eomnaascnanle CHALLENGE, (1560 - 1 | Ruins of oid Sp. |) statues of Span hconge nages of Filipino heroes like anish colonial governmen rivals, the Portuguese an¢ and revolts by the Filipinos ia L revolts lacked coordina ability. Thisd, the Filipina zebels had fight on equal corms the there was no feeling of Fifth, many Pilipinos the friars, nity and n friae-curates works h and rule” Thi that vith only a fe Philippines for the Kin used Filipinos agains in quelling soldiers who did ti res and apula insufé2 PoRTUGUESE AND DuTCH THREATS Spanish claim over the Philippines was challenged by a keen rival from the very start. The Portuguese, knowing that the islands belonged to them under the Treaty of Zaragoza, refused to acknowledge that Legazpi’s presence in Cebu was legal. In 1566 and again in 1568, Portuguese ships under the command of General Gonzalo Pereira anchored in Cebu without Legazpi’s permission and on both occasions asked Legazpi to leave. When Legazpi refused, Pereira blockaded Cebu to starve the Spaniards but Legazpi and his men held their ground and forced the Portuguese to leave instead, Returning in 1570, Pereira bombarded the Spanish settlement. However, the Portuguese again failed to dislodge their rivals. Portuguese incursions into the archipelago ceased only when Portugal became part of the Spanish empire in 1580. ‘The Dutch, the inhabitants of a smell country called Netherlands or Holland, also thyeatened Spanish rule, At the height of Soain’s power under King Charles I and his son, King Philip If, Holland was part of the Spanish Empire: The Dutch, being a freedom-loving people, revolted against Spain and proclaimed their independence in 1579. Spain, however, refused to recognize Dutch independence. Soon after the ‘Thirty Years’ War in Europe, in which Spain was deeply involved, Spain finally recognized Holland's independence with the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Spain, however, closed the port of Lisbon to the Dutch to discourage them from trading with the Portaguese. The need for trading posts forced the Dutch to send their ships to the East. In the process, Holland colonized Malaya and what is now Indonesia. In 1597, Holland sent an expedition to the East under the command of Admiral Oliver van Noort. Reaching Manila Bay, van Noort seized Filipino and Chinese vessels. A Spanish squadron under the command of Antonio de Morga engaged the Dutch in a battle. In the first battle of Mariveles, van Noort was defeated and was forced to leave for Holland, The second Dutch attack occurred in 1610 when they tried to land on Cuyo Island. The Filipinos were, however, hostile to the Dutch and fought them off Another expedition was sent later, and upon reaching Manila Bay, the Dutch fleet blockaded Manila. The Spaniards, aided by the Filipinos, fought them and the second battle of Mariveles ‘took place. In this battle, the Dutch were badly beaten. In spice of this, the Dutch were relentless. In 1616, another Dutch fleet appeared near Manila Bay and hegan to plunder vessels carrying foodscuff from the provinces to Manila. The Audiencia, which was then discharging the duties of the governor-general, sent a flect against theSoBe eS ef fed Ike lon nt at shnd eed ad luce Idio teh pon eds, ipeles latch sFying © then tthe -He also helped Martin de Goiti, Dutch and in the Battie of Playa Honda in 1617, the Dutch were again defeated. There were more Dutch attacks in the succeeding years, but they were always defeated by the Spaniards with the help of the Filipinos. The last attack, which occurred in 1647, tried to capture Cavite and Bataan, but this time they were finally driven off. The Dutch never again made any serious attempt to contest Spanish sovereign*y in the Philippines. Eary REsisTaNces IN LUZON, VISAYAS, AND MINDANAO. The early uprisings against the Spaniards were from Luzon. These were attempts to regain lost freedom and authority over their kingdom and territory. Manila was probably the earliest Spanish st-onghold to stage an uprising. Lakan Dula was friendly to Legazpi and his men and cooperated with them in many ways. For instance, he and his men helped Legazpi rebuild Manila. Legazpi's second Master of Camp, in the conquest of what are ‘now the Central Luzon provinces. Legazpi repaid Lakan Dula by exempting him and his descendants from the payment of tribute and from forced labor. When Legazpi died, his successor, Governor Guido de Lavezares, perhaps through ignorance or bad faith, lifted the exemption of Lakan Dula and his relatives from the tribute and forced labor. The old rajah resented this treatment. In 1574, during the attack on Manila by the Chinese adventurer Limahong, Lakan Dula led a revolt against the Spaniards. Having put to death somie Spanish soldiers, he re- treated to what is now Navotas, Rizal Province, and gathered his warriors. Legazpi’s grandson, Juan de Salcedo, and Father Geronimo Marin, persuaded Lakan Dula to lay down his arms. in return, they promised to ‘exempt him and his descendants from the payment of tribute and forced iabor. Lakan Dula believed them and ordered his men to return to their hhomes in peace, The governor pardoned him and gave him gifts of silk and gold. e secret ‘organization in © conquered of enemy- ccavpied terttory: ct of opposing the euthoritespromises of geod treatment, the Filipinos sy towards the colonizer. In some cases, 0 freecom. This happened in 1587 Tonio formed a secret society whose freedom. Among the members of the iter Wenceslao E. Retana called the first son Magat Salamat; his nephew \ Banal, Chief of Tondo; Pedro Balingit, 2 many others. The piot spread throughout as Cuyo Island and Borneo, The society's plan ally bring Japanese weapons and opines, and with these weapons drive away the >, Agustin de Legazpi would be proclaimed King ibe vlan seemed good, but it was aborted due to snish authorities, Immediately, the leaders od, while these implicated were banished 5 ilusieament with Spanish cule may not be natioral in scope i ait spread to man Cagayan, some natives, led by ich rule in 1596 and although it ntinued their opposi:ion to the nt a strong contingen* composed ¢ husdieds of Filipino recrvits against When they failed to defeat hought of another way to get rid ves afi zssaszin co murder Magalat. The plan Temas lalied, According toa Spanish contemporary ‘ode Morga, with the death of Magalat, Cagayan ” and peace reigned once more ndant of Lakan Dula tried to instigate Maiclos, Bulacan. H2 was Pedro Bulacan to leac an armed would be proclaimed resicned the friar-curate of Malolos who vm believing Ladia. He urged them to “ang of Spain. At the same time, sh authorities of Ladia's activities, nt to Manila, and then executed,The Revolt of Maniago Central Luzon, since time immemorial, had been the center of discontent in the country. In 1660, the Kapampangans, under the leadership of Francisco Maniago, declared war against the Spaniards This revolt, like the conspiracy of Agustin de Legazpi and that of Ladia, sought to destroy Spanish power and to declare that the people of Central Luzon were free and independent. But aside from this purpose, the revolt was also caused by the abuses of the Spanish officials who refused to pay forthe food they had taken from the Filipinos. The angry Kapampangans setfireto their houses and swore they would continue to fight until they regained their freedom. Attempts of the friar-curates of the pravince to persuade the rebels to lay down their arms failed. Instead, the Kapampangans tried to stop commerce between Manila and the Central Luzon towns by setting up stakes along the rivers. At the same time, they issued an appeal to the people of Pangasinan and the Ilocos provinces to join them in their battle for freedom. The governot-general deployed Filipino troops under Spanish officers to the affected areas to prevent. the further spread of the revolt. The governor-general himself, fearing other towns might follow Maniago’s example, personally conferred with the chief of Arayat, Juan Macapagal, who promised to help the Spaniards quell the revolt. Maniago's cause weakened with Macapagal's announced intention to side with the Spaniards, Consequently, Maniago sent an emissary to the governor-general in order to make peace and make the following demands: (1) for the governor-general to pardon all those who participated in the revolt; (2) the Kapampangans to receive the sum of 200,000 as payment for the rice which the Spaniards seized from their barangays, of this amount, 14,000 was actually paid as down Payment, and the remainder of the total amount to be paid in installment; and (3) for the Kapampangans to continue to cut timber, as required by the law on forced labor, but they would be given sufficient time to perform their duties at home, The governor-general accepted these demands and Maniago, satisfied, laid down his arms, The revolt was a success in the sense that Maniago was able to ai his people's grievances and get what they wanted. The Revolt of Malong Itsoon became apparent that these struggles for freedom were due to Spanish oppressive impositions, for instance, one of the causes of the disillusionment of the people of Pangasinan was the maltreatment of the people by Spanish officials of the province with regard to the polo y servicio (forced labor). The Spaniards needed labor to cut down trees for timber. “ancient beyond “memory or ‘appect ~ to make “an earnest or formal request; to call ttention to 1 record 75 | iaren robility 16 in 1560, under the leadership of Andres Malong, a native of Binalatongan (now San Carlos), the people of Lingayen rose up in arms, The revolt spread to the whole province and in the course of the disturbance, many Spaniards including the provincial governor, were killed. So successful was the revolt that Malong, in his enthusiasm, proclaimed himself “King of Pangasinan.” With this royal title, he appointed officials in the areas under him. At the same time, he urged the people of the Iocos provinces, Zambales, and Cagayan to take up arms against the Spaniards. To show his strength, he sent thousands of soldiers to Ilocos, Cagayan, and even Pampanga, where Maniago was also fighting the Spaniards, to incite the people of those provinces to join the revolt. By sending his own soldiers to other provinces, Malong weakened his position. The