The introduction and applications of

TOTAL STATION
(Leica TS02/06/09)
LUONG BAO BINH
Dept. of Geomatics Engineering
University of Technology, HCMC, VN
 Contents

• Introduction
– Fundamental measurements
– Why is the total station?
– Modern technologies
• Basic functions
– Target offset
– Height transfer
– Hidden point
– Check tie
2
 Contents (cont.)

• Applications
– Surveying & Traverse
– Stake out
– Free station
– Reference line & Reference arc
– Tie distance
– Area and volume
– Remote height
– Coordinate geometry calculations
– Road 2D and 3D
3
 Fundamental measurements
Angle with theodolites Leveling with levels

Distance with tape or EDM

Should we combine them

in an instrument?

4
 Why is the total station?
• Problem: in practice, not only individual
measurements but also the combinations
of measurements and the calculations are
required for many tasks.
• Solution: the total station
Electronic Total
+ EDM + Firmware =
theodolite station

5
 Advantages of total station
• All-in-one instrument for multi-task
• Reliable and highly accurate
• Integrated applications available for many
common tasks
• Automatic and easy in data storage and
transfer
• A complete procedure from surveying to
map plotting is available with appropriate
softwares
6
Accuracy and range
Prism mode

7
Accuracy and range
Non-prism mode

8
 Modern technologies
• Reflectorless (non-prism mode)
• Integrated GPS (smart station)
• Auto tracking (robotic)

9
Integrated GPS

10
Integrated GPS

11
 Basic functions
• Target offset
• Height transfer
• Hidden point
• Check tie

12
 Target offset

Determines the target point P2 from:

_ the offset point P1 and
_ two distances: traverse offset and length offset
13
 Cylinder offset

Determines the center P1

and radius R from
_ three points on the border

14
 Height transfer

Determines the instrument height at P0 from:

_ the point(s) Pi with known height(s)

15
 Hidden point

Determines the hidden point P1 from:

_ two points 1 and 2, and
_ distances d1 & d2 on the rod 16
 Check tie

Calculates from 2 measured points P1 & P2::

_ slope and horizontal distance
_ azimuth
_ grade
_ height difference
_ coordinates diference 17
 Applications
• Traverse and Surveying
• Stake out
• Free station
• Reference line & Reference arc
• Area and volume
• Remote height
• Coordinate geometry calculations
• Road 2D & 3D
18
 Traverse
• Helmet transformation
• Adjustment
• Checking point and tolerance
• Start the traverse with or without known
backsight
• Measure sideshot

19
Traverse

20
Traverse

21
 Stake out
Polar mode Orthogonal mode Cartesian mode

22
 Free station
Determines the instrument position P0 from at least 2 known points Pi

23
 Reference line
• Reference Line is an application that facilitates
the easy stake out or checking of lines, for
example, for buildings, sections of road, or
simple excavations. It allows the user to define a
reference line and then complete the following
tasks with respect to that line:
– Line & offset
– Point & Grid stake out
– Line segmentation stake out

24
 Base line
Base line is defined by 2 points
which can be:
_ measured, or
_ entered / selected from memory

25
 Reference line

Reference line is created by:

_ parallel / longitudinal offset
_ rotated
from base line / base point 26
Line & offset
to calculate:
_ offsets
_ height difference
of target point relative to ref. line

27
 Stake out

Grid stake out

Point stake out 28

Line segmentation stake out

29
 Reference arc
• Line & offset
• Stake out:
– Point
– Arc
– Chord
– Angle

30
Reference arc

31
Line & offset

32
Stake out (point & angle)

33
Stake out (arc & chord)

34
 Tie distance
Polynomial method

35
 Tie distance
Radial method

36
Area

37
Volume

38
Remote height

to compute points (without prism)

directly above the base prism

39
 Geometry calculations
• Inverse and Traverse
• Intersection
• Offset
• Extension

40
 Inverse

to calculate:
_ distance
_ direction
_ height difference
_ grade
between 2 known points

41
Traverse
to calculate the position
of a new point using:
_ distance
_ bearing
from a known points

42
 Intersections
Bearing-Bearing Bearing-Distance
(2 lines) (a line & a circle)

43
 Intersections
By Points
Distance-Distance (4 points on 2 lines)
(2 circles)

44
 Offsets

Distance-offset Set point Plane offset

45
 Extension
to calculate the extended point
from a known base line

46
Road 2D

47
 Road 3D
Quadratic Parabola

48