s asogumep ay, 41HOId 3SVaVLVG FHL oy aseaeyep ausThe database right European Court of Justice cases on database right November 2004, the European Court of Justice handed down important rulings on ques- submitted to it under Article 234 of the EC Treaty® for preliminary rulings. The most jesive set of rulings was handed down in a case referred to the Court af Justice by the English ‘of Appeal concerning a database operated on behalf of the British Horseracing Board. The ‘other cases were referred to the European Court of Justice from Finland, Greece and nn respectively. In all these cases, the claimant was Fixtures Marketing Ltd, a company Sch exploited the fixture lists for the English and Scottish football leagues outside the UK. Ta Case C-203/02 British Horseracing Board Ld v Willan Hill Organisation Ltd [2004] ECR BAIS (the "BHB case’), the British Horseracing Board (‘BHB') a company on behalf of BHB tained a very large database of racehorses and associated information and compiled lists of xs and riders for horse races. The operation cost around £4 million a year. The defendant ged an internet betting service and placed information about races and horses taking part in $n on its website. Some of the information had been derived indirectly from the BHB data- ‘Bee via lists of runners and riders published in newspapers. The amount of information from [ES=BHB database used by the defendant cach day was a very small proportion of the entire data- [Fee The European Court of justice made rulings on the meaning of investment, extraction and. Satllsation of the contents of a database, substantiality and under what circumstances the data- Bee right could be infringed by the repeated and systematic taking of insubstantial parts of a etsbase, Those rulings and their impact are mentioned below where appropriate Jn the Football Fiziures cases,’ the claimant complained about the defendants making use of Se football fixture lists for games in the English and Scottish leagues. Apart from commenting Be the meaning of ‘database’ in one of those cases, as discussed earlier the meaning of invest Sent was considered, The rulings are, to all intents and purposes the same as in the BHB case on Sis point. The European Court of Justice confirmed, however, that a football fixture list stch as Beone exploited by the claimant was a database within the meaning of the Directive on the legal protection of databases In applying the rulings of the European Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal subsequently ‘enfirmed that the database right did not protect the BHB database 1) Basic requirement for subsistence of database right Fins, it must again be stressed that the meaning of ‘database’ isthe same as applies to databases abject to copyright and as interpreted by the European Court of Justice in the Fixtures “Marketing v OPAP case, discussed carler. ‘The database right is defined in Regulation 13(1) of the Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997 as a property right which subsists in a database if there hes been a substantial Snvestment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of the database, Substantialty is efined for this and other purposes, as meaning substantial in terms of quality or quantity or a combination of both. This must mean that whether an investment is deemed to be substantial is ‘measured by the relative importance and/or relative proportion of the part of the database to hich the investment relates. The Directive places the burden of proving the database right sub- sists in accordance with this basic requirement on the maker of the database under Article 7(1). ‘The Regulations are silent on this matter. 2TheTieaty Exablishing the European Communities (Consolidated Version, OF © 325, 24.12.2002, p. 3). Case C-46-02Fitares Marketing Lv Oy Ves AB (2004) ECR--10365; Case C-44402 Fixtures Marketing Lv rginisimos Progrostiton Agonon Podosfurx [2004] ECR-10S 49; Case C-318/02 Fituces Marketing Lew Srenska Spel A 2008] ECR-1087 {MBL asegerep 943 pue ybudoo aseqeiea [REN-popraoad asyauaipo se ssoyun sae Bre ys soyeus 29 oy suonoynay ayy sncazaar ‘sins uf Se asegenep © MM Ut Sone: Laeseou ay Supyeu wy aesoqey[o0 suossad azout 20 ow 3 tof ape st aseGeNEP Y uounyseaul jo ys tp Sour pur aan ay say Ou AoKoycusa og Sa Aaa Besiojduio ue hq apous st oseqnep ® 2124p 1U2WSAANT JO ts ayy Tuyunsse pu osEGRTRP 2H Bonjens ut aan ayy Suye 3o suzy us oye an 30 woop as suOREN 439 PU entoydw Aq spew soseqeep Jo} apews 2g pinoys uostaoad jenods saqiags aae4eg2P 8 urauesea Ysti09§ 21f 104 ape st doisinord yuopeasnba, Brpoq 20 Joyne Jo jonwoo 40 uonoup a) Japun apew sereqeiep o1 doneypt tf awl Bo sonora 50 s0q 10 24 se papseo! 359 oye a ov Pofanssonnp Hd Jo Ne) 2 Spey au Jo yeas 20 J2oyjo we Aq apes! 291% aseqeep Jo ZU HN se PHPINES 2 ty Asoteyy 2244 20) suorsaoud oye axe assy, xenon a oy oU2928e Au on tala FES Bip go soyeu 24 se popuea 1 Z2dura 24 "uaudoyduo sry jo asuno> xp ut 2d Ve A Spe auqevep © aloypy suondaoxs axe a1) ans 215 sf apeu Bur se pe =aEHP Ban jo sayeu yp 2q 0% poopisuo> 2 gM uosiod eu, uoRunard Jo woneoyaK HuLHege Bory wy Sunni yo 3s1 ay) SBUINSSE ue oseqeep v Jo saEeD oxy Bunua.ld 30 BusHO Hpereengo uy aanenyut ag saqen oye Uoszed ayy se (TPT NoMeNBey UY PUY st HEN HL 3ms ery suuouerg ueadoung eur wopIsr Ajjemcel 20 Jo auaptsox vou EL 2 ea Bar 3 send yn seqenep se ay Jo 940 “ares? soy "se Joye op OM UO SPU Sry pe ae sseqeiep au 30) Aen tu segs vptonds ts aseAPIEP oA) 30 9UNO I pu 94 seu op sil SU0ST21 HN] Jo} werd S| seqeIep Jo z>}eU! af J AIBWOPE PAL aseqejep e Jo ex2W aseqerep & uy 1oyye80) seHDIEU Gunso Sunnajo> uewp uoroaosd jo Buyasosop sxous aq prow aseqerep & 30 sidara09 ay9 Sune spp tea ur ys u0 se seg suoos Hu 2, 1gB sous ms mp Ka wanna jo 29%G0 are Buy oe aseqeiep 2p Jo uation ayn Hunsayoo pue Buuyereo, wy womnseat of suoR UE fg (neu ‘uoneraxdzqut su pouoddns anoaticl ayp 01 seHDoH ap KH parson uN AML ayia 3504, “ep p01 ass aon wor eusand aq) tu uaUssOAuH a 0) soe Buns aid Jo 6” Pe too any ase s}U0IU09 DOH, D5EGEIEP ay) JO STUD ayp Suyuosond uy YUNSIAUE OA A) donbjeru a pow imu tues ag) Rae S| uausssaut ayy Hupraond BH age OD er sai on mDpouyas 9 tes ‘aseqeaEp & Jo swuduo> ayy Fupaseud 40 BuyAron Buruyeigo Woy roa yo suo} asth 