government forces, as usual consisting mostly of Filipino recruiés, pursued Malong and in a skirmish he was defeated and captured. Later, he was executed for having been a “traitor” to Spain » 1762, like Malong’s revolt, the people of Binalatongan, Dagupan, Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, Malasiki in Pangasinan, and Paniqui (then a part of Pangasinan) rose in arms over the imposition of tribute. Led by Juan dela Cruz Palaris, the uprising lasted a year and came to be known as the Palaris Revolts. Revolt of Bamcao Disillusionment with Spanish rule was not confined to the provinces of Luzon. disturbances in the Visayas were also widespread. in Leyte, in 1622, Bancao, a chieftain of Limasawa, led a revolt against she Spaniards because of the intolerance of the friars. Legazpi ‘efriended Bancao who had given him food and other supplies: He became a Catholic and a loyal subject of the Spanish king, Later, Bancao returned to the religion of his forefathers. Because of this apostasy, the Spanish friar-curate of his town hated him as he nvinced a lot of natives to go back to their original faith. The natives stopped going to church, which led the friar-curate to seek help from d nos of Cebu to help restore Spanish influence on the Warays Visayas. This led Bancao to incite his people to rise in arms against ~s. The uprising spread from Carigara to other parts of Leyte and endangered the friar-curate and the Catholic faith in the province. The provincial governor of Cebu sent troops consisting of hundreds vf Filipino soldiers under Spanish officers and defeated Bancao, who sued fighting, As in other instances, Filipinos, not Spaniards, defeated cir fellow-Filipino 2 gov‘The Revel of Sumurey In accordance with the law on forced labor, in 1649 the governor- general ordered the provincial governors of the Visayan provinces to senid workers to the Cavite shipyard, Consequently, the provincial governors recruited workers who were sent to Cavite. The workers resented leaving, their homes to be separated from their families. To show their deep reéentment, the people of Palapag, Samar, gathered under the leadership of Agustin Sumuroy, and revolted against the Spaniards. The friar- of Palapag was killed and soon the fire of discontent swept ath and islands. The revolt spread to Mindanao, particularly to Zamboanga, Camiguin, Cebu, Masbate, and as far as Camarines and Albay. The governor-general in Manila was alarmed at the spread of the revolt. He gathered a force consisting mostly of Filipino soldiers under Spanish officers and sent an expedition to Samar. Sumuroy fought bravely and he won over the Spanish-Filipino forces in several skirmishes. Sumuroy chose the mountains asa natural fortress and he withstood attacies from the enemy. In 1650, the government sent a strong army contingent and engaged Sumuroy ina battle in the mountains. He was defeated, captured, and executed This event in Samar did not discourage Tapar who led the uprisings in Oton, Panay in 1663, and Dagohoy who just like Tapar wanted to return to the religion of their ancestors. Dagohoy’s uprising proved to be one of the longest rebellions in our history, lasting from 1744 to 1829. Dagohoy set up his own “government” in the mountains, with some 20,000 followers obeying his orders and practicing their own faich. More Rebellions in Luzon The succeeding rebellions mainly in Luzon were clearly economic in nature. By the 1700s, friar estates and the hacienda system had dramatically expanded due to the demand by the galleon trade for agricultural products. This caused many inhabitants to lose their lands along with their rights over communal rivers and forests. Thus, the violetit uptisings in 1702 in ‘Tondo; Bihan, Laguna; and Silang, Cavite were due to the loss of pasture lands and lands for agriculture. By 1743, Pasig, Taguig, Bicutan, Parariaque, and parts of Cavite and Bulacan were up in arms due to their lack of access to rivers and forests. In 1745, haciendas in Bulacan’s Buenavista, Pandi, and Lolomboy were burned and their friar-owners killed. Up in the north, the principales couple Diego and Gabriela Silang led a widespread revolt in Ilocos Sur on the issue of the right to engage in the galleon trade (indulto de comercio) by non-Spaniards or Indios (as what the Spaniards called the native Filipinos), Likewise, in 1807, the Basi revolt in Ilocos Norte erupted over the issue of government monopoly on the production, pricing, and sale of basi, a favorite local wine among the Hocanos. \ rasent—to feo! indignation or retain bitter feelings about | injury, oF person ‘oction, 77istames in the Interior and Mountainous Parts Rich in gold, forest products and trees for logs or lumber, the interior and mountainous areas of the country were hard to penetrate yet much coveted by the Spaniards, In the Cordillera region, for instance, people lived in separate and distant tribal communities led by a maingel, a wwarrior-leader and expert in headhunting. Trade and commerce with the lowlanders existed but on a limited basis among the locals. Attempts by ‘the Spaniards to send expeditions to the region between 1591 and 1608 ‘ailed due to the fierce resistance by the taong bundok, which literally ‘meant, "people of the mountains.” Their ancient beliefs ard way of life ‘that were less exposed to the outside world, made them more resistant to colonization whether Spanish or any of the later incursions by the Americans and Japanese. The process did not only prove expensive and frustrating for the Spaniards, but also dangerous as confrontations were practically reduced to pangangayao or headhunting expeditions for the 'umads, another term for those who remained non-Christian and non- ‘Muslim long after the colonization. This situation would also be true of the lumads in the Visayas, as well as in Mindanao. Tine Moxo Wars im the South Certainly the longest and bloodiest attempt by the Spaniards was the colonization and Christianization of the Muslim in the Southern islands of Mindanao, In fact, the process did not only take the longest, but also che most frustrating for the Spaniards. The Muslims in the country einained unconquered and unconverted until the end of Spanish rule. The first encounter between the Spaniards and the Moros (the term used by the Spaniards for the Muslims, who also ruled their country for more han 400 years), took place in Cebu between Martin de Goiti anda group of Bornean traders in 1569. Manila, even in 1571 to 1572 could hardly ibe called a Muslim kingdom. The connection between Islamized Brunei and Manila was more by ties in marriage and economic o: commercial ‘vandaction, rather than religious. Thus, no sultanate ever evolved in Manila (Luzon) or in the Visayas. However, Islam penetrated the South early and spread throughout Mindanao. Two sultanates were eventually set up, one in Sulu and another in the Maguindanao-Cotabato area It was logical, therefore, that ties between Brunei and the sultanates would continue despite the Spanish conquest of Manila. In fact, the new goverament in Manila had to send Froops to Borneo three times (in 1876, 1578, and 1588) to put an end to their trading activities and military aid to Manila, However, succeeding military expeditions by the Spaniards directedat iu and Maguindanao (1596 to 1638), though bloody and fie-ce on both sides, failed. The Spaniards could only put up forts as defenses for their small cerritorial gains as outposts; one in Jolo and anot‘er in Zamboanga. Under the capable leadership of Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao and Sulu united as a confederacy (1638-1671). This event forced the Spaniards to finally withdraw from the place and focus instead on Luzon, During this time, the Muslims carried out raids in the Visayas and Luzon for labor force (slaves or bihag) that they needed in the procurement of products and in trading between Sulu and Maguindanao on one hand, and Borneo, the Moluccas, Malaya, and Indonesia on the other After Sultan Kudarat’s death in 1671, these raiding a ckened. The two sultanates, lacking an expert I again engaged ivities der like Kudarat, -ach other in battles over the issue of trade and. inthe area. By 1716 to 1747, Spain came back in steamboats equ pped with more powerful cannons, Their victory allewed them to build forts infligan and Cagayan de Oro, They also brought some Jesuits for m work in Mindanao. In the face of these developments, the loro leadership finally entered into a treaty with Gove: eral Urbiztondo in 1851. With some compromises in the treaty, but with no actual surrender of territory within the realm of the sultanate, the Moros continued to resist the Spaniards. In 1762-1764, during the brief British occupation of the Philippines, the Moros were forced to siveup part of Palawan and Sabah on alease besis. Neverthele: the end of Spanish rule in 1898, they remained sovereign. antil Fort del Pilar in Zarmboanga Spenish steamboat Fort San Pociro in Cebu today 79plvlble— bellevebie; | petmonive How were the Muslims able to do this? Historians offer the following reasons: (1) the Spanish force lacked the number and military capacity to break through the Moro kuta (defense forts); (2) Mindanao is far from Manila, the center of power and governance; (3) the Spaniards were more preoccupied in several fronts with wars or resistances by the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the various provinces of Luzon and the Visayas; and (4) Islam provided the Spaniards an identifiable enemy called "Moros"; thus forcing all followers of Islam to resist as one, despite ethnic differences among them. Of these four factors, the last one is considered the most plausible explanation to their successful resistance to Spanish colonization and Christianization. Their common identity as Muslims, sworn-enemies of the Spaniards, helped to unite them. REASONS FOR THE GENERAL FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS There were several reasons why these uprisings failed. First, the Spaniards possessed superior weapons and were able to employ native volunteers or mercenary soldiers. Second, the people remained divided and lacked unity, although a centralized form of government and a ‘geographic identity had been established in the country. This was due to the zeal and clever use by the Spaniards, particularly