JUDGMENT &

PROPOSITION
Chapter 4

Mr. J.D. Carreon,

RPm.
 LEARNING CONTENT
1. Nature of judgment and proposition
2. Categorical Proposition
3. Hypothetical proposition
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected
to:
1. Distinguish a judgment from proposition
2. Identify the kinds of categorical propositions
according quantity and quality; and
3. State the kinds of hypothetical propositions
What is Judgment?
 Judgement is defined as an act of the
mind pronouncing the agreement or
disagreement of ideas among themselves
(Bittle, 2010).

Judgment is verbally expressed through the

proposition.
What is Proposition?
A proposition is a declarative sentence
which expresses a relation of
affirmation or denial between terms
(Baldemeca, et al., 1984).
 Divisions of Proposition
There are two basic proposition:
a. Categorical proposition
b. Hypothetical proposition
 A. Categorical Proposition
A Categorical Proposition is one which gives
a direct assertion of agreement or disagreement
between the subject term and predicate term
(Timbreza, 1999). A proposition is categorical
when the predicate term is either affirmed or
denied of the subject term outright, without
restriction (Alviar et al., 1995)
Categorical Proposition
Examples: All successful business man are assets of
their town.
No CLDHEI professors are doltish.

A categorical proposition consists of three component

parts: SUBJECT (S), COPULA (C), PREDICATE (P).
 KINDS OF CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have the
following properties : QUANTITY &
QUALITY
 According to Quantity.
The quantity refers to the extension of the
subject term, that is whether the nature or
essence about which the proposition says is
taken in its whole extension or only part of it.
If the subject is particular, the proposition is
particular.
1. Universal proposition – one whose subject
is universal and it is applied distributively to
each and all of the class

Examples : All sins are forgiven.

No one is righteous.
2. Particular proposition – one whose
subject is particular and it applied to an
indefinite number of individuals.
Examples: Some educational preschool toys are costly.
Several dictionaries are not complete.
Majority of movies in DVD’s are pirated.
Many batteries are not rechargeable.
 According to Quality
The quality of a proposition establishes the
kind of relation asserted between the predicate
and the subject of a proposition. If there is
agreement between the subject and the
predicate a proposition is considered
affirmative. If there is disagreement between
the subject and the predicate, a proposition is
considered negative.
1. Affirmative proposition – is a
proposition whose affirmative copula
joins the subject with the predicate.
Example: Every kare-kare is served with alamang.
Each iced buko is delicious.
Sky diving is a perilous sports.
St. Thomas is an angelic doctor.
2. Negative proposition – is one whose
separates the subject with the predicate.
Examples : No wet ones hand and facial wipes are for
internal use.
Some guinataan are not cooked with corn.
Few Tom and Jerry slippers are not boxed.
Suman sa ibus is not sour.
 Basic Standard form of
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have two properties: quality and
quantity. Combining the quantity and quality, four standard
forms of categorical propositions are produced:

1. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
2. E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
3. I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
4. O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
(All CLDHEI teachers are working.)
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
(No CLDHEI teachers are working.)
I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
(Some CLDHEI teachers are working.)
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
(Some CLDHEI teachers are not working.)
 This diagram is adapted from Baldemeca, et. Al., 1984

QUANTITY
(Extension of the Subject)

UNIVERSA PARTICULA
L R
A O
AFFIRMATI NEGATIVE
VE I E
QUALITY (Copula)
QUALITY
QUANTITY
Affirmative (+) Negative (-)
A E
UNIVERSAL
(All S are P) (No S are P)
I O
PARTICULAR
(Some S are P) (Some S are P)
BASIC STANDARD FORM OR BASIC TYPES
HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION
 The hypothetical proposition is a compound
proposition which contains a proposed or tentative
explanation. A hypothetical proposition expresses a
relation of dependence, opposition or similarity between
two clauses.
There are 3 kinds of hypothetical propositions:
1. Conditional proposition
2. Disjunction proposition
3. Conjunction proposition
Conditional Proposition
The C.P is a compound proposition in which one
clause assert something as true provided that the
other clause is true. The 1st clause is the “if” clause
nd
and is termed the antecedent: the 2 clause is the
“then” clause and is called the consequent (Cruz,
1995).
Conditional Proposition
LOGICAIN FORM: if (antecedent). . . Then (consequent) . . . .

Examples: -If the weather is fine, then we shall go shopping at

MOA.
-Since Paul is late, he cannot take the test.
-Unless a man be born again, he cannot enter into the
kingdom of God.
Disjunctive Proposition
A D.P is a hypothetical proposition which contains an
“either-or” statement, indicating that the implied
judgment cannot be true together nor false together, but
one must be true and the other is false (Bittle, 2010). There
are two types of disjunction proposition: PERFECT &
IMPERFECT.
Disjunction Proposition (perfect)
Examples: -Either a square is a four-sided or it is non-four sided
figure.
-My jacket is either new or old.
-The puma is either alive or dead

A disjunction is perfect if the statement implied can neither be

true nor false together at the same time.
Disjunction Proposition (imperfect)
Examples: - Jeff is either driving a car or singing a song
- Jonah is either walking a dog or talking to it.
- Rens drinks either milk or soda.

A disjunction is imperfect when and where the statements can be

true together but never false together, that is, at least of the
disjuncts is true.
Conjunctive Proposition
A C.P is a hypothetical proposition which expresses a
judgment that two alternative assumptions are not or
cannot be true simultaneously (Bittle, 2010).
LOGICIAN FORM: . . .cannot be. . .and. . .at the same
time
Conjunctive Proposition
Example: -Dr. Ellaine cannot be in the hospital and in the
market at the same time.
-A CLDH EI student cannot be at SAO and at GE
department at the same time.
-It is obvious that a person cannot be white-skinned
and black at the same time.
Thank you for listening!