Faculty of Computing and Information Technology

(FCIT) Department of Computing Indus University,

Karachi
NAME OF STUDENT: ID No:

Quiz-1
Summer 2023
Department Faculty Total
Program Semester Course Title Instructor Issue Date Due Date Marks
/ Faculty Signature
BS
Summer Formal
Software Mr.: Syed
FCIT Semester Methods in 15/08/2023 22/08/202 5
Engineer Ali Shiraz
SE 3
i ng

Instructions
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r
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This paper has a total of 2 pages including this title page

 Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
(FCIT) Department of Computing Indus University,
Karachi
NAME OF STUDENT: ID No:

Quiz # 1
SPRING 2023
(SES-221) Formal
Methods in SE

Expected Outcome:
CLO 1: Describe the costs and benefits of formal methods. (Cognitive Domain-2(Understand), PLO-1)
CLO 2: Construct formal models of sequential software systems. ((Cognitive Domain-2(Applying ), PLO-2)

Total (5 marks)

1. What are the three levels of formal methods in software engineering?

a. Low-level, Mid-level, High-level
b. Structural, Behavioral, Functional
c. Specification, Design, Implementation.
d. Rigorous, Semi-formal, Informal

2. At which level of formal methods do we focus on translating high-level requirements into more detailed
specifications?
a. Specification.
b. Design
c. Implementation
d. Verification
3. What is a key advantage of using formal methods in software development?
a. Faster development process
b. Elimination of all defects
c. Improved communication with stakeholders.
d. Limited applicability to safety-critical systems
4. Formal methods help in early detection of defects by:
a. Automating the testing process
b. Enforcing rigid coding standards
c. Providing mathematical analysis of system properties.
d. Requiring extensive manual inspections
5. Formal specifications provide a precise and unambiguous description of:
a. Source code
b. User documentation
c. System requirements.
d. Project schedule
6. Which notation is commonly used for formal specification of software systems?
a. UML diagrams
b. Pseudocode
c. Natural language paragraphs
d. Z notation.
 Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
(FCIT) Department of Computing Indus University,
Karachi
NAME OF STUDENT: ID No:
7. In the context of cost profiles of software, the majority of defects are introduced during which phase?
a. Requirements analysis
b. Design
c. Implementation.
d. Testing

8. The cost of fixing defects increases substantially as we move from:

a. Requirements to design
b. Design to implementation.
c. Implementation to testing
d. Testing to deployment
9. What is the primary goal of model verification in software engineering?
a. Generating code from models
b. Ensuring models match real-world behavior.
c. Automating testing processes
d. Debugging source code
10. VDM-SL is a formal method used for:
a. Model-based testing
b. Database design
c. Formal specification and verification
d. Object-oriented programming

11. What is formal specification?

a. It is a precise description of a system using mathematical notation.
b. It is a way of describing the behavior of a system in a way that is unambiguous and can be verified.
c. It is a way of describing the structure of a system in a way that is unambiguous and can be verified.
d. All of the above
e. None of the Above

12. What is the cost profile of software?

a. It is a way of estimating the cost of developing and maintaining software.
b. It is a way of estimating the benefits of using formal methods in software engineering.
c. It is a way of comparing the cost of using formal methods with other software development methods.
d. All of the above

13. What is verification of models?

a. It is the process of checking that a model of a system is correct.
b. It is the process of checking that a model of a system meets its requirements.
c. It is the process of checking that a model of a system is consistent with its environment.
d. All of the above

14. At which level of formal methods would you expect to find techniques like refinement and stepwise
development?
a. Specification
 Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
(FCIT) Department of Computing Indus University,
Karachi
NAME OF STUDENT: ID No:
b. Design.
c. Implementation
d. Verification

15. The three levels of formal methods follow a progression from abstract to concrete. Which level is associated with
mathematical proofs about system behavior?
a. Specification
b. Design
c. Implementation
d. Verification

16. One of the challenges in using formal methods is the "formalization gap." What does this term refer to?
a. The difference between formal methods and conventional testing
b. The discrepancy between mathematical models and real-world systems.
c. The gap in expertise between developers and formal analysts
d. The lack of tool support for formal methods

17. Which advantage of using formal methods helps in ensuring the consistency of requirements throughout the
development process?
a. Improved communication.
b. Automatic code generation
c. Rigorous defect detection
d. Enhanced maintainability
18. In the context of formal specifications, what is "refinement"?
a. A process of transforming abstract specifications into more detailed ones.
b. A mechanism to ensure code and specifications match exactly
c. A technique for converting natural language requirements into mathematical models
d. A validation process for verifying correctness of specifications

19. Describe the key advantages of employing formal methods in software development. Illustrate each advantage
with a real-world example, highlighting how formal methods address challenges that traditional methods might
not.
20. Elaborate on the significance of formal specification in software engineering.