the ‘riars, of the “divide and rule” tactic, which kept the strong, if not intact, capitan: could not do anything important without the knowledge and consent of the friar-curate. [fa fiesta was to be held, the capitan had te consult the friar-curate, The latter also determined the amount to be spent for the Mass, the fireworks, the participants in the play tobe staged oeove and during the fiesta, anda thousand other things connected with 2 cecasion, always in honor of the town patron saints. Religious y active in the preparation for the fiesta and other vovgions events, The pista or fiesta gave the Filipinos a day or so of relaxation from theit toils in the farms. To make the festivities lively, committees rseated by the capitan with the consent of the friar-curate, weve charged with preparing the program of activities. Some of these activities included games with prizes offered to winners; the staging of vlovs called moro-moro, comedia, and later, zarzuela, which lasted two see nights; and of course, the religious procession. The comedia, the‘moro-moro, the zarzuela, and the carillo were theatrical performances which were popular not only in Manila but also in the provinces. It was during fiesta time that even the poorest Filipino family prepared plenty of good foods for their guests. Oftentimes, poor families borrowed money in order to feed their guests. As a result, the poor families became heavily indebted. This practice was passed on from father to children, through generations. Amusement Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment of the Filipino men, Some foreign travelers who had been to the Philippines attested to their “passionate eagerness” in the game, According to a German scientist, Feodor Jagor, the Filipinos used cockf'ghting as amusement and as a form of gambling. It is not true that cockfighting was introduced by the Spaniards. Pigafetta, the chronicler of the Magellan expedition, testified that on their way back to Spain after Magellan's death, they dropped anchor in Palawan, and hers they saw men engaged in cockfighting, So this game and form of gar bling was already in the Philippines long before the Spaniards sett'ed in the country. But the Spaniards encouraged cockfighting among the Filipinos. In this way, the government collected more tares. Many terms used in cockfighting are mostly Spanish innovatiors such as soltada, kareo, ruweda, sentensiyador, pusta, dikado, ilanad others. Cockfighting was a regular event during fiestas and even to this day. Gambling in other forms were introduced from Spain. These games included panggingge, monte, tres siete, and others. Lottery, borse ra and bullfighting were all of Spanish origin. Builfights were held in what isnow Claro M. Recto Avenue near the Cinerama Theater, then in Paco, and finally, in Pasay. Wakes were held with mourners playing cards (with o: withou stakes), or with juego de prenda. The ninth day after the tiair ancient rituals. The intercession through the saints 2:2 no different from the ancient way of asking deities for favors Snd guidance. The colorful cenaculo and processions were just as and unifying as the ancient rituals and chanting of epics. while Catholicism did not unify the Filipinos in the real sense of he word, it nevertheless sustained their faith in the Creator or amidst adversities and sufferings as a people. phicel Identity ‘ongwtest and colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards geographical unity for the country. Before their arrival, there was nic such geographical unit as the Philippines. There were only sisands of islands and islets divided into many barangays with respective chieftains. There was no central government because hieftains did not recognize one supreme authority to rule ‘ne independent barangays. When the Spaniards came, they a central government through the plaza complex. A central led the whole country, except the non-Christian areas. snized Filipinos, whe constituted the great majority of in che lowlands, recognized this central authority and ‘allowed the laws promulgated either by the Government of Spain or vor-general. The same laws were followed in all Christianized ‘use there was already geographical unity in the colony under the Spaaish empire. theiThe Influence of the Spanish Language While it is true that the Spanish administrators, including the friar- curates, did not teach the Spanish language to the Filipinos, nevertheless, many Filipinos who had contacts with the Spaniards learned the \anguage. Such contacts led to adoptions of Spanish words among many Filipino languages. At the same time, the friar-curates, the missionaries, and the Spanish civil officials and employees used Spanish words and phrases in their dealings with the people. In the course of time, Spanish words like silla, mesa, cama, and many more, were incorporated into the Philippine languages like Hiligaynon, Sugbuhanon, Bicolano, Tagalog, llocano, and others. Tagalog was especially influenced by the Spanish language because the Tagalog region was, and still is, in the center of the social, political, cultural, and economic setup of the country. Such Tagalog words as sibuyas, kabayo, bintana, balkon, kusina, and others, were Spanish words pronounced and spelled the Tagalog way. These words came from the Spanish words cebolla, caballo, ventana, balcon, and cocina. Thus, the native languages were enriched by the incorporation of Spanish words, which have become part of everyday language or communication. Printing and Engraving ‘The Dominican missionaries introduced printing by woodblocks when they published the first books in the Philippines, the Doctrina Christiana, one in Tagalog and one in Chinese. Later, printing by typography was introduced. Filipinos and Christianized Chinose aided the Spanish friars in their printing work. One of the earliest printers was ‘Tomas Pinpin, He was called the “Prince of Filipino printers” because of the many books he printed for the Dominicans. Another Filipino printer who became famous was Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay. He was aot only a printer, but a good engraver. He engraved a map prepared by a Jesuit. Domingo Loag was also a printer and an engraver. He printed many oddopt to toke © course of ccction; 10 ioke over responsibility; te approve or borep! o repert or ideo; to ossume an cttitude or behavior {typography ~ | the technique of printing iwolving the | errangement oftypeor letter ond type | design.{theology ~ the study or svstem ! of raligion, cet the ‘stlon fot cligious books and dictionaries. Other famous engravers were Cipriano Bagay, Felipe Sevilla, and Laureano Atlas. With hundreds of books printed (mainly religious and pious readings), Catholicism and its teachings spread far and wide in the provinces. Hence, Catholicism became a common religion among the Filipinos, with its beliefs, own set of morality, and practices. Rducation During the early period of Spanish rule, education was not available <0 the majority of Filipinos. However, in the second half of the nineteenth century, primary and secondary schools were opened to Filipino school-age children, Despite this move, many children were still afraid to go to school because the teachers were oftentimes brutal. With the rise of the middle cass, many Filipinos were able to go to colleges like San Juan de Letran, San Jose, and the Ateneo Municipal. Later, these Filipinos were admitted to the University of Santo Tomas where they finished courses in law, ‘medicine, pharmacy, and surveying, It was true that the teaching method of the Spaniards was very poor. It was also true that science courses were ght as they should be, Despite these shortcomings, the Spaniards sliowed the Filipinos to enroll in schools and colleges, where they were ‘ought Latin and Spanish, arithmetic, philosophy, theology, and others. It * be remembered that the last half of the nineteenth century, was a period when European imperialism was approaching its climax. When one educational system under the Spaniards in the Philippines ch the eCucational system of other European countries in their colonies Gaving the same period, one will readily see the stark difference. ‘The motive for imperialism of other European countries was based solely the economic exploitation of their colonies. The colonizing countries did “educate the people of their colonies. Only the children of the ruling class \vere educated up toa certain level, just like in India, Malaya, and in what is now Indonesia. However, they were not allowed to study to become lawyers, cians, chemists, pharmacists, and the like. They were given little education and were only allowed to serve as clerks in the civil service. On other hand, the Filipinos, at least those who had the money and the lent, were given a chance to become lawyers, physicians, teachers, and so on, No nther colonized country in Asia produced many intellectuals in the 8 of Jose Rizal, Maccelo Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, ‘att and Antonio Luna, Cayetano Arellano, Apolinario Mabini, and scores © others like them whe could be the pride of any country in the world, Other Asian colonies dil not produce such brilliant painters as Juan Luna, Felix usteccion Hidalgo, Lorenzo Guerrero, Antonio Malantic, Telesforo 2, Rafael Foriquez, and many others. Such colonies did not produce evs andl nitscians like Marcelo Adonay, Bibiano Morales, Hipolito s, Andres Daneel, Manuel Luna, Bonifacio Abdon, and many more.Impact oF CULTURAL CHANGES The overall impact or effects of the cultural changes brought by Spain in Philippines may be described as both positive and enriching, as well as negative and divisive. Naming the islands after King Philip I! as “Felipinas,” later becoming “Filipinas” was positive. The name was later used to refer to the archipelago as one geographic unit. What used to be separate and scattered kingdoms composed of barangays soon became one country. For the first time, the archipelago could be found on world maps as a colony, but nonetheless an identifiable political unit of more than 7,000 islands with a central government and body of laws. ‘The creation of pueblos (towns) within this geographic entity through the plaza complex, however, held the inhabitants under the control of both the parish priest and gobernadorcillo. Except