Viability of Carabao Manure Ash with Sawdust as an Aggregate

in the Production of Biodegradable Seedling Pots

ALLIYAH JHEANEL L. MERCADO

ANSELMO Z. JAVIER
CHRISTELJOY C. MATIENZO
CLARK KEN R. PANGGAT
FARAH FAYE G. VALENZUELA
JONHEL J. LAHON
MELISA JEAN S. CONSTANTINO
PSYCHEA M. CORTEZ
XYZA MARIE TUBINO

STEM 12 B

ABSTRACT

This study aims to produce a seedling pot made from carabao manure ash with
sawdust as an aggregate as a replacement for commercial clay and biodegradable seedling
pots and evaluate its mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and biodegradability.
The researchers made Bio-Seedling Pots with 2 different sample content which is Sample A
with 90g:10g of Carabao Manure and Sawdust, and Sample B with 75g:25g Carabao Manure
Ash and Sawdust and Control Product which is the commercial Bio-Seedling Pot. A Makeshift
Tensile Strength Test was used to measure the tensile strength. As for biodegradability, the
researchers set 2 conditions to identify the rate of degradation by burying under: a.) Soil and
b.) Soil with Compost for 6 & 10 days. The researchers collected data for tensile strength and
were inputted into the statistical tool application named Jamovi. As for assumptions, the data
violated the normality test where the p-value is p=0.012 and passed the homogeneity test.
The data will undergo Kruskal Wallis Test wherein the p-value is p=0.703 and it is greater than
the alpha value a=0.05 therefore, it failed to reject the hypothesis. In terms of tensile strength,
the control pots can withstand more force than the other 2 samples. For Biodegradability,
Sample B has the highest rate of degradation for 6 & 10 days under 2 conditions. This study
concluded that carabao manure ash with sawdust is feasible in the production of Bio-Seedling
Pots. The researchers recommend adding other aggregates, using a machine for testing
tensile strength and increasing the days for biodegradability.

Keywords: Carabao Manure Ash, Sawdust, Tensile Strength, Biodegradability

INTRODUCTION of which were manufactured from red clay.

Plants are stored and moved from
one environment to another using pots, a
form of earthenware. The clay pots used
by the ancient Egyptians were burned at
low temperatures. Northeastern America
produced a significant number of pots
throughout the 18th century, the majority
Biodegradable pots—also referred to as
"bio pots"—are a practical alternative to
petroleum-based pots that can be used for
both horticulture and floriculture output.
There are many advantages to using
plastic, but there are also disadvantages.
The purpose of this study is to ascertain
whether using sawdust and ash from
 carabao manure as aggregates will
successfully produce biodegradable pots.
Manure is a biodegradable waste that
naturally decomposes to produce organic
fertilizer, methane, and other products.
The researchers think that carabao
manure ash and sawdust can be fantastic
alternative ingredients to produce
biodegradable pots because they contain
nitrogen-rich materials like sodium,
potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, and other
components. To reduce plastic waste and
protect the environment, biodegradable
plant pots are advised. According to Olivo
(2019), one of the advantages of manure
in terms of biology is that it benefits the
soil by increasing microbial activity and
providing them with food.
Manure and Sawdust
Bacteria also hasten the
decomposition of organic materials by
mineralizing the organic nitrogen and
phosphorus in manure. This information
suggests that the manure may be used to
substitute clay in the construction of pots,
particularly biodegradable seedling pots.
Sawdust is composed of wood chips and
contains cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses,
and other components. It has low cation
exchange capacity, high water porosity, low
air porosity, and low bulk density. Olutuge
(2010) and Ganiron (2014) conducted
experimental investigations to find out if
sawdust and palm kernel shells can be used
in place of concrete aggregate. Ganiron
(2014) and Arthika et al. (2018) conducted
experiments to assess the efficiency of
sawdust as an aggregate in concrete
mixtures for building construction. The
sawdust-cement-gravel sample had the
maximum compressive strength and
enhanced the material's workability,
consistency, and surface texture.
Arthika et al. (2018) tested the split
tensile strength of cow dung ash with an
aggregate of granite powder and a marble
stone for increasing the strength of the
concrete. This study aims to ascertain if
using sawdust and ash from carabao
manure as aggregates will successfully
produce biodegradable seedling pots.
Olivo (2019) suggests that manure can be
used to substitute clay in the construction
of pots, particularly biodegradable
seedling pots.
Sawdust is composed of wood
chips and has low cation exchange
capacity, high water porosity, low air
porosity, and low bulk density. This project
aims to evaluate the viability of producing
bio-seedling pots, which could replace
conventional seedling pots, using sawdust
and carabao dung ash as aggregate. The
study will be conducted in Lumban,
Laguna, in accordance with the IATF
guidelines for COVID-19 to assure the
safety of the researchers.
Objectives of the Study
This research study generally aimed
to determine if the Carabao Manure Ash
with Sawdust as an aggregate is viable in
the production of Bio-Seedling Pots.
Particularly, this research study aimed to:
1. Prepare the carabao manure ash,
collected sawdust, and other
materials and equipment needed in
the production of biodegradable
seedling pots;
2. Produce the biodegradable seedling
pots using the carabao manure ash
and collected sawdust as its
aggregate;
3. Evaluate the physical and
mechanical properties of the
biodegradable seedling pots in terms
of Tensile Strength and
Biodegradability.
METHODOLOGY
Production of Bio-seedling pots
Researchers gathered the carabao
manure in the farm and underwent a
sun-drying method for 5 days. Once the Figure 3
manure is dry enough, the researchers Crushing Carabao Manure
used mortar and pestle to crush the dried
manure. The crushed manure will undergo
filtering with the use of strainer and filter as
well as the sawdust. They proceeded to
the production of bio-seedling pots wherein
there will be two samples. Sample (A) 90g
carabao manure ash, 10g Sawdust.
Sample (B) 75g carabao manure ash, 25g
Sawdust. 140 ml of water were poured on
both treatments to get the right
consistency of the mixture. Afterwards, the
mixture was filled in a molder wrapped with
cling wrap on each side to form a pot. The
molder with mixture was put under direct Figure 4
sunlight and waited for the pots to dry to Filtering Carabao Manure Ash and Sawdust
test the parameters.

