کتاب الکترونیک

www.lookiran.
com
½Z´ËYÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯Ã|ÀÀ¯Ä

[Zf¯ZËY

®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯

¹ZÀ°Ì¿{Y{Æ»ÈfÂ¿
½YËYÊ¸»Ä¿Zz]Zf¯

µZË
1
www.lookiran.com

ÄÄ]ZaºfÌ]½«¹ZÆq]{®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯|Ì·Âe¹Z¿Äq³Y
_ZqÊÀ ËÄf~³½«ÄÊaZqÉZÆ»Z¿Z]Ê¯f»Ä¬¿pÌÅÊ·Á{ZÆ¿{ÂmÁ
Ã{Z¨fY\¯»YÄ¿¹Z¿¾ËY{ {Y|¿®ÌeZfYÁf°·YÁ,Flexography,d§Y
_ZqÉÌqÉÁºWY{ÂÄ]\·Z»Ä¿Á,_Zq¾ÌZ»YÄ¿Á,~£Z¯YÄ¿,{ÂÊ»
ÊÀ ËÊyÉZÅÄz¿Z]ÊfÅZ^pÌÅ½MÉ|À]d¸°YÁ¶°Á-|¿ÂÊ»
µZ^¬fYZ]Äf^·YÁ{Y|¿,dYÃ{Â]¹Â»µZYÅÁ{\Ë«ÊÄ¯Codex
Ã|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fYÄ]YÊY§YÊ°ËÌ§ÌÌ¤e®ËÄ¯Yq,dYÃ|Á]ÁºÅÊ¼¯
½M½YÂeÊ»Ä¯ÂÀf»Á²¿Z´¿ÉZÅ|¸mZ]ÊfÀ[Zf¯YÊÀ Ë{Y{Ê»Ä
ZËÁeÂÌb»Z¯´ËZ¼¿Äv¨Z]½Z¿YÃZ]®ËÄ]{¯Ä ·Z»Ád§³d{{Y
®Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯ {ÂÊ»Á]ÁZÆ¯Â]cÂ¿ZËZÆaZe`·t»´ËZ¼¿cZv¨
®Ë\Ë«ÊÄ¯,dYºÅ{Â¿½«yYÁYÉZÆ¸Ì^»ÂeYÄÌ^Ê¿ÂÀ¯ËY{
½Á|]Ä°{,{À]µZ¯ÂeÉÂeÂ»ÈyqÄYfyYYaÄÅ{
ÊÀÌZ»ÂYÁÓÁ{ZÆ¿ZaÉÂ¿Y§Ä¿ZyZ¯Ä°ÀËYZe,|Ê»[Âv»\Y
dY{¹YÁ{½«®ËYÌ]½MsÄ¯|ÀfyZ
ÉÂ¸md¼«{\¬Âv»ÉÁ¾f§³Y«ÉZmÄ]ÂeÂ»¶Ì^»ÂeY¾ËY{
ÉZm½Z»§®¸Ì]£®ËZ]¶ËZ»È¸Ì»®Ë dY{Y«Â¸mcÂaZ¯ËÁÊÀÌZ»
Äf§³YÊf{ÉZÆ»ÅYÉZmÊËZaÉZÅµY|aÁ{Â]Äf§³Y½Z°ZËÉ{Â¼È¸Ì»
\Y½Á|]È°·Z¯½Z¼ÅÄ]½YÂeÊ»YÈÅ{yYÁY®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯ |¿{Â]
{¯ÄÌê
YÉÁM¾§ÊÂ¿Ì¿®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯, ÁÌaZaZ»ÂÁ¾Ì¸³sÂ·|À¿Z¼Å
ÉY{Y{ZÀYÁcZÔYdî¶WZ»ÁcÔ°»¶uÉY]0ZZYÄ¯{Ì³Ê»Z¯Ä]
cÓZËYeYÉY]µZ{eÂÌb»Z¯¾Ì·ÁY dYÃ|»M{ÂmÁÄ]Ê¿Z³Z]Á
ÉZÅeÂÌb»Z¯ |ÄfyZlË^¼¯ÃZ´¿Y{ÉY]µZ{Ê»Á{ÁÃ|vf»
Ä]µZ{Ä¯BINACY|¿{Â]cZ^|¿|ÌÁ§Ä]Ä¯ÉYÄÌ·ÁY
{ºÆ¿MÄ¯Y5YeÂÌb»Z¯®ËÁ,|ÄfyÁ§_YeÂ¿ÊËZ¼ÌaYÂÅd¯
Ê5f¿Y§5eÂÌb»Z¯®Ë-|ÄfyÁ§ZÌmÂmÉÂ·ÂÀ°eÂfÌf¿YÄ]µZ
