Lesson 2: Bipartite Graphs - Matching and Applications

Objectives:

1. Learn about matchings in bipartite graphs.

2. Explore algorithms for finding maximum matchings.
3. Understand real-world applications of bipartite graph matchings.

I. Matchings in Bipartite Graphs

In bipartite graphs, a matching is a set of edges with no common vertices. More

formally, a matching is a subset of edges in a graph where no two edges share an
endpoint. In bipartite graphs, matchings have a special significance because they can
represent various real-world scenarios, such as assigning tasks to workers or pairing
students with projects.

II. Maximum Matchings

A maximum matching is a matching that contains the largest possible number of edges
in a bipartite graph. Finding the maximum matching in a bipartite graph is a
fundamental problem in combinatorial optimization. There are several algorithms for
finding maximum matchings, including:

1. Augmenting Path Algorithm: This algorithm iteratively augments the current

matching by finding augmenting paths in the graph. It terminates when no more
augmenting paths can be found.
2. Hopcroft-Karp Algorithm: This is an efficient algorithm for finding maximum
matchings in bipartite graphs. It uses a combination of BFS and DFS to find
augmenting paths.

III. Applications of Maximum Matchings

Maximum matchings have practical applications in various domains:

1. Stable Marriage Problem: In the context of stable marriages, a bipartite graph

can be used to match individuals from two sets (e.g., men and women) based on
their preferences. Maximum matchings in this graph represent stable marriages.
 2. Task Assignment: In project management, bipartite graphs can be used to assign
tasks to workers or jobs to machines, maximizing efficiency while ensuring each
task is assigned to a qualified worker.
3. Resource Allocation: Bipartite graphs can model the allocation of resources to
projects, such as allocating funding to research proposals or assigning classrooms
to courses.

IV. Practice Exercise

Take a bipartite graph and find its maximum matching using one of the algorithms
discussed in class. Practice finding augmenting paths and updating the matching until a
maximum matching is obtained.

V. Beyond Maximum Matchings

In future lessons, we will explore advanced topics related to bipartite graphs, including:

1. Vertex Cover: Understanding how to find the minimum vertex cover in a bipartite
graph.
2. Hall's Marriage Theorem: Delving into the theory behind matchings in bipartite
graphs.
3. Applications in Network Flow: Exploring how bipartite graphs relate to network
flow problems.

Conclusion:

Matchings in bipartite graphs play a crucial role in solving optimization problems in

various fields. By understanding how to find maximum matchings and their applications,
you'll be equipped to tackle complex real-world scenarios where resource allocation or
assignment problems need to be optimized. In the next lesson, we will explore the
concept of a minimum vertex cover in bipartite graphs.