CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > composed of the brain and the spinal cord. faa ——— XBrain) ( + makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions, — and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body. ery fro + has three divisions, two hemispheres and four lobes. /) —— - 1 a Foe, mid Hind ‘Lefes (yeh > Spinal Cord Mot epi + a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain. + Responsible for very fast, life saving reflexes where responses are controlled by spinal pathways without involvement from the brain. Tat nei autRIPHERAL)NERVOUS SYSTEM SOMATIO NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM fe alae Cel tL Also known as Voluntary System Divisions: Sensory (afferent) and WW Motor (efferent) Detects sensory stimuli such as noise, taste, smell, touch, pain Functions are simple Involuntary activities Also known as Involuntary system Divisions: Sympathetic and ele id Detects sensory stimuli such as blood pressure and pH Functions are complexgk re DDMWA Stae wr Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division “fight-or-flight system” “eat-drink-and-rest” system SE Snr OSL, Gets the hady ready to deal with the stressful returns the body to normal functioning situation (anger, fear, extreme joy). after a stressful situation_ends. Sse a Warn Also responsible for day-to-day-funetione’ of Koro the body like ‘Seas normal ne and digestion. Pupil dilation, increases heart rate, heavy slows heartrate and breathing, decreases digestive ive Tunctions of oannat ree hing, increases digestive functions of Stomach, pancreas and intestines, inhibits Seen ss allows bladder SET Dest eng SOUR ECHO cont The adrenal glands are stimulated to release Signals to the adrenal glands stop. certain stress-related chemicals.Q1. The parasympathetic division of the ANS allows the body to restore all the energy that was burnt. A. True B. FalseQ1. The parasympathetic—division of the ANS allows the body to restore all the energy that was burnt. A/True B. FalseQ2. Mr.Z just had an accident, which of the following systems would be active now? A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic c. Somatic D. None of the aboveKS Q2. Mr.Z just had an accident, which of the following systems would be active now? aa A. mpathetic B. Parasympathetic c. Somatic D. None of the aboveBrain: Structure and FunctionsThe Forebrain > located towards the top and front of the brain. > It comprises the:- + Cerebral Cortex, + Basal Ganglia, eli System (septum, amygdala, hippocampus), + Thalamus + Hypothalamus PeleeAn Introduction to Brain Structures — oy, SG pte \ (cenconinwe Gyr (Thatamus' Hypothalamus) Medulla oblongata:>Cerebral Cortex: CY + Outer layer of the left and right hemisphere. + plays important role in Geanition) + enables us to(think.> + Because of it, we can plan, coordinate thoughts and actions_perceive visual and sound patterns, and use language. + The surface of the cerebral cortex is grayish (gray matter) because it primarily comprises the grayish neural-cell bodies that process the information that the brain receives and sends. _Fumelj on -/?. >Basal Ganglia.” dkia + collections ins crucial to@otor functioning) . ee onl tremors, involuntary movements, changes in posture, slowness of movement. Fe eee . Plays important role in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. WB pent 7SAA learning and mofivation. e re_developed limbic system, therefore it allows us to éIp to adapt our behaviors flexibly in syppres* Ree LL response to the changing environment. eptu + involved in anger and fear. — —ae Amygdala: + involved in (lear response memories of fear) emotionally charged memories. ee Pepe etait + Information from senses goes to amygdala before the upper part of the brain is even involved, so thaf people can respond to danger very quickly. * Romege or remove can result in maladaptive lack of fear. Could lead to ‘Kluvéer-BUcy Syndrome’. an aaiaie a -Lamygdala and Autism) Autism involves dysfunction of amygdala leading to social impairment (difficulty in evaluating people's trustworthiness or recognizing ons in faces. ——ae Hippocampus: ful Tessenfial?otet memory}tormation lespecially declarative memory. + important role in learning and for seeing relations among items learned. ot » Spatial memory- hippocampus keeps track oO} re things are and how these things are spatially related to each other. ‘What is Where’ el » Damage or removal leads to inability to form hew memories: ‘orsakoff's syndrome-)type of anterograde amnesia, undble to form new memories¥ apathy+ tremors+ paralysis of eye controlling muscles, Causes