姓名：許詩妍

學號：11121348
課程名稱：英文二－機械一乙
繳交日期：2023.6.1
A summary of organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the scientific field that studies organic compounds. Organic
compounds are composed of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. The focus of organic chemistry research is on
the structure, properties, synthesis methods, and reaction mechanisms of organic
compounds.
Organic compounds, consisting of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other
carbon atoms, are the focus of organic chemistry, which explores their properties
and reactions. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and
neutrons reside in the nucleus, while electrons occupy the electron cloud
surrounding the nucleus. Protons carry a relative electrical charge of +1, neutrons are
neutral, and electrons have a relative charge of -1. The atomic number (Z)
corresponds to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, while the mass number
(A) is the sum of protons and neutrons.
The arrangement of electrons in atomic orbitals follows the electron configuration,
governed by the aufbau principle. Valence electrons are found in the outermost shell
of an atom and play a crucial role in bonding. The number of valence electrons in an
atom is related to its position in the periodic table, with elements in the same group
having the same number of valence electrons. Lewis Dot Symbols are used to
represent the valence electrons of an atom and aid in predicting the number and
types of covalent bonds in organic molecules.
The molecular shape of compounds is determined by the Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Common organic molecules adopt tetrahedral,
trigonal planar, or linear arrangements of electron groups. Covalent bonds form
when valence electrons are shared between two atoms. Lewis structures and
structural formulas are commonly used to depict covalent bonding in organic
molecules.
Formal charge describes the change in the number of valence electrons when an
atom is incorporated into a molecule. If an atom experiences a net loss of valence
electrons, it will carry a positive formal charge. Conversely, if an atom gains valence
electrons, it will bear a negative formal charge.
In methane, the four identical C-H single bonds result from sigma bond overlap
between the sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon and the s orbital of each hydrogen. In
ethane, the C-C bond forms through sigma bond overlap between a sp³ hybrid orbital
on each carbon and the s orbital of each hydrogen. The six identical C-H single bonds
in ethane also arise from sigma bond overlap between the sp³ hybrid orbitals of
carbon and the s orbital of each hydrogen.
Ethylene contains a C=C bond, which forms due to both sigma bond overlap
between a sp2 hybrid orbital on each carbon and pi bond overlap involving the p
orbitals on each carbon. Acetylene possesses a carbon-carbon triple bond, formed by
one sigma bond overlap between a sp hybrid orbital on each carbon and two pi bond
overlaps involving the p orbitals on each carbon.
Nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur can hybridize their atomic orbitals in the
same manner as carbon.