YÁÊ¿ÂËeÂÌb»Z¯®ËÁfrÀ»ÃZ´¿Y{Ä]µZ{Ä¯®ËZ»
¦¸fz»ÉZÆ·|» |ÄfyÁ§Ã|vf»cÓZËYZ»MÃY{YÄ]µZ½Z¼Å{Ä¯
2
www.lookiran.com
{Ä°ÀËYZe|¿|ÄfyÁ§¦¸fz»ÉZÆf¯ÁcYY{YÄ]Á|¿||Ì·ÂeeÂÌb»Z¯
½Z°»YZ]YeÂÌb»Z¯®Ë|Ì·ÂeZ£MÊÌ¸´¿Yd¯®ËµZyYÁY
ÁÉ{ÂmÂ»µfÀ¯ÁÉY|]ZuÌ¿ÊËZÅZ¯d¿YÂeÊ»Ä¯ÌÁY{a
Ád·Á{ÉZÅ{ZÆ¿ÉZÅZÌ¿´Ë{Z] {¯¹ÔY,|Å{¹Zn¿YY´Ë{µZ¼YÉZÌ]
|Ë{³[Zf¯|Ì·ÂeÉY]¾Ë{ZÌÀ]ÁÄËZaÉÁM¾§®ËÄ]½{ÁMÉÁ\^¶£Z»
ºÌfÅÂv»®Ì¿Áf°·Y\·Z«{ÊËZÆ]Zf¯Z]dY½«]\Ë«Ä°ÀËYZ]
ÉZÆ]Zf¯d À¹Z¿Ä]ÊfÌ·Z §Ä¯ºÌËÂ´]ºÌ¿YÂeÊ»ÊfzÄ]ºÅÂÀÅÊ·Á
dY
¾Á½M¶Ì·{ {Y{{ÂmÁ®Ì¿Áf°·Y
YÊ ÌÁ¦ÌÉY]ÊfÌ]Y~mÄ¿Â´rÌÅ{ÂmÂ»®Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯
Ë~a{YÂ»Â¿¾ËYÁ,{Y|¿½Z³|ÀÀ¯Ä ·Z»Á[Zf¯Y½Z³|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY
dz¿|f§Y©ZëYºÆ»ÉÁMÂ¿Á{¶«YÓÄ°ÀËY´»dY{|ÀÅYÂz¿ÉYÃ{f³
ÊaZq[Zf¯YÊfu½MYÃ{Z¨fYÄ¯{ÂY|]Y|ËZ]Ê¿|¿YÂyÄ¸ÌÁÊÂ¿,Ä°ÀËY
ÉYY{ÁÃ{Z½MYÃ{Z¨fYÄ¯|ËM{ÂmÁÄ]Ê»Z¿,Ä°ÀËY¹Á{Á-|Z]e½ZM
|¿YÂf]Á|Z],|¿ÂÊ»|»MÁ0Zê»Ä¯ÉYÃ{f³Á{| f»ÉZÅÃ{Y{ÉZÆÅZ´ËZa
ÊfuÁ|À¯¾Ì»Ze½Z»ÅÁ½Z°»Å{Y½Z³|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fYZÌ¿{Â»cZÔY
Y,Ã{Z¨fYZ]®ËZËÁÉY|Æ´¿ÉY]YcZÔY½M|À¿YÂf]½Z³|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY
,ZÆY³,cÔn»,ZÆ]Zf¯ÉÁZu|ËZ]ZÅÃ{Y{ÉZÆÅZ´ËZa¾ËY |¿Ì´]{ÂmÂ»¹Z¿
ÉY|ÌÀ{YÂ»Á,ZÅcÀ¯,Ê¬ÌÂ»ÉZÆf¿,ËZ¼¿ÉZÅYmY,ZÅÂÁ]
|Z],dYÃ|ÌË|¿ZÌ¿ZÆ¿MÄ]Ê¯ÂÀÅÄ¯É{YÂ»ÊfuÁ,Ã|Ê»Â«ÉY|Ë{
ZÆ¿MZ]Y{Ây|¿YÂf]Á|Z]Ã|ÀËMÉZ¯ÉZÅZÌ¿Z]\ZÀf»|ËZ]Ì³Y§¹Z¿¾ËY
|Å{ªÌê
½ÂqÊeYZ^Z]ZÅÊ ]Y{ÂmÂ»Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯½|¿«YÁµÂ^¬»
ZË{¶uZ{Y½M½YÂeÊ¼¿,|¿YÂyÁ{][YÂzfyÄ]Y½M½YÂeÊ¼¿
,dY{YÁYfYÁ{¾ËY |¿Y{YfY½MÄ]ÊÂ¿Ä]Á|ÀÀ¯Ê»½ZÌ]|¿YÂy
|À¿Z¼Å,ZÅÊfZ¯¾ËY]É{ÁÄ]ÉÁM¾§d§ÌaÄ¯dY{ÄmÂe|ËZ]Ê·Á
|»M|ÀÅYÂyªWZ§,[Zf¯xËZeµÂ{ZÅÊfZ¯´Ë{]ªÌ§Âe