34) Jo auo dure sy sjusreus Sunsps>-2ud Buyijyas so/pue Suno2To> FE qo Bupooe qm uonooutoo wt 99 smu yu=UHsanuy ap Un pees st spsom sorpo wT ABE deeqeep ayo ssocind ap 0) sieadde ay you ur gegeaep amp JO simon ap J0 LOREAL area Suyeeigo atu WUDUNS2AUE we ayMIsUOD OU PIP 7p yum oz2ouuED Wk SHPoHP Io AH Tare pur 2581 © 30} sss0y jo 1s] ® dn sezp o} pas seounosax 24) Buy ayn osfe une UL, “JOrUyDp re4p UAE. ry wu soop pest arm swuoyuoo ayy uaqp sszaid uomaytan aap ur pom sounos7y We so sy Seranp pul pateo19 ses aseqevep ayy uous priayo> seu2yew 24) Jo Aoemone 2 St Spode uy posn spunoses ao} paLzja osevep¥ 0 sustuoo oy Bu, us Sunn sAjea oseqnep 249 H papnPut 2g ot seHVEU 2 Buea! wy uoUTseat 2p HEN To PAP s1oreqeiep xp orur wiaxn Bunooqo> pu sesoews Banst 4n0 Huppps uy UPUSaNNT a 1a orange, us uaussonutagnrxp powtgue> snsnt Jo me ueadosm a Ne aH =H you asogeiep ou‘The database right alification database right to subsist, it must satisfy the qualification requirements. These are set out tion 18, and require that, at the ‘material time’ (the time the database was made or, if ag extended over a period of time, a substantial part of that period), the maker wa Spdividual who was a national of an EEA state or the Isle of Man (‘ToM’), or habitually res- Eetin an EEA state or the [oM; (body incorporated in an EEA state or the IoM, having its central administration or princi- iplace of business in an BEA state or the 1oM or registered office in the EEA ot IoM and the dys operations linked on an ongoing basis with the economy of an EEA state or the 1oM: = artnership or other unincorporated body formed under the aw of an EEA state or the loM, Bing at that time its central administration or principal place of business within the EEA or JoM. Seclusion in the qualification provisions of the Isle of Man was the result of an agreement the UK on behalf of the Isle of Man and the European Community so as to extend the right to the Isle of Man, with effect from 1 November 2003, here the database has joint makers it will qualify for protection if one or more of them fall a the qualification requirements. For example, if a database is made by a French woman and Se man resident in China, working collaboratively (in terms of taking the initiative and. ing the risk of investment), it will qualify for the database right even if only one of the satisfies the qualification requirements. As we will see later, however, the Chinese man, 2 joint maker will be the joint first owner of the database right, The qualification requirements do not apply in the case of Parliamentary database right sugh there is no express exception for Crown database right nor in relation to the Scottish Directive on the legal protection of databases emphasised that the database right was to be ted in time, subject to a new right arising if a database undergoes substantial change so as to sconsidered a new substantial investment. Consequently, the term of protection afforded by the shase right is 15 years from the end of the calendar year during which the making of the data- sas completed; although, ifit was made available to the public before the end of that period, sight will continue to endure for 15 years from the end of the calendar year during which it first so made available: regulation 17, Many databases are subject to continual or periodic modification, A new period of protection if changes to the database are substantial and this includes any substantial change resulting em an accumulation of successive additions, deletions or alterations, which would result in the fabase being considered to be a substantial new investment. The use of the word includes sug that a substantial investment in subsequently verifying the contents or presenting them in JSew or improved manner could suffice in appropriate circumstances, Whether a change is sub- atial isto be evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively Its possible, therefore, that a new term of protection could came sbout because the owner of [Bee database makes a substantial investment in writing new, or modifying existing, computer {Programs responsible for presenting the contents of the database. In another case, the owner may [bat significant resources into verifying the accuracy of the contents. This could be the case where Be contents are likely to become inaccurate over time, for example, in the case of a database ofSjosto> 20) asequiep v 2en 0} 48 © soq uostod 8 a19yAA VoHHENS 24 J9KOD O1 S| *HONDBIT OY on yppe ur jerrodun sf uonestanas Ayo uoseas yy, Sueou Aue dq ayjqnd ayy or jg zeae SIU Suo> >i) Buryeu se 198 24) 9qU2sap 01 JOfdunS 99g axey 1gBrU a -9sEqEIEP 2g WHO) P9}>BIXD sjuzqu0o aug Sunnsuon hq ‘ofduzexd 105 s9sodand uso sty soy spusjuo> up Bursn {jduas s] uossad f yeqp asus axp ur asm-ay ‘sons yur puoM agp $e “UeDU OU SJOp LOLES|HNDL IY SION, squusuen jo suti0y 12470 10 suypuo Aq Bunuar 4q ‘a4do> Jo uonngunstp 2xp Aq 211qnd 34) 01 sjgepeae stato axp Supzew 9uyop 04 uo seo aan voauc ay) surBUE Aue dq a1Qnd aep 09 qGE Jgexe syuotuo> asou) Fupjeur suraus‘aseqeep F Jo swuDILOD Ke o} HONEPE UI {YOReSTNND, pe stuxoy Aare uy 40 suvau dup Aq wnpou soqgoue 01 sjuayuod soup Jo 398613 Assiodws>y 40 yuouewisad 247 sueaut seqerep F Jo swuaiuoD Aue OF LONE UE {HONDEXD, wt 'smoijoj se pauyap azP swuiD) Bso4,“2seqeIeP. xp Jo stuajuon 249 Jo wouwsynas Jo wowpnsnea yo suis ut paguasep st wuawaBuLyUL IABE aM jo wouis8uzyur 0} suondooxs ayy pue rusia axp aBurgur yey se ayy 0} soUDH9}21 dq AjoareROU Douwuioiap 9q we> doy) saqpey Ino-yads 10U axe ayBHs aseqeNEp axa Jo JUNO oMp JO SIHAL =U quawabujiju! pue sub peu u99q 394 30u aAey gery sosequiep o poadsax ut soouany Sujues# 4q ‘aduuexs 10 Aypanpadsoud ayBis sequrep amp Spas yeap 01 2yaussod osye st aysaAdoo qu sy TUB aseqenep xp Jo zoUUNO 24) Jo Ie42q WO.10 fq pousis pur Suntim ui aq nur s2ouaoy] anisnpoxa pu wits oyp SuruBysse wossod ayp Jo sey Mo 10 Aq poutis pue Suniim ul aq asm syuouuisse sy, ys aseqeiep axp pre 1yBukdoo fy qj04, 1>9/qns 99 01 suaddey uonsanb wy aseqerep axp asoyss AYBLE aseqeIEP 31f 10) SIN WHY Sup 2xty 01 uotwoxuo31U1 A394 asoud pyso> xy ‘asinsoqo “asneD2q [njdy sts, WYBT4AOD 105 se Sues ayy axe 1ySts soqerep a4} 03 2a/qns soveqerep Jo Bursuary pu TuDUIUTISse 309 Ins 2 ‘sustuosinbas