Neural Impulse > Information travels within the nervous system in the form of a nerve impulse. = > Nerve impulses are mostly electrical signals along the dendrites. > A Neural Impulse is a spike of electrical activity or is an electrical charge that travels down the length of a nervous system. >For example, if you touch a hot stove, nerve cells in your fingers will be activated, sending impulses through the nerves in your hand, quickly reaching your brain, which will send a signal back down to move your hand away from the heat.>A nerve impulse is the way nerve cells (neurons) communicate with one another. > When the stimulus energy is relatively weak, the electrical changes are so small that the nerve impulse is not generated and we do not feel that stimulus. >If the stimulus energy is relatively strong, electrical impulses are generated and conducted towards the CNS.It is the state of the neuron when itis noEiaingreneural impulse or message. >the cell is at rest. >The cell membrane is semipermeable. + This means some substances that are outside the cell can enter through tiny protein openings, or channels, in the membrane, while other substances in the cell can go outside. >There is a semiliquid solution inside and outside the cells which contains charged particles/ions- both positive and negative ions. >The relative charge of ions at resting potential is: Inside the cell: Negative Outside the cell : Positive(tl Octuil, = tw Cul Sued -— vwAastha Aogrish Resting Potential The inside of the neuron is negatively charged as compared to the outside of the neuron. PEE ERE EE EE tt FEEEEEE TEEPE FEE Aastha AngtishInside the cell « comprises of both smaller positively charged potassium ions (K+) and larger negatively charged protein ions. + The negatively charged protein ions, however, are so big that they can't get out, which leaves the inside of the cell primarily negative when at rest. Outside the cell + lots of positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). + but they are unable to enter the cell membrane when the cell is at rest because the ion channels that would allow them in are closed.> But because + the outside sodium ions are positive and + the inside ions are negative, and + because opposite electrical charges attract each other, the sodium ions will cluster around the membrane. >This difference in charges creates an\electrical potential.Arstha Angcish Closed At the resting potential, the ‘Open in response to a nerve impulse, channel is closed. ‘the gate opens and Na” enters the cell, Aastha Angtish40 Rasen petetsial zg $ =| 0 £ @ 2 8 £ = Threshold 3 : Os ae Se ee ee a a7 : “ £29 Resting potential Resting potential Hyperpolarization ———=Action Potential: tiring neural impuise >is the release of the neural impulse. >a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. >a massive but momentary lasting for 1 millisecond(feversal df the membrane potential from about -70 to about +50 millivolts(mV). »When the neuron receives a strong chemical message/stimulation from another neuron, it causes the gates in sodium ion channels to open, allowing the positive sodium ions to flow into the cell. > Thus the inside of the cell becomes positively charged. >The relative charge of ions at action potential is: Inside the cell: Positive Outside the cell : Negative>The action potential is the sequence of ion channels opening all down the length of the cell. > Action potential travels down the axon (successive points along the axon). When it gets to the end of the axon, the message will get transmitted to another cell. » As the action potential moves down the axon toward the axon terminals, the cell areas behind the action potential return to their resting state of a negative charge as the positive sodium ions are pumped to the outside of the cell, and the positive potassium ions rapidly leave. >The action potential maintains a constant magnitude as it passes along the axon. > Transmission in myelinated axons is much faster than in unmyelinated axons.Arstha Angtish Diecton of vavel of action potential The depolarization sreads dow Ae the ance: Marni the ist part of the membrane repolar fane cannot ‘Anstha ApgrichA Neuron Received Strong Stimulation + The sodium ions cannot enter when the cell is at rest, because even though the cell membrane has all these channels, the particular channels for the big sodium ions are not open yet. + But when the cell receives a strong enough stimulation from another cell (dendrites are activated), the cell membrane opens up those particular channels, one after the other, all down its surface, allowing the sodium ions to rush into the cell. + That causes the inside of the cell to become mostly positive and the outside of the cell to become mostly negative, because many of the positive sodium ions are now inside the cell—at the point where the first ion channel opened. >This electrical charge reversal will start at the part of the axon closest to the soma (the first ion channel) and then proceed down the axon in a kind of chain reaction. (Picture a long hallway with many doors in which the first door opens, then the second, and so on all the way down the hall.)> The action potential is regenerated at successive points along the axon by sodium ions flowing through the core of the axon and then across the membrane. The action potential maintains a constant magnitude as it passes along the axon. + Each action potential sequence takes about one-thousandth of a second, so the neural message travels very fast—from 2 miles per hour in the slowest, shortest neurons to 270 miles per hour in other neurons. > Neurons actually have a threshold for firing, and all it takes is a stimulus that is just strong enough to get past that threshold to make the neuron fire.>» Polarization: - a difference in electric potential between two surfaces or two sides of one surface because of chemical activity. + Polarization occurs normally in living cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, which maintain a positive charge on one side of the plasma membrane and a negative charge on the other.> Depolarization: positive inside chew folk af + reduction in the electric potential across the plasma membrane of a cell. + occurs when the membrane is stimulated and sodium ions (Na+) flow into the cell. — + inner surface of the membrane becomes fers negriave’ in relation to the outer surface. Moe ve >Repolarization: reduction in positive charge inside — + a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the flowing out of potassium (K+) ions. ——_ a ————— + This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage fro) depolarization. pie ini as>Hyperpolarization: negative inside + an increase in the electric potential across the plasma membrane of a cell. + inner surface of the membrane becomes more negative in relation to the outer surface. ———e + It occurs during the final portion of an action potential or in response to cage ————————————— inhibitory neural messages.Aastha Angrish wally yo New! * Nato ih wide pe eal ror Resting state Voltage (mv) — Tit elas Aastha AngrishReturn of the cell to its resting state > Following factors are responsible to return the cell to its resting state:- 1. Sodium ion channels (close immediately after the action potential has passed) Cell membrane and Sodium Pumps (pumps the positive sodium ions back outside the cell) Potassium ions (move rapidly out of the cell after the action potential Passes)> First, the Sodium ion channely ck immediately \after the action potential has passed, allowing no more ions to enter. - >The Sodium Pumps and Cell membrane also pumps the positive alee ions back outside the cell, kicking them out until the next action potentiat opens the ion channels again. + This pumping process is a little slow, so another type of ion gets into the act. —_~ x > rorassitin ions, small, positively charged, inside the neuron move rapidly out of the cell affer the action potential passes, helping to more quickly restore the inside of the cell to a negative charge. + Now the cell becomes negative inside and positive outside, and the neuron is capable of “firing off " another message. =(2) Sodium (Nat) ion (b) Potassium (K+) ion (0) Sodium channel (d) Potassium channel (c) Sodium-Potassium Pump>To sum all that up, when the cell is stimulated, the first ion channel opens and the electrical charge at that ion channel is reversed. >Then the next channel opens and that charge is reversed, but in the meantime the first ion channel has been closed and the charge is returning to what it was when it was at rest. >The action potential is the sequence of ion channels opening all down the length of the cell.