®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯¹Z¿
3
www.lookiran.com
ÉYY{|ËZ]¶«YÓ,|¿Â«YÁµÂ^¬»Ä°ÀËYÉY]Ã|ÀËM®Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯
-|Z]ÊËZ¿YÂy[Zf¯ÅYfÆ]|ËZ]½MÊËZ¿YÂy|ÀZ]ËÄÌy
{Z ]YÄ]ÉYÄv¨ÉÁYÄ¼¸¯|¿Za¶«Y|u|¿YÂf]|ËZ]½MËZ¼¿Äv¨
Y½M½ÁÁÃY|¿Y-|Å{½Z¿[Zf¯Äv¨®ËÇY|¿YÊÀ Ëf»Êf¿Z
½Md{®ËZ]½YÂf]|ËZ]-|Z]f°^Áf°qÂ¯Âf»½ZfY{[Zf¯®Ë
[Zf¯®Ëd¼Ì«Âf»Y|ËZ]½Md¼Ì«-|¿YÂyÁ{¯Ã{Z¨fY,dY{Ä´¿Y
ÉÁ{ÂmÂ»½Âf»Ä]½Z»ÅÁ½Z°»Å{|¿YÂf]|ËZ]Á-|Z]f¼¯½ZfY{
{ÃY¼ÅZËºÌÊ]ÉZÆÀ¨¸e |À¯Y|Ìad{{ÂmÂ»ÉZÅÃ{Y{ÉZÆÅZ´ËZaZÆ¿ÂÌ¸Ì»
¶¼fv»YºÄÌy|À¿YÂf]dY¾°¼»É{§cZZêYÉZÅÄ°^\·Z«
,|Ì·Âe¹Z¿¶6¯{ÉfÌ]Ä¿YÁM¾§cYÌÌ¤edY¹ÓµZu¾Ì{Ê·Á,|¿Z
Ä°¿MYÌa,dY{ÄmÂe|ËZ] |ËM|Ë|a®Ì¿Áf°·YcZÔYÃÌy}ÁÄZY
YÄ¯ÊËZÅÄÌyÊ»Z¼e{Â«YÁµÂ^¬»Ã{f³Ê¸°Ä]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯
|ÀZ]¼m|ËZ],|Äf¨³¾zZÆ¿M
Z¿ÊÆmÂe¶]Z«Z¼,ÌaÃZ»|ÀqZeÊÀ Ë,ºfÌ]½«Ê¿ZËZaÈÅ{{
ÉY]Éy¾ËZ¿¾ËYÄq³Y |¿Y{Á|ÀfY{{ÂmÁÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¾Ë
¾ËZ¿¾Ì]Ê¿Y´¿ËY|ÌahZ]Ê·Á,|¿{³Ê¼¿[Âv»{ÂmÂ»¿È »Zm
Ä]ÊaZqÉZÆ]Zf¯ÉY]É|mÉZ^«Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯µZuÅÄ] |¿YÃ|ÊfÀ
ÉZÆ]Zf¯Á|ËM|Ë|aËÂeÁ¿¾ËÂ¿¹Z¿®ËÄ°ÀËY´»,|ÀËMÊ¼¿[Zu
ZuµZu{Ä¯[Zf¯YÃ|ÀÀ¯
Ã{Z¨fYÁ½YÂz]Zf¯Ä »Zm¶6¯ÉY]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y
[Y~mZÌ],dYÊaZqÉZÆ]Zf¯Yedz½M½|¿YÂyÄ¯dÌ¿Ê]Zf¯©Zf»
{{³
ÄÌ^fÌ]ÁdYÄf§³{ÂyÄ]É{ZËZÌ]Ê¿Z »ºfÌZË¹Z¿ÇYÁ
µZ¬»¾ËY{Ä¯Ä¿Â´¿Z¼Å dYÃY|¿Y|Âb]Y½MÄ¯Ê¯ÅÉY]Ä¯Ã|Êf4¯
Ä¯|À¯Ê»¦ÌÂeYd§ÌaµZu{|ÀËY§®Ë¹Z¿Ä¼¸¯,ºÌfyY{a½MÄ]
Ã|ÌË|¿Y¶¯®Ë½YÂÀÄ]½MÄ]Á{ÁMÊ»|Ë|aYZÌ¿{Â»ÉZÆfÌ·Z §Êy]
[Zf¯¹Z¿®Ë{Â¬» ZÆ¸¼ ·YÂf{ÁLYmYZf¿Â»½YÂÀÄ]Ä¿{ÂÊ»
YÊ°ËÁ,dY{Y§YÉY]¿Y{ÁcZÔYÄ]Ê]ZÌf{½Z°»Y{ZnËYÊ°Ì¿Áf°·Y
Ê]ZÌf{½Z°»Y{ZnËY{ÂÄf§³¿{|ËZ]{Â¬»Ä]½|ÌÉY]Ä¯Ê§Y|ÅY
ÊzeÉZÅÃ{Y{ÃZ´ËZa|uYÁÅÄ]{Y§Y®e®e
4
www.lookiran.com
Y[Zf¯ÉÁ»Y½ZËmºÌÅYÂz]³Y,Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯Ç{Z¹Z¿®Ë
d{Ã|ÀËÂ¿Ä¯¾ËYYdeZ^,ºÌÅ{ËZ¼¿YÃ|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fYZeÃ|ÀËÂ¿
ÁËYËÁY½MZ¿,|Å{Ê»¶ËÂveZ¿Ä]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y¶°Ä]Y{ÂyËÂ¿
Ä]YÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯bÁ|À¯Ê»Ìj°eÁ_ZqÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YcÂÄ]
®eÄ]YZÆ¿M½ZËYÁ|Á§Ê»ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÁZÅÊÁ¨]Zf¯,[Zf¯ÉZÅ³za
|ÀÀ¯Ê»ËÂeZÆ¿M¾Ì]ZËÁ|ÀÅ{Ê»d¿Z»Y,|ÀÁ§Ê»½Z³|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY®e
ÊÆÌmÂepÌÅÉÁ{ÂmÁ½Á|]Ä¯Yq,{ÂÊ»ºfyÃ|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fYÄ]ZÆÅYÊ»Z¼e
Ã{Z¨fYZ]|ËZ]¹Z¿³¶Ì¸veZËÁsYÅ¾ËY]ZÀ]-{Y|¿{ÂmÁÊ»Z¿pÌÅÉY]
ÅÄ¯|Z]¾ËY|ËZ]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯¹Z¿®ËÄÌ·ÁY¥|Å |À¯ÁÃ|ÀÀ¯
{Ã|ÃÌy}{YÂ»YÃ{Z¨fYZ],ÊzÄ¿Zz]Zf¯®Ë|¿YÂf]Ã|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY
ÃZ´f{YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ZË,|¿Y{Y«Á{ÉYÄ¸Z§{Ä¯ÊËZÅÃ{Y{ÉZÆÅZ´ËZa
{Ây|Z¬»ÉY],Ã{§ÉZÅsÂ·YZËÁ,Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯½|¿YÂyÂz»
{ÁMºÅY§

Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯µÂveÌ
Z£MÃZ´ËZ»M{ÈÅ{{Ã|ÉeÂÌb»Z¯Ê°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯YfyY
ªu½Â¿Z«Ä¯®ÌÔ¯½Âf»¶Ë|êZ]±^ÀeÂ³ÃÁaµZ{ d³
Á-d³Z£M Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¶°Ä],{ÂÊ¼¿½Z·Zu¶»Z´Ë{¦·Â»
[Zf¯½YÂÀ{Á|u| ]½«] |¿{Â]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¾Ìfz¿ZÆÀËY
Ã{Z¨fY f{{d¿fÀËYªËYÁ|¿|wZÀfY\¸ÁY{{Y§YÂe
{d¿fÀËYÊ»Â¼Ä¿Zz]Zf¯¹Z¿Z]ÊÆ]Z»ÃÁa |Àf§³Y«½Z³|ÀÀ¯
_ZqÄ¯ÊËZÆ]Zf¯¶Ë|êÉY]ÊfÀ½YZ¿ÊÀ Ë d§³¹Zn¿YZÌ^¼¸¯ÃZ´¿Y{
|ÀÀ¯Ê»ÉZ°¼ÅY§Y¹¿½Z³|ÀÀ¯|Ì·ÂeÊy]Z],Ê»Â«¶°Ä]|¿YÃ{¯
dYÈÅ{ÉZÅÄÌyYÊ°ËÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¶¬¿Á¶¼udÌ¸]Z«
Ä¸]Z¬»|À¿Z»ÉeÂÌb»Z¯ÉZÆÅZ´f{ÉÁÊf{ËZ¼¿cZv¨ËY|ÌaZ]Ä¯
ÈÅ{¶ËYÁY{Á-d§ZËª¬veZÅÃYÁlÀ³Á,d¤·²ÀÅ§,cZ¼¸¯Èf°Ë{Ç|ÀÀ¯
¾ËYÊ¸Y\Ì |¿|¶»ZÌ¿YZÆ§Z ¼·YÇËY{ZÆÅZ´f{¾ËYYÊ ]
{ {¯Ã{Z¨fYZÆ¿MY¦¸fz»ZiMYÃ{Z¨fYÉY]|Ê¼¿Ä¯{Â]¾ËYZÆÅZ´f{
Ã|vf»cÓZËY{Y½YÂy®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯ÃZ´f{Ê¿Âd¯µZ
5
www.lookiran.com
{Â]{Z«Á|¿ÂaÁ{Yf¼¯½M½ÁÁpÀËY½M{Z ]YÄ¯{¯Ä
Äv¨ ÃÌy}dÌ§Ä¯YÉf»Êf¿ZdÅ¹YÉ{Ê®ËcZËÂfv»
Y¾ÌmÁ{®ËYZ]Ä]ÃZ´f{¾ËYÄ¹Z´ÀÅ |Å{½Z¿dY{YÊaZq¾f»
ÉÁZuÄ¯{¯ÃZYÊuÂ·Ä]½YÂeÊ»Ä¸¼m½MYÄ¯dY{{ÂmÁZÅsÂ·¶Ì^«¾ËY
²ÀÅ§ÉÁZuÄ¯ÊuÂ·Á{Â]½Âfb»Z¯É|¸m¥Z ¼·YÇËY{cZËÂfv»
Ì¿Ê m»ZiM {Â]fmÁÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÃYÁlÀ³ÁpfËÅ¾°Ë»MÊ°Ì¿Áf°·Y
¾Ì·ÁYÄ¯Ê¿Âd¯É|Ì·ÂeÃZ´f{ |¿{Â]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¾Ìfz¿ZÆÀËY
Ã{Z¨fY½M¾fY{d{{Z]Ê·Á,dY|¿½ZMÉ{]Z¯,{Â]{ÂyÂ¿Y
µZ^¿{Ä]0Ôj»{Y{b]cZÔYÉÂnfmÄ]¦¸fz»©Ä]d¿YÂeÊ»Ã|ÀÀ¯
ÉYÄÅZÌªËYf ÌÁÂÂ»®ËµZ^¿{Ä]
,cZ¼¸¯YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ÂÂ»®Ë
ÁÄ·Z¬»½YÂÀ{{ÂmÂ»É|Ì¸¯ÉZÅÃYÁªËYÄ·Z¬»®ËµZ^¿{Ä]Á,cZ¼¸¯Y
d³,¶]Z¬f»cZZmYªËYZË
YZ]Ä]YÂ]ÁZa¹Z¿Ä]ÊzeÂÌb»Z¯®Ë¶a3Yd¯µZ{
{ dY{Ê¿Âd¯ÂeÃ|ÄWYYÃZ´f{YÉeÓZ]dÌ¨Ì¯Ä¯{¯Ä