for the chosen ones—the principalia class—the Filipinos had no tights or privileges of their own. Christianity may have deepened and enriched the indigenous spirituality or faith of the people, but its colorful processions, fiestas, and pilgrimages rendered them generally oblivious, -f not passive, to the difficult and worsening economic and political conditions around them. The use of the vernaculars by the priests in both sermons and printed materials, stich as novenas, stories on the lives of the saints, and the like, served as a medium of spreading the religion among the asses. These religious traditions and activities kept the people, women in particular, long-suffering and obedient to the friar-curates. None of the printed religious materials and readings developed a consciousness of political or social connectedness of any significance. Clothes, shoes, houses, among others, may have advanced in style and comfort, and may have been a delight in sight, especially zs the Spanish and the Filipino styles produce a beautiful mix. However, this was true only among the well-to-do Filipinos, while the poor became noticeably different in their drab and ordinary attire, and poorly built and insufficiently lighted nipa huts or houses. Intermarriages between a male Spaniard and a native woman produced the mestisaje among the population whose looks, languages, values, and ways of the colonizers, further widened the gap between the Indios and the non-Indios. Education which was limited to a few, was conservative in orientation and kept the majority ignorant for along time. But towards the second half of the 19th century, as the advances in travel and communication reached the country, new ideas and educational opportunities produced professionals and intellectuals among the vising middle class. Such a development would lead to a radical impact on the consciousness of the Filipinos, who would later be asking for reforms and rights equal to the Spaniards; regardless of race and social sta“us. rmostisaje~ those | born of mixed. | Paremage, | Particularly | ofa Spanish | fotheronda! notive women or nda os other 9394 6. 10, a. 12 Srupy GUIDE Explain how the Spaniards influenced the Filipino way of life as {dentifiably that of a Spanish subject. Describe the social life of the Filipinos during the Spanish period. Relate this to the daily tasks of the people at that time. How did Spanish-Filipino intermarriages affect the physical appearance of their children? Can you identify them in your community? How can you identify them? Why were Eilipino names changed to Spanish? What advantage, if any, did the Filipinos get from adding surnames to their first names? How did the styles in dressing bring about social divisions and emphasize racial differences in those times? Compare the position of the Filipino woman before and after the coming of the Spaniards. At which period do you think did women enjoy a higher status? Give your reasons. ‘What are the advantages of having one religion? Are you in favor of, having only one religion for the Filipinos? Why? What is meant by “geographical unity?” How does it differ from political unity? How do these two concepts relate to the idea of a nation? What were the Spanish influences on the Philippine languages? Do you think these influences enriched the Filipino languages? Why? Name some of the forms of amusement today which are of Spanish origin. What is the value of amusement? Were the amusements good or bad for the people under Spanish rule? Explain your answer. Name Spain's achievements in education. What do you think of this kind of education? ‘Asa whole, would you consider Spanish influences to be positive or negative? Give your reasons.Succestep Activities 1. Read Rizal's chapter, “Tribulations of a Teacher” in the novel Noli ‘Me Tangere. Report to class what Rizal said during the second half ofthenineteenth century about primary education in the Philippines. Compare it with primary education today. What are the advantages. enjoyed by primary school children today compared to those of the Spanish times? 2. Read the chapter, “A Class in Physics” in the novel El Filibusterismo, Report to class what Rizal said about college education during the Spanish times. Consolidate your reports in this activity and the Previous one. Together, they form a fairly good pictur of the educational system of Spain in the Philippines, 3. Readarticles or books about the comedia, moro-moro, zarzvela, and the carvillo. Were they merely entertaining or not? How did these forms of entertainment affect the ordinary folks’ social consciousness? 4. Observe how the present-day fiesta is celebrated. Discuss with your classmates the similarities and differences between the fiesta yesterday and the fiesta today. Are you in favor of celebrating fiestas? Give your reasons for your answer. Go out and look for houses in your locality which are of the antillean {ype. Draw it on a sheet of bond paper. What landmarks in your fown have Spanish influence? Draw them on a sheet of bond paper. Discuss with your classmates the architectural features of these houses and landmarks. Identify which features are Spanish and which are Filipino. 95NINGS hoe ipino revolts were fragmented and local with various elated purposes among which are (3) to retake one’s lost kingdom ce chiefdom, st forced labor that separated the men for ong periogs from their familie 01 rid of the oppressive tribute; and of a united people against colonial ter would the succeeding xevolts in the 1800s to sence and developmen in the 1800s to 2900s led to a further ne peoole’s consciousness asa nation with common grievances rial tule. These events included (1) the British invasion he colony that exposed Spain's vulnerability; (2) the Silang and Palaris revolts strated the capability of the regions to unite and expel the Spaniai si revolt in the north against over ; (4) the opening of advanced technology secula priests to fight for the right to ch veguilar priests. The movernent lers on the ground that the “native” .ciat undertone, ° he execution of the three cadiexs o° the movement, Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora, despite the alleged involvernent in the Cavite ent to prove th 1 condition a 1 being expo to dangerBritisy Invasion an Occupation aie In 1761 Spain and France entered into 4 treaty of alli England's ambition for supremacy, During the Sev between France and Engia Years’ War in Europe { ljpnes— ‘ ‘drawn into the conflice, {9 ¥iion or Sd, Spain was natu agreement The British sent an expedition from india, which a that time wes a colony Scsopers | of England, to the Philippines to occupy and seize it frora Spain sable ' Archbishop Manuel Rojo was acting governer-general when the British, { with 6,000 men including Sepoys from Bombay, bombarded Intramuros, { ‘wall with atop | Malate, Ermita, and Bagumbayan (now Luneta) on September 22,1762. ! eeake nn | Unprepared for such a decisive attack, the Spaniards with their Filipino) °° i soldiers tried desperately to defend Intramuros, particularly the ramparts of San Diego and San Andres, Their cannons were no matca to the superior cannons and weapons of the English. Archbishop Rojostrrended Manila and Cavite while Simon Anda, a magistrate of the Avdiencia, escaped to Pampanga to continue the resistance, The British took over the reins of government and guaranteed the sefety of Spanish officiss, the community, and property. THE SILANG AND Pataris Ravorrs The Spanish defeat in the hands of the Bricish opened the eyes of the Filipinos to the impermanence of Spanish ule in the country and to the fact thatit could be challenged by force of arms. in the same yen:, 1762, Diego Silang, an Ilocano from ilocos province rose in tevolt. He de-anded the expulsion of Spaniards and Spanish mestizos from locos. He was successful at first and was able to expel the Sganish provincial governor and many Spaniards from Vigan. He then declared himself locos.” The British, impressed by Silang's victories, tried to win him over to their side by sending him gifts and promising to make him governor af the provinice ihe conspi ed with the the Spaniards. Siar alliance er ° Hiswife, Gabriela, co carried on the Fgh captured and ha That same ye led a widespread fortheend othe abuses by the Span started in B revolt, which d te the towns of Disge Sileng o7Bayambang, Paniqui (then a part of Pangasinan), Dagupan, Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, and Malasiki. Palaris, having been inspired by the recent success of the British invasion of Manila, succeeded in inciting the people to revolt. He ignored the friar-curates who tried to pacify him. For more than a year Palaris dominated the province, Upon the conclusion of the war with France and Spain, the i British left in 1764. Spain, now rid of Gabriela Silang, sent 3,000 locano txoops to Pangasinan to quell the revolt. Palaris was defeated and died in battle. Basco’s Economic PLANS ‘These widespread revolts alarmed the Spanish authorities. Not long, after, reforms, especially in the economy, were introduced. However, the economy developed slowly for several reasons, such as | incompetence ~ |" (2). the incompetence of Spanish officals, uselessness (2). graft and greed of the merchants and religiot engaged in the galleon trade; restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the country to other foreign countries; and (4) the constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities assigned in the colony. 