uoreaytfenb acy cI [ey WIYI JO Ye OU YFHOY) UDAD fos st sry, “s1oumo ysryy rurof ayp 2q ‘sion Jo “po down ‘srayeUs uLOf sey aseqEIEP 22941) ppapiom st aanoon1C] atf1 MOY Jo Ns94 e Ajqeqoud ssp Inq puns Kem ouNO axp SFuKH Sind “ges yy8tx aseqerep aq, s2uNO ap Jo AMUOPE Xp DUTEEIEI2P oY papoout s sys Jo 88 BUELL fidos 10 S10,2154,, 520% agp saqea. OYM LosIed a4) Ajduns ‘910M oN ste Jo fexsmUL ‘SHeUIEIp MGeioqy eurdiu0 Surusoou09 sese> ysou Ur's| zoygne ayy a1aym 1yBAdo> yyum LoR}sod ayy TIM Sisiyy, 148s aseqarep op Jo diyssouso aq) 203 soseo Yous Ut Vossixoxd pepads =yeU O1 pRoUl Ou Seomouy sues seqerep AveuuourEIeg pue UMOID pur sooKoydurD Aq apeUt Soseqnrep Jo UNDE Seppe aseqerep & 30 s0yeur 249 Jo UON!UYDp ayy SY "UY AUB aseqeIEP aqp Jo IBLE 124 OMY st Sxequiep axp Jo z2yeus oyp ‘<] uoieynS>y| sopup,‘pduas Auystadans sf diypsouno oy se 3p a4, YB aseqezep au; UsIM Buljeap pue diysisuMO ‘e107 Aaenue{ | youn wousaroxd aney PHYA saseqelep Jop[o Jo si9uMO Jo sisaraIUT ay) Paoad oy popusqur sem wostaoud sty “geo Avenue{ 1 quia BuruUraq sroaK <1 40} 388 TBO YS: 256g evep ap (wepy Jo 2s 941 UI GOO HOqWAAON, 1 10) gsr Aenue{ | wo dfarEPAUTUNL sequIEp {a porsisqns 1yBis aseqeiep aya pure eg6r Avenu{ 1 910}99 20 to apeus sea UORSanb Ur aseqeIED du 31 seqeep 2p U a:NpUD O1 sonuAUoD r{GLUddoo 9p ‘sase> KMS UI “WyBLAAdoD 40} ouUas palueyp up Jopun paioajo1d os aq jou yy up ang aYBLAdoo 4q payaaoud Aysnovord 9120 Jqy saveqniep Jo s1ouno ayp Jo siso199U ayp parosd 04 suOIAOIT [euOR|SUEN aUIOS 998 2K. ‘paisfap are sprona4 a1afosqo pu ayep 01 da 3yBn0sq pur payay9 axe sps0res Sunsrxo ‘aseqeep ati Ut papmpit| ase sp10Dax jewoREPpE a1aym st ‘ose> Jopany 196 y “SIoMIOISM uous aseqeyep ou.Tho database right Fic conten then decides, without the owner's permission, to make 4 substantial IPE the contents available to the public. Bie BHB case, the Euroy direct acts only. eectrine of exhaustion of rights where a copy of a datthare © sold on tangible media in tothe resale ofthat copy This is described below in the eoay of exceptions to infringe- $Eeacted in the first place, Bs with the meaning of investment, substantiality for the Purposes of extraction or reutilisa- Beate determined qualitatively or quantitatively or by « combination of both, The meaning Se estantality i considered further below together with shen constitutes an insubstantial part BF a database, Biringement by the repeated and systematic extraction or reutilisation of substantial parts Reflecting the special Betcrests by a systematic BF the word ‘may’ m, Fortunately, the Direc Cea petted and systematic extraction and/or re-utilization of ineubwt ial parts of the con- Sgn te database implying acts which conflict with a norgut exploitation of that database or aish unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests ofthe nee t of the database shall not be permitted, Bat 2 to the scope ofthe prohibition under Article 7(5) was siven in the BHB case by the Bein Cou of Justice. It is intended to catch situations when might otherwise escape Be ascent by extracting and/or reusing substantial pare pet database. Acts of repeated ee, 2atematic extraction and/or reutilisation of insubanta Parts which are cumulatively gait taking substantia part infringe. Itisimpliedthatewh ce do indeed conflict with Beet exploitation of the databate or unreasonably Prejudice the legitimate interests of the ne the database, Article 75) is intended to deal wah the situation where the whole or a SPeantial part ofthe database is reconstituted ot made matte the public. Two points can 83 ‘WOU oFeqevep ou3 pue subtiAdoo aseaeyeg of3} Buyyur rou seop s1u2y fop aup so ued yernuersqns © yuo Suypop 21 oUUELE Aue UE 2yGnd ap 7 a|qeHEAE apeLE 1994, seu aseqerep ay) ououy, “07 woneTHB] UL yuowSUEUL oy wondaoxe Fuyeop rey e st 212441 ‘loa st sp juoaaid o1 sdwone gor ‘pares usaq sey aseqenep © Jo ised 40 aseqenep B asn on 1yBII 91 pigs pun Sowaes8e ue ut we Auy ‘asodund ue Jj aseqerep 2qf Jo sued JeRUESqISUL Suisypynar zo Bundenxo woy paruanaid 2q ouues ‘yqnd ax 0} a[qeHEAe aPEL tO Sey {pIgM ‘sseqorep v jo s58n re aseqerEp ayy asm or iyi e Sey (asLHIBINO 40 asEqEIEP aU uy ruts asegexep Aue hq pawinsas siae ay) Jo Aue op oy 20u221] v 1Epun s>xp>yR) OYA LOstad fue sucaui ‘seqeiep © 01 voneyaa ur ‘rasn jrysae] Y Tasn rye] & Aq siaed jenUESGnsUT Jo oR “rsinan 20 wor}2e1980 quonbasqns 24) quit Supaprazus 1yBls aseqerep ay) JO JUNO axp STUER aad sy, uorsiaoud junes8 wroxy woneTou9p-uoU, v Aj[e>Iseq SL YM SUIEIUOD 6] ONLI NEI ue} Jo as] a4) tt pjos sardoo jo s2adsa1 uy soxjdde ose sou uosstaoxd sya Jo won nous ou, s01d00 asom Jo esas ontuo> ov wy8tx Aue ismeyp> uy ‘ostp eondo Jo 2nouReUE tuo ajdurexo 20} ‘oidon Jo ayes ou Aquo stay “uorstMaL Jo 148ts sayeUr ayp asTEyxD “and mov] Jou sa0p 2x[9nd axp jo ssaquiaUL Aq uorr|NsUOD 10} DUN|UO e}qp[HeAP OPEL U29q sey a8eq “eyep © yeu 1585, 144 a8eqevep ayy Buutyyuy oyun ya ayy ut sxoyanospa Adoo egy [91 tue> uosiod req) ‘aseqeiep € Jo Adoo v sing A|jryate uosiod e 41 ‘sxoyatoyyy aseqevep atp Jo SIU -uoo ay) Jo wonestfanas 40 won2e2Ix9 aynyTstO> you Soop sordoo asoys Jo aes UENbasqns Kuve 4uoyx> 94) 01 3gS4s aseqerep axp Jo Jo1Em sup Jo TuasuOD oun epUM 10 4g VAT aHR UTIALA pjos s>1do> 01 sordde (vag) Pa1y syWouarg ueadoing 24) uyHM siyBU yo LoUsNEYX® Jo aUIZDOP 2H, uoqiesijanat 20 woroeayxe Jo Buuesur ay} ULNALM Tes FO}I9KN ‘pod Gp! sn 39U919 “gps ods-a4-o 104 ajqeyrear aseqevep aip Supjeut or puarx rou sop wor daaxe siya nq aseqerep 2 Jo siuaqu09 aif Jo LORES|EMAL 10 LONENAD aymyystoD YoU ssoP 24}qnd 21} 0 afqpssaD2e HOLE sijsqqrase ue Aq (aBeiueape jerpsoutuu0> ouput 10 y2suIp 405 ou) aseqeyep e yo Acoo v Surpury quawabupsjul 0} suodeox3, sued jenuersqnsus ue sea Mppanenend 40 épaanean en soy payenyeas yed jenuersqns e Jo woRLUYap 2p [y]PY You pup YoY zed Aue wey po|M yp sno}aqo op Sunes se paquosep aq sjuo ues yeur oIsTPUIOD e oy aLUD yzn0> 94p |PEUI aseqpiep auf Jo stuaiuo> [ei9us8 ay jo zed [eRUEISANS e sea I>HTOyM. {Jo ssoppreau pasinas 20 payens9 siiaquo> ay) Sunuasaid 10 Suyéjion “Bujureago Jo ywsussanu Jo ayeos aut 01 pousajau aseqrrep © Jo syueruo> axp jo azed TeHuEIsqas © Xpanragenb parenyeng, aseqerep >i JO SIUait0D ax jo aUUNfOr [POT 94} OL MonE|ax UF pessesse PastTMas 10 poxDeNx> yep Jo auunyoa aun 03 po1s9}S1 