|ÀqZiMYÉYÄÂ¼n»¿VoyagerZËYÁÁd¯ÊÀ Ë| ]µZ¶ËYÁY
Ã|ÄfyZÂ]ÁZaÇ{Z¨fYÉY]Ä¯{¯Z£M¹Y É{ ÊÉÁYÉYÄ¿Z
{Â]
ÉZÅsÂ·Äf§ZË{Â^Æ]Ä¯dY¹Y É{ ÊÃ{§sÂ·¾ËeÂÆ»
0Z¯f»Ä¯bÌ¸Ì§ÁÊ¿Âd¯Á{ÂeµZ{Ä¯dYÉYÃ{§
YÁZnf»½ÂÀ¯Ze½Z»½MY |ÄYZ]Ä]|¿{Â]Ã{¯YfyYY½M
¹Y É{ ÊÃZ´f{½ÂÌ¸Ì»YÌ]ÁÉf»Êf¿Z¹Y É{ Ê½ÂÌ¸Ì»
|¿YÃ|ÌÁ§Ä]½YÂy
Ã|¹YÉ{ ÉÁ É{¹Z¿Ä]É|Ë|mÉZÅsÂ·|Ì·Âe\^Ä ÂeÁªÌ¬ve
ÊdÌ§]Y]Ã{ZÆq½MdÌ§Á|ÄYZ]Ä]µZ{Ä¯dY
|¿YÂz]Ì¿Y{ÂmÂ»ÉZÆ»Y É{ Ê|¿YÂeÊ»½YÂyÉ{ ÉÁ É{ dY¹Y É{
|¿YÂeÊ»½MÄ§ZuÄ¯{Â¹8 É{ ÉÁ É{|Ì·Âe\^|¿YÂeÊ»cZ¬Ì¬veÄ»Y{Y
fÌ]cZ¬Ì¬veÄ¯{ÂÊ»ÊÀÌ]Ìa |z]d·ÂÆYÄ·Z¬»Á[Zf¯Ê]ZËZ]
®ËÇÌy}dÌ§0ÓZ¼fuYÄ¯{{³ É{ ÉÁ É{YÊeZ¬f»|Ì·ÂeÄ]nÀ»
|¿Y{sÂ·®ËÉÁY®qÂ¯Ä¿Zz]Zf¯
6
www.lookiran.com
~£Z¯ÉÁ_Zq{_ZqÃZ´f{Ä]Z»ÃZ´f{¹Y É{ Ê|Ì·Âe{
Äz¿Ä]Z»0ZZYÉY{]Äz¿|ÀËY§ dY¹Y É{ ÊÌj°eÃZ´f{
½YÂeÊeZne±]Ìj°eÉZÆÅZ´f{Z»Y,dYÊzÉZÅeÂÌb»Z¯{ÉY{]
µZ{ |ÀfÅ½M|«Z§®qÂ¯ÉZÆÅZ´f{Äf^·YÄ¯,|¿Y{dÌ¨Ì¯µfÀ¯
cÂ¨°¿Y§[Zf¯ÃZ´ËZ¼¿Ä¯{Â]É|«Ä]Ê°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯¾ËZ¿{Y| e
|ÀqÁÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÄ¸n»,[Zf¯Z¿{Á|uÄ]Y{Ây±]ÉZÆÀ·ZYÊ°Ë
ÉY]Z°Ë»Y½ZÁ¨]Zf¯¾¼n¿Y¾WÁÃZ»{ {Y{ZfyYZÆËYÄ¿Z
{Y{ZfyYÊ°Ì¿Áf°·Y¿Ä]Y{ÂyÃZ´ËZ¼¿YÊz]Z]¾Ìfz¿
µZËYËÁYxË·ÁYÉYÁ{YcZË¿Ê¸¸¼·Y¾Ì]ÉZ¼ÀÅY
Ä¯{¯dÆ§{ÂyÄÂ¼n»{YÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YcÔn»Ä]Â]»cZÔY
Ä]ZÆ¿M{Y| eËY§Y|{Z]| ]µZÄ4¿ |Ê»¶»ZY½YÂÀ
|Ì½YÂÀ
Z¯Ä]ÉZÅÉÁM¾§YÉÄ|Ì¨»ÁmÂ»Ê¸°Ä]|ÌÀÌ]Ê»Ä¯Ê·Á|m
½Z¿Y,Äf~³ºÌ¿Á½«lÀaÊ[Zf¯Ê°Ì¿Z°»Ìj°eÉY]Ã|Äf§³
¬§d§YÁ±^ÀeÂ³ÉÂ·ÂÀ°eZ]ê»|ÀËY§YÄ¯dY\·Zm |Å{Ê»
lÀaYÄ°¿MµZu,dYÄ]Z»Áf»Á{Å{Ê§ZvÊÀ Ë|ÀËY§®Ë
¬§Á,|ÀfÅÄ]Z»{Â»ZÆqÊ°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯Ád§YZ]ê»Ê¸Y|ÀËY§
Ä]É´Ë{ÁÃ|Ê§ZvÊaZq[Zf¯Ä]Ê°ËÄ¯|ÀfÅcÁZ¨f»_Zq{Â»{
eÂÌb»Z¯ÉÂ·ÂÀ°e|À¿Y{Ê»Ä¯Ê¿Z¯ÉY]Äf^·Y {ÂÊ»lfÀ»¹Y É{ Ê
d¨´ê»LYmYÄ]Ze,dYÊ°Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯ÉÂ·ÂÀ°eÁd§YÊ¸YLm
dÌ¿ÁM