8 corporations In 1778, Jose Basco y Vargas who was appointed governor-general of the Philippines, surveyed the economic condition of the colony and found it to be far from satisfactory. He found the galleon trade particularly unproductive for the government because it was benefitting only the few officials and religious orders who monopolized it. Due to preoccupation with the galleon trade, these officials neglected to develop the rich agricultural potentials of the provinces and other industries in the colony. To improve commerce, industry, and agriculture, Governor Basco encouraged the cultivation of crops for export like indigo, coffee, cocoa, sugar, hemp, mulberry trees, spices, and cotton. He also encouraged the development of mines that produced gold, tin, and copper. He offered prizes to those who excelled in the manufacture of silk and fabrics of cotton and flax ‘Advanced agricultural implements were imported from the United States. For the effective implementation of his economic plans, Governor Basco founded the Economie Society of Friends of the Country in 1781 and established the Royal Company in 1785. The Royal Company failed in its purpose to improve foreign trade between the colony andSpain because of mismanagement and lack of cooperation of the Manila merchants who preferred to engage in the galleon trade. Private companies opened withthe abolition of the obeeco monopoly in the 1800s His efforts would have brought about economic progress ct that time, but Basco’s est ablishment of government monopolies in 1782 apparently negated most of his positive economic projects The monopolies for tobacco and wine in particular, while turning out to be profitable for the government, had dev vastating effects on the people. According to the Royal decree, cultivation of tobacco and manufacture of wine outside the provinces selected for these products were prohibited as well as their contraband sale. Only the goveziument had the exclusive right to purchase, classify, and sell these praducts locally and export them abroad. In 1807, some 10,000 rebels in Hocos revolted against the government monopoly of a locally-produced wine from sugarcane called basi. The Basi revolt as it was called, was among the bloodiest. uprisings ever recorded during this time LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND THE OPENING OF Ports Laissea-faire or “let alone policy” in commercial and trading ventures by the Europeans soon caught the interest of the Spanish king. This policy gave full freedom to private individuals engage in economic activities without much inte! and firms to ference from the ernment. This also allowed for the entry of foreign firms into the country. In 1834, the King, realizing the futility of opposing modern tends in commerce and trade, opened Manila to foreign traders | monopoly — 1 exclusive 1 possession of trade in some commodities 99In 1842, Manila could boast of two American, one French, one Danish, and eight British commercial firms. By 1859, the number of foreign firms increased to fifteen. The ports of lloilo, Zamboanga, and Sual (in Pangasinan) were opened to foreign trade in 1855. Cebu was opened in 1860, and Tacloban and Legazpi in 1873. The opening of these ports increased the value or exports. Consequently, manufacturing and agriculture developed to answer the Gemand for different products fom the different provinces. Batangas produced coffee; Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon and Albay produced hemp; indigo and tobacco came from the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley. Sugar cane was produced in Negros and Iloilo in the Visayas and Pampanga, Laguna and Batangas in Luzon. The British vice consul in lloilo, Nicholas Loney, introduced the first modern machinery that converted sugar cane into refined sugar. This led to the unprecedented prosperity of the provinces ‘engaged in sugar production and to the rise of the middle class. ‘Tue Rise oF THE “FILIPINO” Mippie CLass It was inevitable that with material progress, social changes would follow. Somehow the fruits of these developments in trade and commerce benefitted the mestizos, particularly the Spanish and Chinese mestizos. As exports in agriculture increased, inquilinos or the tenants in the haciendas and their families began to accumulate wealth, Together, they constituted the middle class—a group below the aristocratic Spanish officials, families, and religious orders but higher or above the masses (the poor, uneducated Indios). As members of the middle class, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in Manila and even to Europe. Hence, the wealthy and highly-educated Filipinos called ilustrados composed the middle class in Philippine colonial society under Spain. The term “Filipino,” however, needs to be clarified at this stage. The term, up to this period in late 19th century, actually applied only to Spaniards born in the Philippines or the insulares. Spaniards born in Spain, working or residing in the country, were called Espanoles or peninsulares. The rest were either mestizos or Indios. Belonging to the middle class also meant changing their former lifestyle, clothing, houses, forms of amusement, and cultural activities to those that were simiiar or closer to what Spaniards and Europeans did and maintained, which were comfortable and expensive. By contrast, Indios in the lower class lived in poverty and ignorance, and suffered more discrimination. At this carly date, two events foreshadowed the developing consciousriess of the masses as a different race and class in society. The first event was the Tagalog publication of Floranteat Laura in 1838 by Francisco Baltazar or Balagtas. There was reference for the first time to the country as oppressed and in need of freedom as expressed in the following lines: Sa loob at labas ng bayan kong sawi Kaliluha’y siyang nangyayaring hari Kagalinga’t bait ay nalulugami ininis sa hukay ng dusa’t pighati. inother event was the revolt by Apolinario de la Cruz or “Hermano Pule” in Tayabas (now Quezon province) in 1841. The Spanish authorities were alarmed by its pure Indio membership under the guise of a Confradia, whose aim was to revive the ancient catalonan teachings within the Catholic church. Only Indios were admitted into the confraternity, whose membership spread fast to nearby Laguna province. Hermano Pule had become so popular that the Tagalogs in the region called him "King of the Tagalogs.” The government lost no time in suppressing their activities. Hermano Pule and his followers won some of the encounters against the provincial troops. However, with Pilipino soldiers as reinforcements coming from Manila, the rebels were overwhelmed. Hermano Pule was captured and shot. His body was quartered. His head was hung in front of his house in Lucban and the legs and arms were put in cages and hung in the town of Tayabas. THE EDUCATION OF SOME FILIPINOS The Spaniards in the Philippines founded many colleges for men and women, But these colleges and universities were exclusively for the Spaniards and the Spanish mestizos. These included San Juan de Letran, San Jose, San Felipe, and others. The schools for women included the College of Santa Potenciana, Santa Isabel College, the Santa Rosa College, among others. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that these colleges, including the University of Santo Tomas, admitted natives. Owing to the opening of the doors of Spanish colleges and universities to Filipinos, the well-to-do Filipino parents were able to send their children to these schools. Asa result, a good number of those children became lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, teachers, land surveyors, and merchants. These educated Filipinos later asked for reforms in the Spanish administration of the Philippines. As the Spaniards feared, it was the ilustrados who would later ask embarrassing questions about Spanish misdeeds, incompetence, inefficiency, greed, and corruption And most dangerously, they pushed the idea of the Indios as “Eilipinos” with equal rights as the Spaniards in the country. 101INES| or INE! ATLANTIC OCEAN A or go INDIAN OCEAN HE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL Now route to Spain with the opening of Svex Canal Eeeetecctallo~ | j 1 Sponiard born | The changes that took place in the second half of the nineteenth 1 inMexico c: | century had far-reaching effects on the Filipinos. One of these important ] 1 fle Ameriewe | Changes was the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. This resulted in ducing tre | the shorter route and travel time between Spain and the Philippines. colonic! perice! + Many Spaniards with progressive ideas migrated to the Philippines. ~-+ Among them were exiled creoles from Mexico like Varela and Novales, whose subversive ideas and activities advocated freedom and liberties. Later on, they influenced some educated Filipinos and soon both were asking the government to introduce changes in the administration of the colony. Another effect of the shorter distance between Spain and che Philippines was the influx of progressive books and periodicals to the country. Books on American independence and the French Revolution circulated in the country. Sending these materials from Spain to the Philippines became easy and inexpensive. These books d periodicals were read by the educated Filipinos who learned about democratic practices in Europe, such as freedom of the press, | freedom of speech, and the free exchange of ideas among people.Printed literature and magazines, plus the introduction of modern technology such as the mail (1854), the telegraph (1873), the telephone, and the Manila-Dagupan railway (1890), hastened the spread of these ideas and awareness of the happenings between the cities and countryside. Likewise, shorter travel time and distance between the Mother Country and the colony encouraged many educated Filipinos to go to Europe to continue their studies and to prove that they were the equal of the Spaniards. Before the opening of the Suez Canal, the voyage from Spain to the Philippines and vice versa took time and was often dangerous that many Filipinos who could afford to go to Europe did not bother to travel. LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1868, a revolution took place in Spain. The revolutionists were against the autocratic reign of Queen Isabel II. When the revoluticnists won, Queen Isabel was forced to flee to France. As a result of this, the Republic of Spain was born. It lasted from 1868 to 1870. The triumph of the Spanish revolutionists, who fought for popular suffrage and freedom of speech, the press, and of religion, brought to the country some liberal and progressive Spaniards. One of hem was Governor- General Carlos Maria de la Torre. When he arrived in Manila in 1869, he put into practice the liberal principles of the evolutionists in Spain. He showed his democratic ways by kving simply and avoiding luxury, by dismissing the halberdiers of his palace, and by walking the streets of Manila in civilian clothes. This was something new at that time, because in the past, the governors