jaanieynuenb parenyeno ‘Aayenuersqns ey pays yMe> ay, ‘ueaUt [erueEIsqasus eG ose pur Apaneruenb pue djpagenen que2u jenuersqns regen Ino Ysop OF porduioNe DpSHL Jo unos uradomng a4) se Buysaiowut st ureBe ase> qa au, TWALs seqaIep amp jo uHLIABEL UE jo Supuy e 0} jeaR1D s| jenuEISqNs 1 pasyEIMad 10 paysesix> aseqerep ¥ Jo Ed syp JOM, Jequeysqnsuy pue jenueysans ppaumnsard aq eur sage oup ‘956 GHG 2M uF 28H Jo nop weadomg 24) Jo wuourSpal 919 uo pasegt‘paoipn{asd usaq aney syseiarU eum Sty eu) 20 aseqerep ay jo uorenojdxs yeutuou ayp ypu IxuOD Jo pouse|duion S>e amp TEE MOUS (0) a4ei, Ou Js 94] “PasIMY 10 paryenxa usAq sey Led jeauesgas & aane|mIUMD ‘eT MoUs fo} 2404 jun Aqdusis queue ayy yp suPadde 1, Wey st wiOd puooes oy YuaWaBULZEE OM 9g tue a1) (4yannemnuenb soypue Ajasrenyenb) axeqerep at) jo wed rerum v O, NOUE APPAR qjeuin> you op s24p2801 and vay posynas 20 parsesixo aseqerep atp Jo snd ayp gf "9peUt 24 uO oseaeiep a4The database right Be partis extracted by a person who is otherwise a lawful users Be part is extracted for the purposes of illustration for teaching or rescarch (but not for a Kemmercial purpose); and Bhs source is indicated Ber exceptions are set out in Schedule 1 to the Regulations and relate to Parliamentary and Sl proceedings, Royal Commissions and statutory inquiries, material open to public inspec 3oFon official register, material communicated to the Crown in the course of public business, Be records and acts done under statutory authority. These mirror the equivalent permitted for copyright. However, apart from these exceptions and the others mentioned here, none of other permitted acts that apply generally to literary works under copyright apply to the data- Bight For example, there sine provision for fair dealing for criticism or review or for report ‘current events. sumed expiry of database right itis reasonable to assume that the database right has expired and the identity of the maker S2ch of the makers in the case of a database made jointly) cannot by reasonable enquiry be fained, the right will not be infringed by the extraction or reutiliation of a substantial part Bie contents: Regulation 21. Its important, therefore, for the owner of databases to indicate entity of the maker on copies of the database and the year during which it was frst pub. Bed. Ifthe database is made available online, this information should appear on the title sereen SF eter appropriate place. This is also worth doing so as to raise useful presumptions as dis ‘sessed below. Deposit libraries epics of published books are required to be deposited at certain libraties, such as the British Béeary. By the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 this obligation was extended to cover works in Seal form of a description to be prescribed, Regulation 20 was inserted by the Legal Deposit [Etaties Act 2003 into the Regulations to make provision for this in relation to the database [Bett where a database is published on the intemet by a person connected with the UK in a Fanner to be prescribed, subject to conditions also to be prescribed. Where deposit is required of non-print publications, a copy of a computer program required Be escess and display the publication may also be required together with any manual It may be Fesible to deposit the materials electronically. Thus far, Regulations to bring these provisions Biv effect have not been made, ‘The ‘British Leyland’ defence {Bie first reported case to involve the database right was Mars UK Ltd v Teknowledge Ltd [2000] SR 138 in which the claimant designed and made coin operated machines which contained dis- GEiminators designed to detect whether or not a coin was genuine. The claimant brought outa Bev discriminator known as ‘Cashflow’ which was programmed for new coin data and contained $2 EEPROM (electronically rasable programmable read only memory) which could be repro [Erammed in the future with new data. This was important so as to allow the discriminator to be Fealibrated to accept new types of coin and reject new forms of blanks or foreign coins. The Glaimant wanted to keep to itself the work of reprogramming these EEPROMSs and the data con. Heined within them was encrypted. The defendant managed to overcome the encryption and was Bben able to recalibrate Cashflow machines itself, The claimant commenced proceedings Mr infringement of copyright and the database right in the computer programs and data in the WOU stegeiep ou pu bust aseqnieg RE‘yu seqeyep axp 04 uoneay!pout gnompys poydde ype axe 3y8ts4do> ayy sapun aasuaoyaassnjoxa Ue Jo pur aySiaAdoo jo soto 3¢p Jo sompaurar pue siya ayy ‘SyoM ayssAdo> uy siya yA Ruyeop oy Ide yPuyea suowstaoudl aq, suolsinoud 43430 $6 SMOPUIM, Se pas aresyos uF SunsIsqns 1yst4Adoo ay) pruto 1 yA aN0ud 1 9424 101 pip wonres0d.05 yosoxonyy 2x2 uepuEyep axp Aq pertLUgns aouapsne KuE Jo RD1IISqr i Ur ‘229404 O8S USA [L661] PFT apHMoLDAE A diog Yoso.yW Jo 28e> 24} UL USS SEM SLO Sduinsoid quojeainbo aqi yo ssounyasn oy ‘we] 1yStsdoo zapur,‘siayour 241 Jo aU0 2g 04 pa8aqTe Bee 32 1 vopma ie rom’ ap peo! spew sag ey segsep¥ os, panoud 24, Azenuo> 24) jun ypax10> pounsard pue sy>ey asoy} so aDUapIAD sv 2IQKSSIUPE 9q EHS HrETH IO IPP OM) 02K poyroods © ut poysyqna say sean. eq pur 1ayew a sem uosiod paureu ereyp Buy P15 seus 20 jaggy 8 1899 paysyqnd se aseqerep e Jo satdon arog YU aseqerep AzepuoUIE EG Bo uNox o1 palgns Jou | >seqeIep aI WY PUP JUNO Is 24 2g plow Joojdura yp 91949 ssoueisuIno4P Ui 2peUE OU Sta asEqBIEp D4 puP I5xeUN axp | UosIOd yeyp IeMp pawns aid s1 11 ‘poysyjqnd se aseqeiep aun so sardon uo sseadde aseqerep oyp Jo sayeus ayp Jo 2eqp 34 {6 Suzodind aureus e aroqy ‘Zz uoren82y sopur) “SoM 1y81U%doo oF uoHE|ss UL AIede YDIyOA suondunsaid quoqeambo ayy oy seyurissip you arp ayy, qUDUIOSUAJU 105 onde LE UE Z>UKHO 247 01 rydjay og ews yor pue ysis asequaep oy) 01 Aj youyye suonduimsord autos aze 22244], suonduinsaig ‘wor}991s09 410139 pu UBUD} -uour s1eauyos Jo sutsoy ut se yon seournsunoxt> ports As9A us dejd oy ajos yenpsoa 8 asey 10K Ae. a>uajop ay ranamoy, “aoU9y9p ayp Jo JI, [EAP 0U PIo> Ss>}ULad 498) pu siaidono.o4d Bo} sSSpuiyie> Jou0y Buyjyar Auedusoo & yeep play Sea IE a1OKJA uCY BuoF] Woy yeodde ue) BEL OV [2661] 09 a8pustn7 uaais A vystoy