Explanation 3: Markov Random Fields

Markov random fields are another important class of random fields used in various fields, particularly in
image processing and computer vision. Unlike Gaussian random fields, which are characterized by
continuous-valued random variables, Markov random fields deal with discrete variables.

Markov random fields are defined on a grid or lattice, where each node (or pixel) represents a random
variable. The relationships between neighboring nodes are specified by an energy function, which
assigns a cost or energy value based on the configurations of neighboring variables. The goal is to find
the configuration that minimizes the overall energy, often referred to as the most probable configuration
or mode.

These fields are valuable in tasks like image denoising, image segmentation, and object recognition,
where the spatial relationships between pixels play a crucial role in the analysis. Markov random fields
also find applications in social network analysis, where they model relationships and interactions
between individuals.