YÊaZqZiM|Ì·ÂeÁ_ZqÉZÅÉÁM¾§

[Zf¯ d§Y_Zq ±^ÀeÂ³
®Ì¿Áf°·Y
Á¥Áu ÉZÅÄ¿Z¿Á¥Áu ¥Áu\·Z«
ÉZÅÄ¿Z¿ Ã|Ê»Â«
Ã|Ê»Â«
ÊÀÌr§Áu ÊÀÌZ»ÊÀÌr§Áu ¥ÁuÉ³ÄfzË
7
www.lookiran.com
ÊÀÌZ»
eÂÌb»Z¯Ä§Zu eÂÌb»Z¯Ä§Zu ÄZ³
ÊÀÌr§Áu ÊÀÌZ»ÊÀÌr§Áu ÊÀÌr§Áu
ÊÀÌZ»
Ìj°eÃZ´f{ d§Y_Zq _Zq¾ÌZ»
Ã{§sÂ· Êf{
Ê§Zv Ê§Zv
¹Y É{ Ê Ã||¸m[Zf¯ Ã||¸m[Zf¯

Ä¾ËY{½YËYÃZ´ËZmÁ½ZÆm{®Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
cZÔYµZ¬f¿YÈyq{ºÆ»Ê¬¿Ä¿Zz]Zf¯Ä¸¼nÀ»,Ê¿ZÔY¯Y»
ÇÌy}ÁÉÁMºÅY§ÇËÁZ¯ÉZÆÁÁZÆfZÌZ]ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ |ÀÀ¯Ê»Z¨ËY
Á^À»ÊËZa]Á|ÀÀÌ]Ê»Y|eÉYÄ§uÉZÅ{ÁZf{YÊ¼WY{Ê¿Z´ËZ]®Ë,{YÂ»
Ä],½M]½Á§Y |ÀÀ¯Ê»d¿Z¼YÉYÄÀÌÌa¾ÌÀqÄ]Ê]ZÌf{ÉY]ÉYÄÀÌnÀ³
Á½Âf»]cZ¿ÁÊÅ|¿Z»ZÄ]ÉZÄËZ¼¿Á,É|À]Ã{,ÊËÂ¿dÆ§{|»
½YZ¿ÁÊËÂ¿Ã|Ì°qÁÉZÄËZ¼¿cZ»|y¯Y» |¿Y{aÊ»ZiM
ÉZÆ¬¿cZÔY]cZ¿ÁÊÅ|¿Z»Z»Y{Ì¿Ê¸»ÉZÅÊZÀ]Zf¯
|¿Y{Ã|Æ]ÉYÄfm]
ZÆÌ ] {Y{{ÂmÁ®Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯YÊeÁZ¨f»ÉZÆfY{]«YÁ{
|ÀÅ{Ê»|ËÂ¿Y[Zf¯½Á|]ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ËY|ÌaÁÊfÀÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÊZaÁ§
ÉZÅÄ¿ZËZa¬§Ä¯ÊËZ§YdeZ^Ä¯¾ËÂ¿ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯YÉËÁZeÊfuÁ
|ÀÀ¯Ê»¶¼ÉeÂÌb»Z¯Ä°^cÂÄ]Ä¯ÊzÉZÅeÂÌb»Z¯ZËÁÉeÂÌb»Z¯
Ä¯|¿|¬f »|ÀË|¿YÊ»eÄ¿ZÀÌ]«YÁÄ¯´Ë{ÃÁ³ |¿ÂÊ»Ã|Ë{½M{
|Ë|aÉYÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÉZÆ»Z¿{ÊeYÌÌ¤eZqZ¿Ä]Ê·Á|¿Z»|ÀÅYÂyÊ«Z]ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
ÊfuÁ½YY|]Zf¯YÉZÌ]ÉY]cZÔYÉÂ·ÂÀ°eÃYÁ |»M|ÅYÂy
Ä¿Zz]Zf¯{eÂÌb»Z¯{]Z¯ÁÃ{Z¨fYÄ]0ZZYÃYÁ¾ËY dZÀM½YY|]Zf¯Ì£
ÉY]Ê]Ây®¼¯|¿YÂeÊ»Ä¿Zz]Zf¯{eÂÌb»Z¯¦¸fz»ÉZÅ{]Z¯ {ÂÊ»©ÔY
Êf{cÂÄ]Ä¯ÊËZÆfÌ·Z §YÉZÌ] |Z]Ä¿Zz]Zf¯{cZ»|yfÆ]ÄWYY
ÊfuÁ{Ì³¹Zn¿YeªÌ«{Áf Ë|¿YÂeÊ»eÂÌb»Z¯®¼¯Z]{Ë~aÊ»¹Zn¿Y
8
www.lookiran.com
¹Zn¿Y0ÓÂ¼ »½{Â]Ã|ÀÀ¯ÄfyÁÌ³d«Á¶Ì·{Ä]½M¹Zn¿YÄ¯ÊËZÅZ¯
Á½MµfÀ¯ÁÉÌ´ÌaÁZ¨Z¯ {{³=Ì»eÂÌb»Z¯YÃ{Z¨fYZ]{Ì³Ê¼¿
º£Ì¸,Ä¿Zz]Zf¯½Y{Ä³]cZÔY½{] dYÄ¸¼m½MY¦¸fz»ÉZÅZ»MÄÌÆe
Ä¿Zz]Zf¯ÊfÀ½Y{Ä³]¥~u\¿ZnÀËY{ÂyÄ¸¼nÀ»½YY|]Zf¯YÉZÌ]Ä¯¾ËY
Ä¿Zz]Zf¯Ê·Â¼ »½Y{Ä³]ZÀ¯{|¿YÂeÊ»eÂÌb»Z¯ÉÁÄ],ºÌÀ¯Ê¼¿ÄÌÂeY
ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯\¸£YÃÁ»Y {ZÄÀÌÆ]ÊfuÁ¾°¼»YcZÔYÊ]ZËZ]d·ÂÆ
|ÀÀ¯ÉeÂÌb»Z¯Y{ÂyÄ¿Zz]Zf¯½Y{Ä³]cZÔYZÆÀeÄ¿|ÀÀ¯Ê»ÔeZÌ¿{
{ZnËYZ]Êfu |ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY{ÂmÂ»ÊeZÔYÉZÆ°¿Z]ÁZÆÅZ´ËZaYÄ°¸]
´Ë{ÉZÆ¿Y{Ä³]YÃ{Z¨fY½Z°»YÁ{ÃYZËÁÊ¸v»ÉeÂÌb»Z¯ÉZÅÄ°^
YÃ{Z¨fY |¿ÁMºÅY§YÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Ä]Ä mY»½Á|]cZÔYÊ]ZËZ]ÁZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
Z¼Ä]Ä¿Zz]Zf¯{eÂÌb»Z¯ÉZÅ{]Z¯¾ËelËYYÊ°ËÄ¿Zz]Zf¯{d¿fÀËY
cÔ°»½Y|¬§ÁÃ{Z¨fYd·ÂÆ¶Ì·{Ä]Ì¿¹Y É{ ÊYÃ{Z¨fY |ËMÊ»