rypysnguy WoUD’) Ut June Aalaa 2yp Aq yo panoad =ciesip Sjanna2y9 uoaq seq ausuidoysxap xocpany si pur ‘pareaddesip yaq ye sey 25U}p prumdary SHAG 9UL],“29UR}9p ® Ms sonpoNUE o7 S>Rpn{ 20} FUorm aq [now If “os BuIDq HL IWR Ss2qerep 24} 0} woHP|>s Us SoURJOp v YoNE 103 apisosd oy you Uoso4p poy aUUEL Ae, ‘Ne [BUOLEL sppun pestioyine Aijeuorpen seouajap adope 01 sareig s2quioyy [eNprarpur panguusdd saseqerep 430 wor} 2r0ud peo] oqy UO 9a s2xIC] ay YBNOYRTY “EIUOD sIyp Ut 29UgJap v Y>HS TuLAKy UL AOYOd ay1gnd Surp12iex0 Auv asoup sem 10N-soseqeyep Jo uoN>a}014 [x89] 24) pur sutesBord sm NdwH0> Jo on2o101d jeBo] oq1 uo saannazig] ut poutenuo> a1as ouayep sued aueds e o1 uayeagnbo suorstA oud ou yp pavou a} ‘pip J! WoREMS 2y1 parapysuan ynq desdue aouajap sed auEds pry Yomug 21 UNI [Py TOICUIELDSIP Jo uoNeIqyEra s9y>Ys Pargnop qo>"{ 2>n8n| sy 9] UBISOp 10 safury> pur gol PY Sua PUR sUBIsaqy IYBIAKdoD aqy Aq UayEHIas0 dpaBae] u9q sey aouayep sured areds, siyy, sized azeds ut yozeur 20yj v ss2208 0} UB © pey sie>10jour SuLing Ssuosiod ssneaoq rgftuddoo yey anr0jua oy posnjas spoT] Jo asnoH] ayy ‘iaKomop} “BuLAdoo Jpaupuy Aq surarsés ysneyxo axp jo sSuymesp axp ur Bunsisqns 1y8isddoo aqp Jo iuswioBusjUL [eo uy>a} e uz2q pey si re4p pjey sea aj “VoSstuLIad juoyLN s3e> JO}OU! SJUBUATE|> 24} 40} SUID} -s4s ysneypso apeut YUEPUR}EP axp ‘ZzS DV [9B6T] PIT OD stuaing BuoLssuY & prT di0d s010yy purgsor ystiuigl uy ‘poudde 2ouajap puryiey ystiug ayn pouste> ing iySix aseqeiep ayn pue 148s ado aBuryuy aswwusqyo pjnom ey) se yo BuyAase> poysuIpe XyjemuIx> yuEPUD}DP 244 *8-taydoyp 905 y>IyN 103 ‘paqgey wep sip ing paaye osye sem souapyuos Jo y>varg ‘sioneUtLALZIsIp aq) WL sdiyp saynduea uous aseqejen ay,Summary Bemedies are the same as for copyright and include damages, injunctions, accounts oF other- asis available for infringement of any other property right, and additional damages are also Ble in the case of flagrant infringement. Exclusive licensees have rights concurrent to those She owner and may bring an action themselves. As is usual, the owner would be expected to Soined in the action, for example, as co-claimant or defendant. [t would appear that section ‘of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 also applies to the database right. This gives of action to.a non-exclusive licensee where there isa written licence signed by or on behalf ‘owner granting the non-exclusive licensee aright of action. Eebedale 2 to the Regulations contains provisions for licensing schemes and in relation to sg bodies and the referral of licensing schemes to the Copyright Tribunal. An example of essing scheme would be where the owner of a database right sets out the types of case where Scheme applies, the persons to whom he is prepared to grant licences and the terms of those A licensing body is one which negotiates or grants licences on behalf of owners of data: fights. These provisions are equivalent to those in sections 116-129 and 144 of the ght, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which apply to copyright works. The jurisdiction of the Tribunal is enlarged accordingly to give it jurisdiction over the database right Detabases can be protected by copyright and/or the database right. ‘be subject to other rights such as copyright. database is protected by copyright if, by reason of the selection or arrangement of its con- sit constitutes the author's own intellectual creation. jon of a database by copyright may extend to its structure, atabase is protected by the database right if its making was: fhe result of a substantial investment in human, financial or technical resources; {in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of the database. maker of a database subject to the database right isthe person: eho takes the initiative in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents; and ‘eho assumes the risk ofthe investment in doing so. aus asegeiep avy pue yyoutdoo aseceiea REI the database right: there are qualification requirements: the basic term of protection is 15 years; Safsingement is by extracting and/or reutilising a substantial part of the contents: fs accumulation of insubstantial extractions and/or reutilisations may infringe; © there are a number of exceptions to infringement; and. there are presumptions in relation to the name of the maker and year of publication.saaooj sv pasysoa4e9 29 Jp copnpond tpt sizandulop aout qos som ary Hogs sp 42pssUa? ol 10 te ep aq dou [ua Som yons Busse pur mda weuny Dap Jo mou peu e Jo Ny sr ae pron som jo soda Sumas yeas oy Souramx9 oot 3XN UaDNaG tN KOMP Ie fae panes pracus suoqeens asf Jo JOON "HOU ue DUP Ou 0 ap yA SOM ANP toad yun syd ay pus Jogo ayy 18 Sp oqModA e 30 uod esos 200 © ssn O04 Fare funn « Buisn poonpoid 9 Hoss e umunseds xp Jo pus avo 1Y soma ue ws Sposa saya Sure re se Kes sod 3 0 BS 12nd fo pe 24 Hn PaanD etd son jo fase Aueul uy 9meDNq SOH|AOUH oF Pe de> Hy oyp ut wager yovordde au vast ar waprouzoo a1 diyssoqnne jo uoTInge pue wore>19 AeULON, TESOL SUS Hh qq acm af uopean oq 24 daysoqine umuZe9p ot eUsUEGP ssh panos Aes do oH, re eroun-nindon aot ueWUN €or dpuoyne rag a jE ONHELP OU ee reiy apne seysinos> us pateasauo stom poyeaui-somndulonezoqno Uaye Spoons axe 3uos vyons yo sogyne ah pur om poessusd-soindoo e Jo sUORIUYPP SUL saonsanb by yoom ayy 2yes9u38 0} djpanzeyoo pasn sjseus ayo ayn pawn pur sureord 219 2040 tip sos so uonsod 29 pn SUL "Toye ae 0M 49 Jo ways ap Joy Krasnow oie coSurerie xn wou a wostod ays oqne ayy ‘paesouss-seyndio> s1qpuya. Hom 2nsHAE pero reueyp ‘ses yo ase a uve ais (6 UOND26 “Hom ay Jo zoqIME NEU dura oro Je Woes soouetsanoxs Uf nduso> v 4q poressio8 sty uoys spaesousd and rics, ve om ¥sauyep PY aif Jo. UoHDAS "oq WY Jo VONEELquio v0 porn wwesfoxd Hy int oop uiiesBond yp u x0 mud 2xp 3oupoad m aindutoa ayy ON UOREUEIO; sHo1T up uosiod ayy ur apse ue ys weuny oanduoo © 30 rr aq 0 Aq paonpesd sH0¥ s2quinu wopues Jo 15 sip poonpou‘se> sum ong suesdoud aon aps. pure} 24 prno> Bom paauap sind ae ar anqodzs weurny a, oom Aaeaoq # Jo 1oIpMe 24) 2g py» Wad e exp Huss se Ayes se Gen ere ypns vey pres ou puopyaa 3Hsn{ 2} hq powaies se su yBtadde> Aq poomord ae nat sedusoo yp &q UME Sloquin Jo sis 2yp Spanbaswo> ‘pue Zoya We ou Sea sows aoa pore sem “6801 WIN 1 [5861] 