can be lack of thiamine (vitamin B-1) in the brain, excessive alcohol use, lietary deficiencies, eating disorders.Q3. Which of the following is not a function of limbic system? A_Regulate emotion a, Regulate fear memories ‘e Suppress insti response D. None of the aboveQ3. Which of the following is not a function of limbic system? A. Regulate emotion B. Regulate fear memories c. Suppress instinctual response (None of the aboveaE . Gay PT Oe Kacef Monit Oe jay station)for sensory information + Transmits information to the correct regions of the cerebral cortex through projection fibers that extend from the thalamus to specific regions of the cortex. + comprises several nuclei (groups of neurons) that receive specific kinds of sensory information and project that information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex. +LSchizophrenia-) abnormalities in the thalamus result in difficulties in filtering stimuli and focusing attention, which in turn can explain why people suffering from schizophrenia experience symptoms such as hallucinations and eee i+ controls the survival behaviors (fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating). + Controls the euieapearded ce oa the pituitary glands. yy + Regulates aylonomous nervous system (appetite, thirst, temperature regulation) tt + Interacts with limbic systems, thus influences emotions and reactions to oo aes: —_ + Important role in(leep) -Wercoieps), dysfunction in hypothalamus can lead to Narcolepsy (person falls asleep often and at unpredictable times)Q4.___is known as the relay station of brain. . Hypothalamus Bee Pons Thalamus . Medulla SOF >LOMA en Q4.___is known as the relay station of brain. A. Hypothalamus feos rr teexThe Midbrain » Controls eye movement and coordination. > It comprises: i. Superior Colliculi- involved i i. laferior Colliculi- involved inlhearing . Reticular Activating ayarens controls consciousness (sleep, awake, a + RAS extends to the hindbrain + It lets a mother er baby cry in the night, even though she might sleep through other noises. + When a person is driving and someone suddenly pulls out in front of the vehicle, it is the RAS that brings that driver to full attention.An Introduction to Brain Structures oy "s =~ ~ ceReBRUM — ea Diencephalon (Thalamus & Hypothalamus) Midbrain>) Medulla oblongata *——~ spinal cordfr The Hindbrain Aq > It comprises the mel bong, pa teem Cc Medulla: + controls life sustaining functions like heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, digestion. ———~______ —“—__ —™. . See aetanis the left and right sides of the body cross over in medulla and thus, information from the leff sitte-of the body goes to the right side of the brain and vice-versa.ra Celt) MM) BT, BearyPons: + Pons means ab + pons is the bridge)that passes signal from one_part of the brain to another. + Also contains a portion of RAS, therefore it also influences sleep, arousal and dreaming. — —_-_ aes ‘erebellum: + essential to balance and coordination + Controls all involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements. (People can sit upright because the cerebellum controls all the muscles needed to keep them from falling out of the chair). + Coordinates voluntary movements that have to happen in rapid succession such as walking, skating, dancing, playing a musical instrument and even the movements of speech. See eeePropedural, nwo + Because of the cerebellum, people don't have to’ consciously think about their posture and balance, + Learned reflexes, skills and habits are stored here, therefore Classical conditioning takes place in cerebellum. Pee . neration) dysfunction in cerebellum where the person suffers from tremors, unsteady walk, slurred speech 5 , muscle weakness and is unable to walk to walk, stand or even get a spoon ee his own mouth. Chanel Catlin = Bolt = ChaiHemispheric Specialization » The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres: left and right. + is a Ghick band of neurons)that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. —~trattows both the hemispheres to communicate with each other. + Once the information has reached one hemisphere, the corpus callosum transfers it to the other hemisphere.Left hemisphere of fa lemisphere of the cerebral cortexded at Sensory stimulus and motor controljof of body Sensory stimulus and motor control of of body Spoken language Non verbal Written language Reading Visual-spatial perception, 3-D forms Pattern recognition, facial recognition Mathematical and scientific calculations Logical and analytic thought processes CAnalysis of detail Music and artistic processing (creativity) Emotional thought, Imagination, intuition, insight Processes the wholenuiblatltai ee 8 8 twee oe Creme) CON EX ¢ CAGES Rae ) Brain Lateralization e ralilatl dtQ5. Perceiving the Visual-spatial perception, 3-D forms is the function of A. Corpus callosum B. Left hemisphere c. Right hemisphere D. All of the aboveQ5. Perceiving the Visual-spatial perception, 3-D forms is the function of A. Corpus callosum ——————— B. Left hemisphere sKight hemisphere D. All of the aboveParts of the Human Brain frontal lobe cerebellumCEREBRAL LOBES FRONTAL LOBE - (prefrontal, medial prefrontal, ~~ orbitofrontal cortex) pspiomn CATION Front and top of each hemisphere FUNCTIONS Hig! es, Decision Making, Planning, Personality, Memory Storage, Brocay PARI PARIETAL LOBE (somatosensory cortex) [AL LOBE Top and back of each Skin_and internal_body receptors for hemisphere Touch, Taste, Temperature, Smell, Pain, Body_Pasition and Consciousness, Attention oo Viss‘Gceu Rear and bottom of (primary visual cortex, visual association area) each hemisphere ‘TEMPORAL LOBE (primary auditory cortex, auditory association area) Behind the temples in each hemisphere jearing, Retention of Visual WowThe Frontal Lobe + toward the front of the brain. + is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment. + It tends to be involved when sequences of thoughts or actions are called for. + Itis critical in producing speech. + The prefrontal cortex, the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor contro! and tasks that require integration of information over time.The Parietal Lobe at the upper back portion of the brain. is associated with somatosensory processing. It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb position when you are perceiving space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying. Involved in consciousness and paying attention. If you are paying attention to what you are reading, your parietal lobe is activated.The Occipital Lobe + associated with visual processing. + contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form. + The visual association cortex is also found in temporal and parietal lobe which means a person with damage in occipital lobe can still see objects and describe them in physical terms.The Temporal Lobe + directly under temples. + is associated with auditory processing and comprehending language. + Itis also involved in retention of visual memories. + The temporal lobe also matches new things you see to what you have retained in visual memory.Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex (postcentral gyrus) (precentr tral gyrus) Somatic sensory association area ‘Somatic motor association area a (premotor cortex) Visual association area Prefrontal a cortex Broca's area (production of ‘speech Visual cortex Wemicke's area (ugderstand speech) Auditory association area (Auditory cortex* nit nied oe § ere > Location: 4 + Left Frontal L be (a a small portion of the population, this area is in the right frontal lobe.) Pere eee eeeeeeeet > Function; . yoduction of sreech allowing a person to speak smoothly and fluently. eee ee ees It is called Broca's area after nineteenth-century neurologist(Paul Broca] who first studied people with damage to this area.Lal ; Ay, ia Lowy er Gmproimoly “olin Groca's Aphasia ¥ > Damage to Broca’s area causes a person to be unable to get eee outina smooth, connected fashion. >People with this condition may know exactly what they want to say and understand what they hear others say, but they cannot con ‘actual production of their own w > Speech is halting and words are often mispronounced, such as saying “cot” i i; (a eer instead of “clock” or “non” instead of “nine.” Some words may be left out entirely, such as ‘they or fon) >(Gtuttering) is a somewhat different problem in getting words started, rather than mispronouncing them or leaving them out, but may also be related to Broca's area.) eee oad ; ylWe aw wm 4 T ne wep Ty oat, Wernicke’s Area Le / \s : > Location: = % + Left Temporal lobe Undid T. sa NY > Function: + Understanding meaning of words and Comprehending Language. — Pie Pe oe Named after the physiologist Carl Wernicke, who first studied problems arising from damage in this location, ~—arnt Gongxwsnmneny EY Fup >A person with Wernicke’s aphasia would be able to speak fluently and pronounce words correctly, but he would be pronouncing wrong words. > ‘Right idea, wrong word’ > Problem understanding what the people around saying. >For example, a person with Wernicke’s aphasia may say “I drive a glass of water”, when actually he is trying to say “| want a glass of water.” taeTh Th 7 4; 20 Wee