ÉZÅ{]Z¯®ËÄ]®ËºÅYÂz]³Y {Y{ZÌ]kYÁÉeÂÌb»Z¯ÄfÂÌacZZêY
µZ¬»¾ËYÈ¸ÂuY|Ë{eÊ],¹¼]YÄ¿Zz]Zf¯{eÂÌb»Z¯Ê·Z¼fuYÁÉZm
d§ÌaZ]Ä¯dÀËYºÅ½M,ºÀ¯ÃZYº¿Y{Ê»¹ÓYÄf°¿®Ë dYkZy
{Â]cZÔYÉÂ·ÂÀ°e]Ìv»Ä¯Ê¿ZÔY-cZÔYÉÂ·ÂÀ°eËZÌ]
ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Ä]YcYÌÌ¤eÊ ]Ä¯dYÉÂ·ÂÀ°e¾ËYÁdY½M]Zv»ÃÁ»Y
ÉY]Y{Ây½YY|]Zf¯dY¹ÓÄ¯dYÊ Ì^Á |À¯Ê»Äf°Ë{{ZÀY¯Y»Á
ª^Á½ZËY¿Z]cYÌÌ¤e|ÀÀ¯ÔeÁ|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z»McYÌÌ¤e¾ËYZ]ÊËÁZËÁ
Ì£{Ä¯Yq,{Ì³¹Zn¿YÊ¿ZÔYÁÉY|]Zf¯ÉZÅ{Y|¿ZfYÁµÂY
|ÀÅYÂyºÌ¼e½ZËYÉY]cZÔYÉÂ·ÂÀ°eÁeÂÌb»Z¯½Zzf»cÂÀËY
µÂYÁÄ¿Zz]Zf¯{°¸¼Z]Ê^ZÀepÌÅºÌ¼e¾ËYdY¾°¼»Á,d§³
Ä¿Zz]Zf¯Ä]½{¯°§ÂÄ]dYfÆ]|ËZ¾»¿Ä] |Z]ÄfY|¿ÉY|]Zf¯
fÆ]Ç{Z¨fYÄ]|ËZ]É~£Z¯Y|»Á[Zf¯|«Z§ÉYÄ¿Zz]Zf¯½YÂÀÄ]®Ì¿Áf°·Y
½YY{aÄË¿ÉZÆÌ¿Y´¿µ{YÊ°ËµZj»½YÂÀÄ] |ÌË|¿Y¾ËÂ¿ÉZÅÉÁM¾§Y
¾ËYZÆ¿MYÉZÌ]ÁdYÊÅZ´¿Y{ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Ë|Ä¸X»ÉY|]Zf¯
.{Â]|ÅYÂyÄqÊÅZ´¿Y{ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Z¯d^«ZÄ¯|ÀÀ¯Ê»s»YÄ¸X»
Ê°ËÌ§|d½YÂeÊ»¾ËÂ¿ÉZÅÉÁM¾§YÃ{Z¨fYZ]Ä¯dÌ¿Ê°
{cZÔYYÊËÓZ]ºnuÇÌy}½Z°»YYÁ{Y{ÅZ¯YÊÅZ´¿Y{ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
µZj»½YÂÀÄ] {]{ÂÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÉZ§{ÊËÂmÄ§ÉY]®qÂ¯ZÌ]ÊËZ§
9
www.lookiran.com
|¿YÃ|ÄYZ]Ä]¹Y É{ ÊcÂÄ]É|¸m|Àqm»ZiMYÉZÌ]
YZ]Ä]Ã{§sÂ·Ä{½MÉYÄ¿Z|ÀqdËYÁÄ¯Z°Ì¿ZfË]¥Z ¼·YÇËY{¶j»
ÉZÆ¿Y{Ä³]Ä]¹Â¼Ê]ZÌf{ÉeÂÌb»Z¯¹Z¿YÃ{Z¨fYZ]¾ÌÀr¼Å dYÃ|»M
{YÂ»YÉZÌ]½YÂeÊ»ÉYÄ¿Zz]Zf¯¾Ì]ÉZ°¼Å¹Z¿Y¾fm{ÂÁZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
¾ËYÄ]Á{Y{Y«Ã|ÀÀ¯Ä mY»ZÌfyY{Ád§³d¿Z»YÄ]ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯´Ë{YY
|ÅYÂyeÊÀ£ÉYÄ¿Zz]Zf¯¾Ì]ÉZ°¼Å¹Z¿ÂÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÈÂ¼n»\Ìee
{ÂyÄ¯dY½M{{ÂmÂ»ÉZÆÅZ´ËZaÁd¿fÀËYYÃ{Z¨fYÉ| ]Ä¸X» |
ÃZY´Ë{ÉYÄf°¿Ä]dY¹Ó {Y{ZÌ]hv]ÉZmÁÄ¿Z³Y|mdYÉYÄ·Â¬»
ËY§YÄ]Ád¿fÀËY{{ÂmÂ»½Z´ËYÉZÆ]Zf¯{Y| e0Zê»ZuµZu{,ºÀ¯
ÁdYË~a½Z°»YÊfuYÄ]Ê ¿Z»pÌÅ½Á|]½MµZ¬f¿YZËÉY{]Äz¿ÁdY
½MÄ]ZfY¾ËY{|ËZ]Ä¯Ê¸WZ»YÊ°Ë {¯Ã{Z¨fYÌ¿ZÆ¿MY½YÂeÊ»Y~·
||ÅYÂy\^Ä¯dYeÂÌb»Z¯Ä§ZuÄ]ZÆ]Zf¯¾f»ÊnË|eµZ¬f¿Y|ÌË|¿Y
¾f§ZËÉY]Ä¯Ê¿Z¯ÃËÁÄ]ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯¾Ì mY»Á{½Y|ÀqÄ¿ÉYÃ|ÀËM{
{Â»]ZÀ»ÊËZZÀYa|¿YÃ{¯Ä mY»Ä¿Zz]Zf¯Ä]Ê¬Ì¬ve¹Zn¿YÉY]]ZÀ»
ÁÃÌy}YZÌ¿{Â»cZÔYÃ{ZZÌ]ÉeÂÌb»Z¯cYÌÆneYÃ{Z¨fYZ],ZÌ¿
,|ÀÀ¯Ã{Z¨fY½MYÁ¶¬fÀ»Z¯¶v»ZËÄ¿Zy{{ÂyÊzeÂÌb»Z¯Ä]b
|¿Ì´]d¿Z»YÄ]Y]ZÀ»¹Z¼e¶Y|ÀZ]Â^n»Ä°ÀËY½Á|]
Ä·Â¬»¾ËY{½YËYÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÃZ´ËZmÄ]ºZ]ÄfY{ÉYÃZYdY¹Ó
ÉY]Á¦¸fz»ÉZÆ¸°Ä]eÂÌb»Z¯Ä¯ºÌÀÌ]Ê»ÁºËÂÀÊ»,ºÌ¿YÂyÊ»Äq³Y
¾»Ä¯ÊËZn¿MZeÊ·Á,|¿YÃ{¯Y|ÌaÃYÂ¯ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Ä]¦¸fz»ÉZÅ{]Z¯