2d O47 1504 Aner yoodseur7 a 21d siododsnan Gongey ur aySuukdo> Aq poioxord 2 1 ey 324 IUOWY ayp Jo SEUONTEL, PeMe toe Spode ifedsou € 30} sind Aq pps saqut wopae Jo spe ‘sesodund wtAdo> sep uom am yo ounce ai go Aunuape ip Bousws 9p w} suoup 2:8 aN 19g. 7V WEL AE sioy portion xo sate ng torrond 18u4do> Jo Ayyos ate undo 230 Pe So fa porapoud syiom wx sosteonor Apsoxsa yapt PY stuaveG pur URC RndoD AL NOILINGOSLNE syJom pazesauab-sayndwiodWorks created by a computer Sporks created using a computer; Dorks created by a computer; and Beermediate works. |B these cases ‘computer’ means a programmed computer. DRKS CREATED USING A COMPUTER @ples of works which fall into this category are: documents produced using a word processing m; CAD (computer-aided designs) such as plans for a house or a new car body panels music using a program designed to assist with the composition ofthe music (as opposed to a pro- sdesigned to write music); and an accounts report created using spreadsheet program. In all Se acs, the person operating the system is using the computer to achieve the results that he =: f0 obtain. The programmed computer is merely a tool that allows the operator to use his Gvity and imagination to the fullest extent and efficiency. Such works are not computer-gen- bai the skill and expertise (or at least the greatest part ofthese) derives from the user of the Word.-processed documents, drawings, music and reports produced using packages which fate the making ofthese works are protected by copyright as original literary, dramatic, musi SSrartistic works in their own right. Indeed, section 51 of the Act recognises that copyright can Sst in data stored in a computer representing a design asa form of design document. The person using the computer to create the work provides the expertise necessary for the King of the work and is, for copyright purposes, the author of the work. That expertise may Spplicd directly or indirectly: for example, a person writing a report may draft it out on paper then hand it to a typist who enters it into the computer. In these circumstances, the author ef the operator but the person writing the report. Its similar to the process of amanuensis, febich a person dictating a letter will be the author of that letter; the person who writes the Esstion down is merely his agent, Tbe person who wrote the computer program used to assist in the creation of the types of E:described above has no rights in the work because, although the programmer may control Snfuence the format ofthe finished work, he has no control or influence on the content. The that many works in this category may be produced directly using a computer before any =: tangible form exists presents no serious problems because these works will exis, in terms Bpyright protection, the instant they are recorded; that is, as soon as they are stored on a com disk or printed out on paper. DRKS CREATED BY A COMPUTER == works, which may be literary, dramatic, musical or artistic, are those in which there is ‘no gan author’ (section 178). This implies that the direct degree of human intervention in the ig of the work is lacking or minimal. Examples might include {Be automatic generation of weather forecasts by a computer communicating with satellites; Se ® Jo woneax> ayy 20) Azes220U SIMOUE Burne ayp Supyeus vosiod ag) jo Aynuaps ayy sdeqsag -pasjosoiun Ajp8s0] as8 sons a4 AUBLAdoo 241 Jo zoumo axp sea azearyos aun Sun stosiod ax aa(oyduro oq yeqn yon soueysuunaup Uy URTM Sea. azeayos 24h JL IEMA JBIEAYOS D4 21016 suosied 20 uosiad 2qp 10 azeasjos ayy yBinog Yprys Aud woo ay 3s fUORULIOGLT 4 JO Syne 24) st ouyy Suse au>touy> oy adeys xoqduroa v uarop ye019 01 mot SuIpI>9p Jo ssooord Syssiewoyne reyp azemyos asn 0) 2ouanq &sureiqo Auedwioo ayy veys Aeg deus Jey OF pIIE pm ayy wz0y 01 pajquisse Buraq soe] sized fenpiatput aq Buys Jo asea toy adeys amy usop $214 0} oY 2p!2p 01 sson0xd xo|duHOD pur KypFUay v st H ‘pauisep st adeys e couD ‘Funse> B ss2001d w Aq sadeys eau xoycuio> sayeus Auedwoo e axoyo uonems 27 J9p\s10) “ynsar gexdosseun o1 pray Siu 1 ays suoneRDES Jayj0 axe diay) ‘iaoy] ‘sume UMO sh SuDyeR ure sueunep> axp poudoo pey wwepuayep axp 381A pouty ped owed s9)nduse> ap Jo sIOUMO “esp 7 J0 S139} 21H 01 pout Jt IODDRASTES 99 de PHIOOEOBY A BAON LL WOISDOP SK, -soeun wey oyp ava 0} Azessonou saiafuesse 24p Jo due 2yeLi9pun 24 pip ON, Boon onste we jo.1noge| 10 4 ou paynqysnwoo ~ 9q puv so}sesep ons Te UE Jo j0U SEM ind Se seuley 241 Sure19u08 ut aoKofd ayp Jo 3j0u up powunoosyp aBpnl ay, soBeeur urs) a soqpne oy 2r0yor0yp ‘sem 9} URxELIAPU aIaM SOULeY)axp ayesoU 01 AzesanoU swuoMIDAUEILE tog 49, wosiad 24) sem wiesRond soqnduo> oy) 2)0um pue poyeous8 sem Sure) PED px Aq 2180] pu sols 2xp pasiaap‘paXeydtp syuauia|9 smorsea ayp Jo aauzeodde ayn pausisap twossod oun en pjoy os sea 3 ‘a08s anste paresouat-raindurooaiom [ood uo poseq sue giduioo e jo Burdeyd ayp Zuump Uuaaiss uo podejdsip sourey aysodutoo wip poy sta 1 HIG H GLE Odd [9002] PIT UHH nuoOzyY A PIT sUOKEMpoIg BON se | Sf20% poyezouss-somd Jo diyszoyne 241 paxapystoa apa v oye ase9 au0 Ayuo u29q set aNDU, ose» Sada dey a4) us unoys se ‘jcusex9 roy 12V BRT 4} 230F2q wood oxy 01 suLLO}UOD 10M 941 Ie S5u38 0} posn azemyjos tp Sunt suosiod 94} o} dnysioyine Suras¥ oaneUADyye puddds oy, (£)ZU won2as ‘9pew! sea. 0% 24 Spas wr 2024 sepusyeaaxp yo pus 249 wos, sieak os poz ayp yo pus ay) sourdxa 1BlaKdoo BH :s}20m pHs us 48LAAdo> Jo woneanp 249 SucuEELDI9p 205 ns eds v 9q 01 sey a19uN LOM Porew8-odwoo e yo zoxpne UP aq ueD Auecuso> e SeonaI0>qp ‘Sy Mom 2x7 Jo srouNE Juol oy 2q 01 paseprsuo> aq qm siomied ain “diysiauued e se yans ¥poq payesodzozuran fe Jo 2809 4p uedato> poyuy w se yons ‘wropSuny powup ayy Ut poyeiodsoour Apoq e st Sep stu 3 uossod Buudgyenb v aq ur> sowane ue st Hondas 4q se souMe wewNY-oUsaLE\d Suimuioa 1py ay, ‘axenyos ayy Busrezado tossed aqf 01 diysiowine sq) Jo suzy ut (feral 9) uinsag ZuxGnoW 10) Fuypou amo Yoxyr yysexkdoo jo s4z0% ayei2408 o; aemyos pu ywoudinbs Saynloo sjsu: pue sing wonestur8r0 ssoutsng » asaya st aaeuzoye 1 9qp Jo aydurexo uy “Sj00M pris sye2U3H 03 pasn asea}os ayp aot oy stOSrOd 30 Jzos1od 24) 99 p[n0> 1 puosss 9js0m ypns 27815098 0 azeaAjos pub yuddudinbs yp stRIgo OHM Beosiod otp 09 pyno> 