APPM1026A

Equations in Motion: A Primer on Modelling

and Differential Equations
Lecture 1
This lecture provides an overview of mathematical modelling and
differential equations, and their importance in understanding real-
world systems.
 What is Modelling?

Modelling is the process of creating a simplified representation of a complex system

or phenomenon, with the goal of gaining a better understanding of how it works. In
applied mathematics, modelling plays a crucial role in solving real-world problems as
it allows us to make predictions, and gain insights into various fields such as physics,
economics, biology, and engineering; from predicting the weather to designing new
technologies.

By using mathematical models, scientists and engineers can simulate the behaviour
of a system under different conditions, test hypotheses, and make predictions about
future outcomes. This allows them to make informed decisions and design more
efficient and effective solutions.
 The Modelling Process

● Real world system: Observed behaviour

● Mathematical World: Models,
Mathematical operations and rules,
Mathematical conclusions
● To understand real world behaviour and
make predictions, we need to link the two
worlds
Mathematical modelling is
a general procedure in
the Mathematical
Sciences
01
It involves presenting and
interrogating ideas about
observed processes
using mathematical
principles and techniques
There can be multiple
02 conceptual formulations
and equivalent models for
observed processes
03
Building models that
describe physical
phenomena requires
04 attention to conceptual
aspects
Examples of Modelling

01 Administering drugs: dosage and timing for

safe and effective levels in the bloodstream

02 Studying interacting species to determine

coexistence or extinction
Definition: System

● Definition of a system in the context

of mathematical modelling.
● A system is an assemblage of objects
with some interaction or
interdependence.
Definition: Model

01 Definition of a model as a conceptual

representation of an object or process -
Captures some collection of aspects of that
object or process.

02 The modeller's objectives in understanding a

system and making predictions - A model is a
conceptual representation of a given object
or process
The Modeller's Goal
● Understand how the system works and
its features
● Identify the causes of changes in the
system
● Determine the system's sensitivity to
certain changes
● Predict future changes and their timing
Approximations in Mathematical
Modelling
● Challenges in dealing with complex
physical systems.
● The need for approximations to capture
essential aspects of the system.
● Domain of applicability of a model.
The Modelling Procedure
Step-by-step outline of the modelling
procedure:
● Identify primary factors in real-world
behaviour.
● Conjecture tentative relationships
among factors.
● Apply mathematical analysis to
construct a model.
● Interpret mathematical conclusions in
real-world terms
Drawing Conclusions from Real-
World Behaviour
● Conducting experiments or trials for
observations.
● Limitations and challenges in real-world
experiments.
● Deriving indirect methods to study real-
world behaviour.
Approximations in Mathematical
Modelling
● Two approaches: building on pre-
existing models or constructing a new
model.
● Challenges of complex and intractable
solutions.
● The trade-off among fidelity, cost, and
flexibility in model selection.
 Why do we use
Differential Equations?

Differential equations are used in modelling because they provide a powerful

mathematical framework to describe and analyze complex dynamic systems by
relating rates of change to the current state of the system.

A differential equation is an equation that relates a function with its derivatives. It is

used to model many physical, biological, and social phenomena. Examples of such
phenomena include population growth, chemical reactions, and the motion of objects.

Differential equations are important in modelling because they allow us to describe

how a system changes over time. By solving DE’s, we can predict the behaviour of a
system and make decisions based on those predictions. For example, differential
equations are used in engineering to design bridges, airplanes, and other structures.
They are also used in physics to describe the motion of particles and waves.
 Applications of Modelling
and Differential Equations

One of the most exciting aspects of applied mathematics is its ability to solve real-
world problems. Modelling and differential equations are essential tools for tackling
complex issues in fields such as physics, engineering, and economics.

For example, in physics, differential equations are used to describe the motion of
objects under different conditions. By solving these equations, scientists can predict
the behaviour of systems ranging from simple pendulums to complex celestial bodies.
In engineering, modelling is used to design structures such as bridges and buildings
that can withstand various stresses and loads. And in economics, differential
equations are used to model the behaviour of financial markets and predict future
trends.
Importance of DE’s
● Difference between algebraic and
differential equations.
● Differential equations as models for
dynamic systems and change.
Questions or Comments