¾ÌZ»ÂÄ]¶Y{ZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯{{ÂmÂ»ÉZÅeÂÌb»Z¯ºYz]¹YÃ|Ë{
{Â»½Y{Ä³]ÉZmÄ]¹Á{Äm{{ÁZÅÄ³]dÆ§Ìj°eÉY]ÁËve
Ã{Z¨fYeÂÌb»Z¯fÌ]cZ¿Z°»YYÄ¯ÊËZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯{Y| e |¿Ì³Ê»Y«Ã{Z¨fY
Ê´¼ÅÄ¯dYÄf§Ë~a¹Zn¿YÊËZÆÔeË|¬eÅÄ] dÌ¿{ZËÊ¸Ìy|ÀÀ¯Ê»
{YÄÌÂe|Àq¬§,dÌ¿ÉÌ³{YËYZnÀËY{¾»|«Á|ÀfÅË|¬e¶]Z«
ºÀ¯Ê»s»ZnÀËY
¹Z¿dY¹Ó®Ì¿Áf°·YÄ{fÆ]ÊÅZ´ËZm¾f§ZËÉY]
dËÂ¬e½Z¯{Â¯ÁÊÅZ´Â»MÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Á{ÂÄfË´¿Z]Â¯ÉYÄ¿Zz]Zf¯
|¿Â
10
www.lookiran.com
ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÉZÀ»YcZÌÅÄ¿ZyÌ]{ÃËÁÄ]Ê»Â¼ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯ÉZ°¼ÅZ]
{ÂµZ §Á¶Ì°eÊÔ¯ÉZÅÄ¿Zz]Zf¯Â¯Ê»Â¼
ÁÉ´¿Z]¦¸fz»Z¬»{Ê¿ZÔYÁÉY|]Zf¯ÄfÊ{ÉZÅ|uYÁ
{Ì³cÂ¹ÓcZuÔYÁcYÌÌ¤e
¹ÓcZuÔYÁcYÌÌ¤eÁÉ´¿Z]½ZfÌ]{ÁÊËZ¼ÀÅY,ÊWY|f]YÂ»M
Ä¯ |ÀZ]ÄfY{Â»M{Ê]Ây¬¿Ê{ÉZÅÃÁa{ÂÔeÁ{Ì³¹Zn¿Y
½ZËY]ÃÁÔÁdYÉÁZÌ]½YÌ]{Á½YZ³Â»MÂ»MZfY¾ËY{
ê»d»|y¾¼ÉZÅÃÁ{{|ËZ]Ì¿ÁaÁÂ»M¾Ì·ÂX»Á½YË|»
|ÀÀ¯d¯
ªËYÄ ·Z»c{ZÉÔfY{Ä¿Zz]Zf¯¬¿ÁÄ ·Z»Ä¸X»dÌ¼ÅY
{ÂÊ§ »Ä »ZmÄ]Êf{Ä]ÊÅÁ³ÉZÅÄ¿Z
Ê¼¸ÁÊuÁÉÔfYÄ]½|ÌÃY{YZ»ºÅYÂyÊ»µZ f»|¿ÁY|yYÄ¼eZy{
Ä6¸·YLZ¿Y|À¯ÉZËÂ¯ÉÔfYÁ
]ZÀ»
Baumbach, Donna, "Hypermedia,Macmillan Encylopedia of
Computers (New York: Macmillan ,,
2.Bell, Alan E, "Next Generation Compact Discs," Scientific
American 275 (July 1996): 42, 44, 46.
3. Bush, Vannevar, "As We May Think," Atlantic Monthly (July
1945): 641-49. Reprinted in From Memex to Hypertext, ed.J.M.
Nyce and P. Kahn (Boston: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991), 87,
104.
4. Engelbart, Douglas C., "Letter to Vannevar Bush and Program on
Human Effectiveness," in From Memex to Hypertext, ed.J.M. Nyce
and P. Kahn (Boston: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991), 235,
236, 237.
5. Landow, George P., Hypertext: The Convergence of
Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1992), 5.
6. "Roll Over Gutenberg," Economist, Oct. 18, 1993, 105.
7. Yankelovich, Nicole, Norman Meyrowitz, and Andries van Dam,
"Reading and Writing the Electronic Book," Computer, Oct. 1985,
15-30.
11
www.lookiran.com

{ÂÊ»°Ìa[Zf¯ZËYÊ°Ì¿Áf°·YÉZÆ]Zf¯É

dz¿z]±ITcZÔYÉÁZÀ§Ä»ZÀ¿Y{
.|ËÌ´]Yf¯{|Ì¿YÂeÊ»Ä¿Â´q
.ºÌÀ¯fÆ]Y{ÂydËZ[ÁÂq
¹ZÆqz] fÌ³¶Ì]ÄfÂ¿±ÄË|¿YµZ]]Z¯Á\¯
ºËZ]Yahoo{½Z´ËYemailÄ»Z¿ZËYÄ¿Â´q
º°ËÁdÌ]½«{ ZÅ½Z»Z½YË|»ÉZÅ·Zq]Ê´¿
ÊÂyz]Ä ÂeÁÉY~³ÄËZ»¿YÂ»§ÉZÅ{^ÅY
^yÉZÅÄËËve{MOS ¶°eÁa
IEÄÂ¼n»Z]Z¯Z£M
®Ì¿Áf°·Y[Zf¯

12

کتاب الکترونیک

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

کتاب الکترونیک

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.lookiran.

You might also like