Figure 1
Collection of Carabao Manure

Figure 5
Measuring Carabao Manure Ash

Figure 2
Sun-drying Carabao Manure
Figure 6 Figure 9
Measuring Sawdust Sun-drying of pots

Testing of Bio-Seedling Pots and

Figure 7 Parameters
Mixing of the mixture
Tensile Strength

Regarding the Tensile strength,

the researchers used spring scale and an
object with constant loads on sample A
and B as well as the controlled seedling
pots for 30 mins. The researchers
adopted the tensile strength test of De
Castro et. al (2022). On the other hand,
the researchers also adopted the formula
for tensile strength of Jaya et. al (2022)
which is:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁)
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2
Figure 8 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚 )

Molding of pot
Figure 10
Makeshift Tensile Strength Test Setup
Biodegradability
In terms of biodegradability, the
sample seedling pots along with the
controlled seedling pots were buried under
2 conditions which are burying it in the soil
and in compost created by the researchers
for 6 and 10 days. Each category has 3
replicates. The formula used by the
researchers was adopted to the study of
Liew and Khor (2015) to assess the
biodegradability of the pots which is:
Figure 11
Soil Burial Method Set Up
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in
the tensile strength in terms of the
composition of the carabao manure ash and
sawdust.
Data Analysis
The researchers used a statistical
test called Kruskal-Wallis to gather data
through three test trials from samples A, B,
and the controlled product. This test is a
non-parametric alternative to a one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA), meaning it
makes no assumptions about the
distribution of the data. It is also more
sensitive to outliers than the
Kruskal-Wallis test, which does not imply
that the data are normally distributed. The
researchers will use the Kruskal-Wallis
test to gather data through three test trials
from samples A, B, and the controlled
product.
RESULTS
Tensile strength testing was the
subject of the researchers' first
experiment, which involved binder clips
and a spring scale.
Figure 12
Tensile Strength Results of the Bio-Seedling
Pots
Figure 12 shows the graph of the
tensile strength of the bio-seedling pots for
various samples and their replicates. In this
experiment, 9 bio-seedling pots were
employed, 3 of which were manufactured
from 90 grams of carabao manure ash and
10 grams of sawdust, while the remaining 3
samples were made from 75 grams of
carabao manure ash and 25 grams of
sawdust, and the remaining 3 replicates
served as control seedling pots with labels
reading "coco seedling pots”. After 30
minutes of testing, Sample A's third
replicate with a value of 43.23 KPa was
determined to have the highest tensile
strength, followed by Sample B's third
replicate with a value of 41.25 KPa, and
control seedling pots with values of 36.32
KPa in all of their replicates.
Table 1
Kruskal Wallis Test for Tensile Strength
x2 df p Interpretation
Tensile
Strength
of the 0.704 2 0.703 Failed to
Bio- Reject Ho
Seedling
Pots
The Kruskal Wallis Test results were
displayed in Table 1 to determine whether
there is a significant difference between the
variables. The alpha value (a=0.05) must be
greater than the p-value in order to rule out
the hypothesis. The calculated p-value in
this set of data is p=0.703, which is higher
than the alpha value, which is a=0.05. As a
result, the findings did not allow for the
hypothesis to be rejected, indicating that
there is no significant difference in the
tensile strength in terms of the composition
of carabao manure ash and sawdust as an
aggregate.
Biodegradability
For the second experiment, the
researchers conducted the biodegradability
test wherein trial seedling pots from various
samples were buried under two settings for
6 days and 10 days, respectively under the
soil and under the soil with compost.
Figure 13
Biodegradability Results For 6 Days Under
Soil
Figure 13 displays a graph of the
biodegradability of the bio-seedling pots
over a period of 6 days in soil with various
sample contents and their replicates. In
sample A, the seedling pot used in trial 3
has the highest percentage of
biodegradability with 8.8%. In sample B, the
seedling pot used in trial 2 has the highest
percentage of biodegradability with 23.5%.
After the test, the results of the control
seedling pots for 6 days under the soil are
0%.
Figure 14
Biodegradability Results for 6 days under
soil with compost
Figure 14 shows the results of
biodegradability of 6 days under the soil
with compost across different samples of
pots. Trial 3 has the maximum
biodegradability percentage of 6% for