1 isa stp Jo suoneasdaaqutajqscod oxN axe 394 1 “ParE929 9q 01 20M 217 10 suowaduesre ow soyew oyM Uosiod aun St 0m & YRS Jo JOYBAE ay, aiNdwsOD aX Aq Beonpord andino ata Jo uazuo» 10 smusof ag s9N0 yoxsuo9 OU x0 api] kDa Se Zoye22do ueUNG 2, "80 0s pur sonofd 10 12uLd Joyndwios 24} ut ssded ywoPaRMs st arayR EKA SUE.0yD pur uo Suatudinbo 2x2 Sunypuis wos ede [ys 40 oy} weuuny ou YUM axesado stuaIs4saxoKp Jo AuEYy “{oupse0 sunseaw oresnooe oy ‘9curexa 204 ‘Sosn feruourWoD pue jetisnput Jo saquine FuyMOI3 sey Aaoaqp (ere rey pate S|) A1024) [e>ey Jo uoned|dde 24a dion SuymMso2 SOM s9indwoa fq poreos9 sys0mIntermediate works place it might be easier to accept that that person should be the author, By running the soft- ft is he who has made the arrangements necessary for the creation ofthe work, Baced with this uncertainty, not really resolved in Nova v Mazooma, itis arguable that the pro- es on computer-generated works should be repealed, so that the basic rles for determining ip apply. It would then be a question of considering who it was thet provided the act of ership inthe creation ofthe work. Ifits the person writing the computer programs express- he logic and rules and other software elements used, the law can adequately deal with that Teoking at the licence under which the software has been made available by implying appro- fe terms in that licence or using the concept of beneficial ownership. In any case, the licence the ownership of works created using the software. The inclusion of jal rules on computer-generated works is an unnecessary complication which could have Expected results. ERMEDIATE WORKS. ese works lie in the area between computer-generated works and works made using the pro red computer as a tool, The content of the output produced is the result of the skill and ff the person using the computer and the skill and effort of the person who wrote the com- program andjor the person who produced any database used in conjunction with it. There many examples of these intermediate works, such as a specialised accounting system for a lar type of business, builders’ estimating systems, or a music synthesiser designed to pro G= music from a basic framework of notes entered by the user and expert and decision-sup. systems. A great deal of specialised software falls into this category where the skill required to produce Finished results is contained partly within the program, the remainder being provided by the e= of the computer system. In some systems, the skill may come from mote than two sources. ‘example, consider a computer system designed to be used to estimate the cost of building The system itself will comprise a suite of computer programs, which include routines to Provide analyses and breakdowns of the costs derived, and a database of standard prices, based on {Ss of resources and labour outputs. The person using the system to work out the cost of a build- [Eeebrings a substantial degree of skill by deciding whether the standard prices are applicable and, eet by building up new prices and entering them into the database. As Fig, 6.1 shows, the result- computer output has three sources of expertise: that of the programmer, of the persons FSsponsible for developing the database oF standard prices, and of the person using the system, Who's the author of the finished work? Because the person using the system brings an amount of [Salto the task, it would not be unreasonable to suggest that he isthe author. Indeed, the user has [See most direct link with the finished product and has ultimate control but may, nevertheless rely Be great extent on the programs and information contained in the database. It could be argued Be the finished work is partly created by human author and partly computer-generated. [Abematively, all three persons — programmer, database developer and user ~ might be considered SS be joint authors. In the absence of any clear guidance in the Act and until we have a judicial Sescedent which clarifies the meaning of ‘computer-generated it is important that contractual {Provisions are made to cover the ownership of rights inthe output of such intermediate works, In [Rome cases, because all the persons involved are employees of the company developing and using [Bee software, there will belittle difficulty, bu if outsiders are involved at any stage, terms should Be inserted in contractual agreements dealing with ownership and use of the computer output. The same considerations apply to expert and decision-support systems. These computer sys- Ears, which are intended to emulate the thought processes, analytical reasoning and advice of g a z 8-royytp 219 2s1uBor94 0} a[qysuas aso Aisnorago st 31 andino Ate ut yyLLAdoo ayy suo SUEY “sis ypns 0 soseqpind, 10 aosuoy] ay yeu a|durex> 0 — st) Ada ov Buss aq ay SHMOD ayn yfeoipyy stuarsds averpauaiu), .9y70 pur susis4s zodx9 Jo 2¢n jessouui0> ayp Buypsedax suoneaqduten Jo souueu Ye 01 pray [[oe woneasdionn si ojo Synod ayy JF “1eU) “saA2 mou «ples 39 8A “Haske 4p Jo 9sn agp wo Rutysar mdino ay Jo ‘Suonodoxd BULA Wt “ssoxyine wurof 24 ase aaoge patsy suostod axa fe Aare t 28n st 19N0 jonuOD Ou aaey fax Sasn 2p dq ape 2g jst sosui0dso1 wey pur pasn 94 (es wassks 249 oy JorpRad yout Kays asNEDIG Azor2eystyesun s1>8¢q a8p2ymouy 21p padojaaap oy stooutSue a}poyswoury pue syiadxo axp ov dis Saogpne singer of “3Rsyearun 8 yng yUsTUOAUOD 2q 148tUs ZoKBHE 308 SI SE ANAS SHI Jo ZO8T yp eu) Aas oy, “asas WoULUHED 01 JaQUNOD suNS JOYINE LEUNG OU S84 puP ParPIDuR-1aInduIOD S171 2eip anv oF gindyno yp ur yyBtuAdoo arp Jo diysioumo pue diysioqne axp SuIpro9p 01 sooo 1} Uatpn surdisds 1aoddns-oIstaop pure Hsdxo jo indo aq jo 2eUt Me ay TEM ETNA Jpsauiog skeqe 10u ‘uayy Uas> ‘pu 2940] & Aq Arure}i29 Aue YUM P2DHP -oud 24, uo ue> Lonepsifa] jo aoaid anau © Aq paquasaud sonnayip pur suoneyteg ‘adoos ay se jsn{ snotsas ues 2q 01 St poonpoud yndino aup yt yerassa st (uEWIOP aBpajmoun sy) woisds ‘up £q pataao> asiiadx> Jo ware 24) 30 aBpoymouy [e9Ua8 2|qeuosea1 v ‘siasn aayeu Aq pasn fq JoUUeD suuasKs rioddns-uolsiap pue yadxo ‘Te 104 31 sop 27e woysKs auf Jo SuONFHLUY| puE ‘dos ayp yeuss moun pure wraysds an dq payse suonsani ays aeudzanuy 01 any ss 94 pu wHOISss yp or puodsou pue pueysi9pun 01 a4ey Ev a4 asmeD9q