wore their military uniforms, complete with medals and ribbons, on most occasions. ‘The educated Indios, mestizos, and Spaniards born in the Philippines ‘who sympathized with liberalism and Governor de la Torre, serenaded him to show their appreciation of the governor's kind attention and democratic ways, The governor welcomed the serenaders, while a Spanish woman recited a patriotic poem. The Spaniards who were for the monarchy were scandalized, but they remained quiet. They were waiting for the time when a governor to their liking would again assume office in Manila. De la Torre's administration of the Philippines was signif-cant because of the following reasons: (1) he abolished the censorship of the press, (2) he abolished flogging as a punishment, and (3) he solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite. To many Filipinos, mestizos, and Spaniards who embraced progressive ideas, Governor de la Torre was the best governor general the Philippines has ever had. open-minded; fevoring moderote political and social reform 103‘The Return of Autocracy Unfortunately for the Filipinos and their allies among the mestizos and the progressive Spaniards, the administration of Governor de la ‘Torre was brief. The Republic of Spain ended in 1870 when the monarchy was restored and a new king assumed the Spanish throne. With this change from republic back to monarchy, the monarchist officials in Spain sent to the Philippines some like-minded Spaniards to take over the political leadership of the country. One of these was Rafael de Izquierdo, | who was appointed governor-general in 1871 to replace de la Torre. Being an autocrat, he boasted that he would rule the Philippines “with a cross in one hand and a sword in the othe This boast was not an empty promise. Immediately, he reversed the : +. reforms of de la Torre. He disapproved the establishment of a school leadionary~ | of arts and trades in Manila because he was afraid that it might be used. 1 gppored 2 | asa political club, Censorship of the press and restrictions on freedom of speech were restored. Those who were known to have favored the administration of de la Torre were considered suspects and were spied upon. Naturally, the friars and the monarchists among the Spaniards became his staunch supporters and were happy over his reactionary attitude, “Tin CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION Priesthood during the Spanish peried was composed of two classes: the regular and the secular. The regular priests were those who belonged to the religious orders like the Dominicans, the Recollects, the ‘Augustinians, and the Franciscans. The secular priests were not members of any religious order. The regular priests, or simply regulars, have a mission to fulfil, i., to convert non-Christian people to Christianity. As soon as they had converted the people of a locality to Christianity, they would leave and go to another area to make converts. In the Christianized areas, churches or parishes were built which the seculars administered In the Philippines, the friars or members of the religious orders not only made converts to Christianity but they also occupied parishes. As such, they were called friar-curates. They had to administer the parishes as friar-curates because there were very few seculars during the first century of Spanish rule. When some natives studied for the priesthood and became seculars, they were given subordinate positions. ‘The friar-curates refused to vacate the parishes, This refusal led to a sntvoversy between the seculars and the regulars. This controversy started when the seculars asked for their right to administer the parishes. At first the Spanish archbishop and some governors supported their 104demand and a few Filipino seculars became parish heads, Later, however, they remained neutral. In the early nineteenth century, the controversy became more heated when a decree was passed denying the native clergy the right to administer the parishes occupied by the regulars ‘The government even went as far as giving the parishes, rum by Filipino seculars, to Spanish regulars. This led to the campaign called secularization. The movement would iater be called “Filipinization” because of its racial overtone. The secular priests felt that the position asparish head was being denied to them because they were not Spaniards and thus, inferior to the regulars. Initially, the leader of the Filipino campaign to secularize the parishes was Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1863), a Spanish mestizo. After his death he was succeeded by Father Jose A. Burgos (1837-1872), another Spanish mestizo. Other secular priests involved in the secularization movement who were either Spanish mestizos, Chinese mestizos, or Indios included Fathers Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez, Toribio del Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Pedro Dandan, Jose Guevara, and many more. The Cavite Mutiny The relations between the Filipino seculars and the Spanish regulars grew from bad to worse. The Spanish regulars who continued to ozcupy the parishes blamed the Filipino priests by saying that the latter were not prepared to administer parishes. This caused greater evmity between them. On the other hand, the Filipino seculars continued their campaign relentlessly. At the height of the secularization controversy, the Cavite mutiny. occurred on January 20, 1872, involving a number of workers and some marine detachment. This mutiny was caused by the revocation of the privilege of shipyard workers to be exempted from forced labor and from Paying tribute by Governor-General de Izquierdo. The mutineers included Indios, mestizos, and eriollos (Spaniards born in Mexico and exiled in Cavite). They were led by a military sergeant named La Madrid. They killed some Spanish soldiers and officers in the fort. The governor of Cavite province informed the governor-general in Manila about the rebellion by telegraph. Alarmed, the governor-general sent an expedition toCavite to put down the rebellion The leaders and the participants were arrested and later shot to death. The government, believing it to be a rebellion, ordered the arrest of Filipinos and mestizos who were allegedly behind it. Among those arrested were Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, Pedro Dandan, Toribio del Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Agustin Mendoza, Jose Guevara, and others. Among the civilians arrested were Pedro Carillo, Antonio Regidor, Joaquin Pardode Tavera, and others They were sentenced to be banished to Guam, while Gomer, Burgo Zamora were sentenced to death. and | mutinyen open | revolt against 1 1 authority, especially by against officers revocation ~ withdrawal or cancellation of a decree or promiseGomBurZe {culpability | blame or guilt! 106 The Execution of GomBurZa ‘The priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were jailed in Fort Santiago before they were tried for rebellion. Priests, both regular and secular, were allowed to see them. Each one of them had a confessor. During the trial, the government failed to prove convincingly that the accused were really connected with the January mutiny. ‘The governor-general promised to present documents to prove that the three priests were guilty of “rebellion,” which to many was actually a mutiny. But he never presented any document and to this day, no document had been found to show that Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were, in any way, connected with the mutiny. Nevertheless, they were sentenced to death by garrote On February 17, 1872, the three priests marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan Field (now L.meta). Itis said that Zamora lost his mind and silently accepted to be garroted. He,'together with Burgos, and ‘Gomez maintained their innocence until the end. While they were being ‘executed one by one—first, Zamora, then Gomez, and lastly, Burgos—the witnesses of the event took off their hats and knelt to pray for the souls of the innocent priests, The Spaniards who were present, thinking that the Filipinos were preparing to rise in revolt, fled toward the city. ‘The importance of the execution of the three priests rested on the fact that the Filipinos who witnessed the execution began to think and feel as Filipinos, not as Hocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans, Bicolanos, and others. They suspected that because they belonged to a different race, the Spaniards, who had always felt superior over the Filipinos, took them for beasts of burden. From this time forward, they began to feel the ecessity for unity. Rizal who was eleven years old at that time, would later dedicate his second novel El Filibusterismo (The Rebel), to the memory ‘of the three martyred priests. He wrote ‘The Church by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, bysurrounding your trials with mystery and shadows, causes the belief that there twas some error committed in fatal moments; and the Philippines, by worshipping your memory in no way recognizes your culpability.The execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora may have halte¢ the secularization movement but not its advocacy for “Filipinization” of the Parishes. The Spanish government with its cruel measures, continued to frighten the Filipinos into submission. Nevertheless, the seeds of Filipino nationalism had been planted on fertile ground i Stupy GuibE ——____27up¥Guipe 1. Explain how the British occupation of the country opened the eyes of the people in certain regions to the idea of freedom and expulsion of the Spaniards. ‘Why did the economic plans of Governor-General Basco fail? Why were the Spanish authorities in the Philippines opposed to the education of the Filipinos? 4. Explain how the Filipino middle class aros middle class? Who composed the 5. Explain how the opening of the Suez Canal affected the educated Filipinos. 6. What was the effect of the migration of liberal Spaniards on the educated Filipinos and mestizos? 7. How did the Spanish Revolution of 1868 affect the events in the Philippines? 8. What were the reforms of Governor-General Carlos Maria dela Torre that endeared him to the educated Filipinos? 9. Why was liberalism in the Philippines. short-lived? Why was a reactionary governor-general sent to the Philippines? 