sample A, which is composed of 90 grams
of carabao manure ash and 10 grams of
sawdust, and Trial 2 has the lowest
biodegradability percentage of 3.67%. Trial
2 has the highest biodegradability
percentage of 7.2% for sample B, which is
composed of 75 grams of carabao manure
ash and 25 grams of sawdust, while Trial 3
has the lowest biodegradability percentage
of 5%. The controlled seedling pots'
biodegradability rate was 0% out of the
three test trials.
Figure 15
Biodegradability Results For 10 Days Under
Soil
Figure 15 shows a graph depicting
the percentage of biodegradation of
samples A, B, and control seedling pots
over the period of 10 days buried in soil.
The third trial of sample A, which contained
90 grams of carabao manure and 10 grams
of sawdust, exhibited the highest level of
biodegradability which is 47%. The second
trial of sample B, which contained 25 grams
of sawdust and 75 grams of carabao
manure ash had the greatest
biodegradability rate of 38% among the
three trials.
Figure 16
Biodegradability Results For 10 Days
Under Soil with Compost
Figure 16 shows a graph that shows
the proportion of biodegradation of samples
A, B, and controlled seedling pots during the
course of 10 days submerged in soil with
compost. The biodegradability of the sample
seedling pots during the course of 10 days
in soil with compost is compared in Figure
5. Sample A, which is made up of 90g
carabao manure ash and 10g sawdust, has
the highest range of biodegradability
percentages, ranging from 18.67% to
21.33%, with the highest percentage
occurring in its second seedling pot. The
next sample is Sample B, which has a
composition of 75g carabao manure ash
and 25g sawdust and has a biodegradability
range from 10% to 20%, with the third
seedling pot having the highest percentage.
The controlled seedling pots, on the other
hand, had the lowest biodegradability
percentage, ranging from 0.17% to 0.4%,
with the second seedling pot having the
highest rate of 0.4%
DISCUSSION
According to the results of the
biodegradability test, Samples A and B,
which contain 90 grams of carabao manure
ash and 10 grams of sawdust, and 75
grams of carabao manure ash and 25
grams of sawdust respectively, degrade
more quickly than the coco seedling pot
used as the controlled seedling pot. In this
study, Sample B, which contained 75g of
carabao manure ash and 25g of sawdust,
respectively, performed best in terms of
biodegradability throughout the course of 6
days and 10 days under various
circumstances.
This agrees with the study of Liew
and Kohr (2015) wherein they produced 3
bioplastic pots composed of bioplastic and
newspaper pulp fibers with ratios of 75:25,
50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 as control
respectively. Among the bioplastics pots,
the pot with 75% of bioplastic and 25% of
newspaper pulp fibers has the highest
percentage of biodegradability for 15 and 30
days. Therefore, the researchers concluded
that a mixture with a ratio of 75:25 of the
bio-components and aggregate respectively,
have the highest biodegradability
percentage. The bio-pots composed of
carabao manure ash and sawdust break
down faster underground than other
biodegradable pots, indicating that they
pose no long-term environmental harm.
Therefore, using bio-seedling pots made of
carabao manure ash and sawdust is
preferable to using other bio-seedling pots
since they disintegrate more quickly and
provide no long-term environmental
concern.
Based on the results of the tensile
strength test, only the controlled seedling
pots surpassed the test, then the rest of the
pots, which are the seedling pots from
Sample A (90% carabao manure ash and
10% sawdust) and Sample B (75% carabao
manure ash and 25% sawdust) broke
before starting the test. This means that a
researcher should have very specific
sample content to ensure that carabao
manure ash with Sawdust is way better than
any other biodegradable seedling pots.
When it comes to the results of the tensile
strength tests between Samples A and B,
Sample A performed better than Sample B.
The researchers came to the conclusion
that when there is a higher proportion of
manure added to the mixture, the greater
probability that the seedling pot would be
sturdy.
However, in the study by Arthika et
al. (2018), in contrast, found that the pots
were simply made up of 10%–15% cow
manure ash and 10%–30% aggregate.
Their pot, which is made of cement mixed
with 10% cow manure ash, 15% granite
powder, and 30% marble stone, has more
aggregate than manure but still has
superior tensile strength than previous
samples with higher percentages of
manure. In a different study by Paudel et al.
(2022), the biodegradable seedling pots