asHL9dx2 sopraoad wsaysis aM Jo 480 2H, roasts ayp Jo 950 at) pu \{souo Suysixo pordepe 20) aoeysa.uy 9sn aun pure auisiua aouDsapUT axp Dom OM suOSsad ay ‘oseg 2fpayouny ay) UL paqersur 2q pynoo 1: 1eyR OS 4 postTPUE 10) pue sSpaymow ayn pouyor oyss (12au8Ua 3paynoury, paye> souNeuos) suosied oy ‘S8poymouy 2xp papraoid oy suodxe oy at ssoanos Sumo atp wos} soUOD gndino 2qp Sui ay) Aq, uani2 aoiape pue pardope Huluosear axp jo suoneuDgdx> aptsord 01 pur Atpusys-1050, wxysKsaip ae 03 3oeHOW ros ¥ pu (woygosd seypPqsed © 1s pu seq paynouy oxy sowrndtuew cpa utesSord soyndusoo ») aupRu> 2ouatapuy ue (stiadx9 4q poprsoad sie pur so) aseq a¥payouny e siuouoqo ureUs Pay SUEWUOD ‘SULID} seq UL UraNSAs rad uy “soajpowayp susoisks om urges asquadxe pur [fp Jo [e9p 16918 v uEyU0D “syodxa Syjiom aye|pauusayul jo diysioyjny +9 eunbLs seseqnea | uadojanag ) me ; swerboua ‘420m ayetpausyUl v6Self-test questions ‘es associated with this part ofthe Act and to make suitable contractual provision for ownership (Gs opposed to authorship) of computer output. Better still, the provisions relating to computer: generated works ought to be repealed. It is notable that the United States has no provisions for {Getermining the authorship of computer-generated works and that does not seem to have caused. ‘any particular problems in practice though there are some concerns, particularly as utilitarian Seorks are less likely to attract protection under United States copyright law. In spite of the doubtful value and uncertainty surrounding the authorship of computer-gen- Grated works, its surprising that, apart from Nova v Mazooma, there are no cases in the UK on the authorship of computer-generated works following the commencement of the Copyright, [Designs and Patents Act 1988, Incredibly, the only two cases on this issue were decided under the Sprevious legislation, the Copyright Act 1956, which had no provisions whatsoever on the matter, There may be a number of explanations for this. Either the provisions are well understood and ‘ork eflectively in practice (which seems unlikely) or the question of ownership of computer- Eererated works or intermediate works has been dealt with by way of licences and assignments Another possibility is where several persons might have a claim to authorship, they are all [Employees of the same employer. A final possibility is that the software industry has not yet [peken up to the potential uncertainties regarding authorship. It may simply need just one case Hebets the output from an intermediate work proves to be very valuable commercially in a situ {Ben where ownership has not been fully tied up that we see some serious litigation in this area, A computer-generated work is one created in circumstances such that there is no human fexthor. [Pec author of a computer-gencrated work isthe person by whom the arrangements necessary Be its creation are undertaken. That person could be either: © the person who decides to run the sofiware used to create the work; oF © the person who wrote the software used to create the work, ee position is even more complex where the work is the result of the person using the soft and the persons who wrote the software. ‘courts may be prepared to imply appropriate terms in software licences. still, express provision should be made for ownership of copyright in works that are, or be considered to be, computer-generated. TEST QUESTIONS 4s only one corect answer to each muliple choice question. & one of the following CORRECTLY describes the classes of copyright work that fall the provisions on computer-generated works? Bey works. Be work in which copyright may subsist. Bea, dramatic, musical or artistic works Secicasts, films and sound recordings. 95RODUCTION Seenner of works can be stored and made available electronically Literature, music, works of {Sadio-visual works and industrial designs can all be represented in digital form. Three sional works and moving images can be expressed digitally and, using appropriate soft: splayed on screens, copied, manipulated or transmitted anywhere in the world ‘at the ehofa button’ Poe case with which all forms of creative expression can be exploited digitally has far-reach- Keonsequucnces a5 regards the dissemination of information and opened up the exciting 1 of a global information village. The term generally accredited to Al Gore, the then Vice- of the United States, of ‘The Information Super-Highway’ is very apt to describe the Genology, and the rate at which the largely unregulated internet has grown and continues to fs impressive. Fhe internet and also tangible media such as DVDs and CDs have been a mixed blessing for rs. They can expose their works to a massive worldwide consumer audience with the Gon, perhaps, of some repressive countries which cling on to a forlorn hope that they can fol what is made available to their citizens. On the other hand, the internet can facilitate and unauthorised copying and dissemination. Ta terms of copyright and related rights, such asthe database right, the internet has hada pro- effect, so much so that a Directive! was adopted to try to deal with the issues raised which Sade the danger of a proliferation of copyright infringement on an unprecedented scale. The ective also addressed a number of other concerns, such as the protection of access control Sesologies applied to copyright works and the dangers of works being made available online fnformation as to matters such as the copyright status and permissible uses having been {Gre issue that the Directive did not adequately deal with was the phenomenon of peer-to- & Gil sharing but, to some extent, this has subsequently been addressed by the courts and Jhas been an important US Supreme Court decision on this. “Copyright and related intellectual property rights may be used negatively so as to prevent the {nation of information, for example, by threatening intermediaries such as internet serv- Sroviders with copyright infringement actions or by obtaining injunctions against them. An Sy example ofthis involved the Church of Scientology which took legal action against a former ber ofthe Church who posted on the internet extracts from the writings of L. 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