10. Explain what is meant by secularization. How did this lead to Filipinization? 11. Why do you think the Spanish authorities called the Cavite mutiny a rebellion? 12. Explain the importance or significance of the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora 107SuGGESTED ACTIVITIES Go to the library and read the biographies of Francisco Baltazar, Hermano Pule, Fathers Jose A. Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, Have a notebook with you where you can write down short summaries of their biographies. Be ready to share your insights about the contribution of each one to the idea of freedom and belonging to a nation. Hold a debate on this topic: The Filipino priest ‘government. s were guilty as charged by the Spanish Compate the system of the education during the Spanish period and the educational system today. Go to the library and read books about nationalism. Write in your notebooks the elements of nationalism. With these notes as guide, write arid submit a short essay whether or not we had nationalism before 1872. Give your reasons,THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFO G25 (1882 - 1892) What developments took piace after the GomBurZa execution and the Cavite Mutiny? To what extent did the aroused consciousness of a le oppressed by a foreign master, spread and lead to? What effects did the said events have on the poor majority and the growing middle class? What actions did they soon take? The violent events of 1872 led to significant developments in colonial Philippines. A campaign for reforms evolved, The wealthy and educated Filipinos started to air their complaints through peaceful means such as writings, speeches, organized societies, artworks, etc. When censored, they went to Spain to campaign for reforms that would grant them civil libertie and more economic opportunities equal to those of Spanish sitizens. Hence, there was a clamor for assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain. Ignored and refused by the authorities in Spain, many reformists returned home, ready for more serious goals as embodied in Rizal's La Liga Filipina which eventually led to his arrest and exile to Dapitan, ‘operations or ccivities for @ particular objective| Rersecute ~to be the object hostility ond maltreatment, especially because of religious or political Beliefs | raform — the 1 removal of 4 Fouls or | abuses, 1 especially of moral, 1 political, or focal kind; on | Improvement 1 made or ‘suggested | propaganda ~ 1 publicity intended r0 spread ideos or information | assimilation — 1 a condition of being 1 absorbed becoming similar oF alike with enother ‘triumvirate — © group of three individvals shoring authority and power 110 * gcat triumivira THE REFORM MOVEMENT ‘Ten peaceful years elapsed after the execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. It was a peaceful period on the surface because the Filipinos were cowed into silence by the Spanish authorities. There were threats of persecution for those who would oppose or criticize Spanish rule. Underneath, there was discontent, not only among the poor, but also among the educated and the well-to-do Filipinos. The masses were discontented because they remained poor and burdened with heavy taxes. ‘The educated and the wealthy were discontented because of the abuses of the Spaniards and because they were not free to air their complaints or even allowed to participate in the administration of the government, ‘Asa result, the educated and the wealthy left for Spain where there was freedom. There, they studied and worked for the introduction of reforms in the Philippines. The reform movement, also called Propaganda Movement, began in 1882. It lasted up to the early months of 1892, when the important Filipino reformists returned to the Philippines, like Rizal, who founded the La Liga Filipina, The reform movement which they started included the idea to assimilate the Philippines as a province of Spain. As such, and not as a colony of Spain, the Philizpines would he represented in the Spanish lawmaking body called the Cortes. ‘The Filipinos would become Spanish citizens, who would enjoy all the rights and privileges by all Spanish citizens. They would also be obliged to discharge their duties as Spanish citizens. As Spanish citizens, the Filipinos could not be treated cruelly by the friars and the Spanish civil authorities. This move to make the Philippines a province of Spain and the granting of Spanish citizenship to Filipinos was called assimilation Assimilation of the Philippines would allow the Indios to be finally called “Filipinos.” ‘The important Filipino reformists were Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, They were the e; Lopez Jaena was the great orator, Rizal was the great thinker and writer; and Del Pilar was the great political analyst and journalist. The other reformists were Jose Ma Panganiban, Antonio Luna, Mariano once, Eduardo de Lete, and a few others. They were all young men who went to Europe to study. In the course of their studies, theyinvoived themselves in the cause of their country. Rizal, Del Pilar, and PonceGraciano Lopez Jaena Graciano Lopez Jaena was born in Jaro, now a part of Iloilo City, on December 18, 1856. His parents were Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena. He studied at the Seminary of Jaro to becomea priest, butlater on, he changed his mind to become a physician instead. He was observant and saw the injustices, immorality, and greed of the friars and civil officials. He wrote a long story about a certain friar he named Fray Botod, who was greedy, immoral, and cruel. The story was circulated in Tloilo and soon, the friars hated him for it. He went to Manila to escape persecution and to continue his studies. But the Spanish authorities harassed him, which compelled him to secretly sail for Europe in 1880, {In Spain, he studied medicine but later on gave it up and devoted his time and energy to writing articles, In 1889, he founded the fortnightly newspaper Le Solidaridad Golidarity) and became its first editor. According to his editorial, the aims of the newspaper were the following: (1) to fight reaction, (2) to stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a backward country, (3) to extol liberal ideas, and (4) to defend progress. The newspaper became the propaganda arm of the Filipino reformists in Spain. Copies were sent secretly to the Philippines and distributed to educated Filipinos. Lopez Jaena not only wrote articles favorable to the Filipinos but he also delivered speeches defending them from the cruel solidarity unity | or agreement | of Retinge | eraction - | meet | crong | inaiviuots | with common | goclor feet charges of Spanish writers like Pablo Feced and J x x Weiceslao F. Retana, who were anti-Filipino. In all ud his speeches he praised the Philippines and called it "Pearl of the Orient.” In one of his speeches, he Quincenario democratics called the Philippines “a piece of the palpitating — ~==—— heart of Spain.” He expressed the demands of the Filipino reformists. These demands included the following: (1) representation in the Spanish Cortes; (2) the right to vote; (3) freedom of speech, of assembly, and of the press; (4) freedom of commerce; (6) the removal of the friars from the Philippines because they were an obstacle to progress; (6) the education of the people; (7) reforms in the jails of the couintry; and (8) the abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe consisting of one-tenth of the produce of the land. Lopez Jaena suffered from hunger and illness, and on January 20, 1896, he died in Barcelona, Spain, te Solidaridad, 1889 au12 Jose Rizal ‘The most brilliant of the Filipinos during his time, Rizal was born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861. He studied at the Ateneo Municipal and ater at the University of Santo Tomas. He went to Europe to continue his medical studies. He observed early in life how the Spaniards maltreated the Filipinos. He save, too, how the Spanish authorities ordered his aging mother to walk from Calamba to the town of Santa Cruz, the capital of the province, because of a false charge made against her by Spanish provincial officals. He saw all the injustices being committed against the Filipinos and thus, his young mind and heart rebelled against them. He swore to work for the freedom of his country. In 1882, he went to Spain with the help of his uncle and elder brother, Paciano, He studied medicine and several languages such as French and German, He spent his time wisely. He never gambled. He never spent his money aimlessly. He bought many books which he read and kept. At the age of twenty-six, he wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere or Touch Me Not. in this novel, he exposed the defects of the Spanish administration of the Philippines, the greed and immorality of the friars, and the superstitions of the Filipinos. Next, he wrote his second novel, EI Filibusterismo (The Rebel), which was a sequel of the first novel. In the second novel, Rizal expressed his political ideas and, in story form, predicted the coming of the Revolution. Although very muck disappointed in the lack of response by the Spanish government in Spain to their campaign, he did not want the Philippines to have a revolution, At that time, the Filipinos were not yet prepared to fight the Spaniards He wanted, first of all, to educate the people so that they would know how to discharge their duties correctly and faithfully. Rizal wrote poems, essays, and many articles— all showing his love of country, his patriotism, his love of parents, his happiness and sorrows. Because of his attacks on the civil and ecclesiastical authorities in the Philippines, they hated him and worked for his arrest. ‘They foundaconcretebasisand opportunity when he returned to the Philippines and ‘ounded La Liga Filipina, a patriotic society which was suspected of uniting and prepating the people for revolution. He was first banished to Dapitan, Zamboanga, and later tried by a military court that sentenced him to be shot to death. He was executed on Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta/Rizal Parl) on December 30, 1896. Dr. Jose P- RizalMarcelo H. Del Pilar Marcelo H. Del Pilar, whom even his Spanish enemies called the “greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race,” was born in the barrio of Cupang, Bulacan, Bulacan, on August 30, 1850. He studied at the College of San Jose and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law studies in 1880. In this same year, he began his campaign against the abuses of the friars and the Spanish civil officials, He spoke in meetings, especially in the crowded cockpit where the common people heard him criticize the friars. In 1882, he founded the Tagalog-Spanish newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, which, although short-lived, published Suggestions on how to improve the administration Marcelo H. Det Pilar of the country. It also published mild criticisms of the Spaniards—mild, because there was no freedom of tne press and of speech during the Spanish times. In 1888, the Spanich friars of Bulacan persuaded the Spanish officials of the province to arrest Del Pilar; but his admirers warned him about the order for his arrest and so he secretly left for Spain. A year after his arrival in Spain, he became the editor of Le Solidaridad. Thereaster, he became its guiding spirit. He not only edited the newspaper, but he also wrote many articles and editorials. Two of his books in Spanish which became famous were La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) and La Frailocracia Filipina (Frailocracy in the Philippines). Unlike Rizal and the other teformists, Del Pilar wrote in the language of the masses. He wrote Calingat Cayo, Dasalan at Toksohan, Kadakilaan ng Dios, Sagot ng Espana sa Hibik ng Filipinas, and many others. These writings in Tagalog were truly enjoyed by the masses Due to his heavy work and lack of proper food, Del Pilar contracted tuberculosis. During winter when it was very cold in Spain, he would Pick up cigarette butts on the streets of Barcelona and smoked them tokeep him warm. He wanted to return to the Philippines because he believed that the campaign for reforms was a failure and that i: was time to shift to revolutionary action. Unfortunately, he died on July 4, 1896 113masonry ~ | freemosonry; society of an internotione! fraternity for mutvat help, having on elaborate ritual and system of secret signs; associoted with free- thinking ane libertarian beliefs ‘The Pro-Filipino Societies ‘The Filipinos who went to Spain believed that it was wise for them to seek the help of Spaniards with liberal ideas. In order to cultivate the friendship and sympathy of these Spaniards, the Filipinos organized societies with members that were sympathetic to the cause of introducing reforms in the Philippines, whether they were Spaniards or Filipinos. In 1882, they organized the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (The Spanish-Filipino Circle). In order to propagate their views, the society published the newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Journal of the Spanish-Filipino Circle).* The purpose of this newspaper was to bring to the attention of the Spanish authorities in Spain the conditions in the Philippines and to work for the introduction of reforms which would benefit the Filipinos. But this newspaper and the society did not last long, It died a natural death because oflack of financial support and, most of all, lack of leadership. Another society was founded with patrioticaims, the Asociacion Hispano- Filipina, which was inaugurated in 1889. Like the Circulo, it was composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who sympathized with the Filipino cause. The association's aspiration was “to work for the material and moral improvement of the Philippines.” Some of its aims were as follows: (1) the abolition of the diezmos prediales and the sanctorum; (2) the compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools in the Philipines; (3) radical reforms in the University of Santo Tomas; (4) the abolition of flogging as a form of punishment; (5) the establishment of agricultural banks; and (6) tax and other reforms. All of these aims were to benefit the Filipinos. This society lived longer than the Circulo, but it never realized its goals because the Spanish high officials in Spain were too busy with state problems to even mind and solve the problems of the colony. FREEMASONRY AND ITs ROLE ‘The Filipino reformists in Spain did not spare any effort to win friends for the sake of the country. During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Freemasonry (Masonry) was popular in Europe, even in Spain. Many Spaniards with liberal ideas were Masons. ‘The Filipitio veformists, including Rizal, Lopez Jaena, Del Pilar, Antonio Luna, and others, decided to join Masonry not only because they wanted towin friends among the Spanish Masons, but also becouse of its anti- éviny character. The friars hated Masonry because it provided an inspiration to the Filipinos who were questioning their right to remain in the Philippines. Lopez. Jaena was very active in Masonry. He thought {sed Journal” inst sreaning TAA 4 ofthe literal “Review” in order toavoid misunderstanding as toof bringing together all Filipino Masons when he founded the lodge, Revolucion, in Barcelona in 1889, This lodge was exclusively for and by Filipinos. The following year, another lodge, La Solidaridad (not to be confused with the newspaper) was founded in Madrid. When lodge Revolucion was dissolved, all its members were taken in as members of lodge La Solidaridad. Unity among Filipinos in Spain was maintained by this Masonic lodge. In time, Filipino Masons thought to establish lodges in the Philippines Early in 1891, some Filipinos who had been to Spain met and decided to establish the Masonic lodge Nilad in Manila. The Masons in the Philippines, mostly coming from Manila and surrounding areas, expressed the following aims of the organization: (1) to work for freedom and Prosperity of the Philippines; (2) to work for good government; (3) to ask for representation in the Spanish Cortes; and. (4) to establish the Philippines as a province of Spain. All these were also the aims of the Filipino reformists in Spain. The Filipino Masons, therefor, merely expressed their program in the Philippines in accordance with the official stand of the reformists in Spain, Masonry became popular in the Philippines, and by May 1893, there \were thirty-five Masonic lodges in the country, of which, nina were in Manila. The popularity that Masonry enjoyed in the Philippines was shown by the fact that even women founded their own Masoniclodge, Walana, The prominent women Masons included Rizal's sisters Josef and Trinidad, Rosario Villaruel, Marina Dizon, Valeriana Legazpi, Romualda Lanuza, Sixta Fajardo, and Purificacion Leyva [The Masons were anti-friar and they wanted the friars tobe shipped back to Spain. It can be said that practically all, if not all, the members of the reform movement were Masons. La Lica Fineina 12.1892, Rizal returned tothe Philippines. On the way home, he passed by Hongkong and stayed there for some time. During his stayin the British colony. he prepared a constitution of a society. Soon after his return tq Manila, he proposed the establishment of a civie society. In a meeting heldon the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal and a group of patriotic Filipinos including Andes Bonifacio, founded the society, La Liga Filizina, The following officers were elected: Ambrosio Salvador, president; Agustin de 's Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer; and Deodata Arellano, secretary. The aims of the Liga according to its constitution were: (2) to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body; (2) to.ive mutual protection at all members in case of necessity; (8) to encourage agriculture, commerce, and education; 115(2) to defend members against any kind of violence ari injustice; and (8) to study and apply reforms, ‘To carry out these aims, the society wes to be governed by a supreme yuneil, a provincial council, and a popular council. The merabers of the society were to pay a monthly due of ten centavos. The money of the society was to be used for the following purposes: (1) to support a mnember orhis son without financial means but with enough ability and industry; 2) to support the poor against the rich and the powerful; (3) to give financial help to any member who suffered losses; (4) to open stores and shops which would sell goods to members at low prices; and (5) to introduce machines in order to promote industries, ‘The society was civic in nature, but even then, the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. They saw in La Liga Filipina an organization capable of uniting the Filipinos for self-sufficiency and defense. On the night of July 6, the governor-general ordered the arrest of Rizal. He was detained in For’ Santiago pending deportation to Dapitan, Zamboanga. As a consequence of his arrest, the Liga died a natural death. Some patriotic members revived it, but it lasted for only a few months. With the death of the revived Liga, the members quarreled among themselves. Some of them founded another patriotic society, the Cuerpo de Conmpromisazios (Body of Compromisers), but this, too, did not last long, Ail the patriotic societies that were founded for the purpose of working for veforms did not last very long, They all failed in their mission, ‘Wry Tug ResorM MOVEMENT FAILED ‘The campaign to introduce reforms waged by patriotic Filipinos in Spain and in the Philippines failed. It is true that some laws beneficial to the Philippines were passed, such as the Maura Law of 1893, which provided for the reorganization of local government; the law for the computisory teaching of Spanish in ail schools; and laws introducing storms in the judiciary. However, these laws were not implemented, risey were, therefore, dead laws. Four reasons may be tnentioned to iain why the veform movement, failed, First, the Spanish high oéficials in Spain were too busy with their own problems to listen to the collective voice of the reformists. Second, the reformists in Spain andl in the Philippines did not have the necessary financial means with which to make their campaign effective. Funds were particularly difficult to get hecause most of the patriotic Filipinos had no money ha big project. Third, the reformists themselves were not united. There were jealousies among them. The unity of the Fi