were manufactured from paper pulp, and
the combination also included strength and
sizing agents. In this investigation, three
pots with varying additive percentages were
created and named N0, N3, and N5, with,
respectively, 0%, 3%, and 5% of additives.
N3 had the maximum tensile strength,
measuring 3.9 MPa, followed by N0 with 3.8
MPa and N5 with 3.1 MPa with 0% moisture
absorption. It further claimed that adding
additives would make the paper-based
seedling pots stronger, which contradicts
the conclusion that adding more aggregate
would make them more fragile.
To support the result as to why
tensile strength should be measured came
from the study of Jaya et. al (2022) in which
Tensile Strength is a crucial measure or
indicator that can dictate the Bio-Pots’
quality and performance. In addition to that,
in a study conducted by Yuan et. al (2021)
he stated that an essential factor indicating
the handling capacity of biodegradable
seedling containers is tensile strength.
Tensile strength is also frequently applied to
the container walls during plant
development and manual transport making
it an essential parameter in measuring the
viability of carabao manure ash and
sawdust as an aggregate in the production
of biodegradable seedling pots.
CONCLUSIONS
The viability of using sawdust and
ash from carabao manure as an aggregate
in the manufacture of biodegradable
seedling pots was examined in this study.
Through the integration of environmental
sustainability, resource efficiency, and
advantages for plant growth, it provides a
useful and environmentally acceptable
alternative to coco seedling pots in the
horticultural industry. The two instances are
compared to the controlled seedling pot, a
commercially available coco seedling pot,
which differs in the quantity of sawdust and
carabao dung used as aggregate. Based on
the observations, the researchers came to
the following conclusion.
1. The tensile strength test failed both
for sample A and B, however the
control seedling pots were able to
endure the test better than the two
samples.
2. Bio-seedling pots with a ratio of
75:25 grams of carabao manure ash
and sawdust degrades faster than
the Bio-seedling pot with ratio of
 90:10 grams of carabao manure ash
and sawdust, as well as when
compared to control seedling pots. It
also shows that the rate of
decomposition or biodegradability of
the Bio-seedling pot is faster when
the days are longer.
3. The production of biodegradable
seedling pots using carabao manure
and sawdust is viable, and the
seedling pots can be utilized for
storage and transplanting.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Specifically, based on the analysis,
and result interpretations, the researchers
recommend the following:
1. The researchers recommend testing
the Tensile Strength of the Bio-Pots
using appropriate machines to gain
more accurate results.
2. The researchers must come up with
an additional aggregate aside from
sawdust to improve the strength and
quality of the Biodegradable
Seedling Pots made from Carabao
Manure Ash.
3. The researchers recommend that
the future researchers must
measure the exact day where the
Bio-Pots are fully dried under sun
drying method and they also
recommend to use artificial and/or
machine drying equipment like heat
guns because the weather varies
over time, delaying the drying time of
the biodegradable seedling pots.
4. The researchers recommend that to
increase the days for testing the
biodegradability to gain more
accurate data, they must place them
in a transparent container to observe
the changes of the pots as it
degrades day by day and also to
make sure there are no other
variables will affect the data and the
bio-pots.
5. The researchers recommend that
the future researchers should use an
appropriate molder for the seedling
pots to make sure each side of the
pots are polished.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers are deeply grateful
and indebted to the following people for
their continued help and support.
Our adviser, Ms. Gabriele Louise
Recto, for all the support, and for providing
our study the chance and involvement that
made us learn and be interested in
research. We appreciate you for your
unending support during the entire
procedure of research.
Second, the researchers
acknowledge all the help that they received
from their closest associates during the
entire process of research. The researchers
expressed their gratitude for the guidance
and encouragement that enabled them to
gather data for this research project.
Lastly to our parents, grandparents,
and other family members for their
understanding and continuous support
throughout the whole process of research.
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