Software Package

Version 2.59

User's Manual

Riga, 2010
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Table of Contents

Section Page

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2
2. Brief Description of Georadar ........................................................................................ 3
3. Convention of Terms ....................................................................................................... 5
4. Radiolocation Data Display Examples ........................................................................... 6
5. Routine Installation in Computer .................................................................................. 7
5.1. Configuring the computer for wire connection with Zond-12e Georadar
Control Unit ............................................................................................................. 7
5.2. Configuring the computer for wireless connection with Zond-12e Georadar
Control Unit ............................................................................................................. 8
6. First Running ................................................................................................................. 10
7. Functions of Menu Options .......................................................................................... 12
8. Adjustment of Georadar ............................................................................................... 17
9. Radiolocation Sounding Run ........................................................................................ 22
10. Radiolocation Sounding Data File Handling ............................................................ 24
11. Radiolocation Sounding Data File Processing .......................................................... 35
12. How to import Zond GPR data files from Prism to Voxler 3D software ............... 41
13. Our Recommendations ............................................................................................... 44
14. Radiolocation Sounding Data Format ....................................................................... 45
14.1 SEG-Y Sounding Data Format........................................................................... 45
15. Solving Problem of Layer-by-Layer Determination of Groung Thickness and
Permittivity by CDP Technique in Flat Layer Model .............................................. 48
Appendix A......................................................................................................................... 51
Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 53
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1. Introduction
Thank you for having purchased our radiolocation subsurface sounding equipment
and/or your interest therein. Our Company is using over 30 years of experience in this
field; the studies in this field were launched by Aviation Subsurface Radiolocation
Problem Laboratory (PLAPR) legally succeeded by Radar Systems, Inc.
A modern georadar is rather a sophisticated radio engineering device. With
introduction of microprocessor and computer technologies, it has become simpler in
operation as compared with early models. Skill to operate a georadar actually means
knowledge of how to use the routine whose description you are reading. Apply proper
diligence when learning to handle the routine, and you'll see no difficulty in mastering it.
In many cases, correct interpretation of sounding data results from certain experience
which you have already or which, hopefully, you'll acquire quite soon. The routine will be
your effective aid for the purpose.

Prism2 Software Package is designed to be used in field as a component of Zond-

12e Georadars and also in laboratory for radiolocation sounding data processing and
interpretation. Warning: to work with Zond-12e georadar computer must be equipped
with Ethernet card 10/100 BaseT. For wireless connection computer must be equipped
with WiFi card.

The tasks of Package include:

1. Control of all Georadar modes, and adjustment of its parameters for specific job
conditions.
2. Receiving digital data from Georadar in a radiolocation sounding run, and
recording them in data files on a computer hard disk.
3. Visualization of data being received (or received earlier) on a computer display
in user's specified mode.
4. Digital processing of received data for extracting useful signals and suppressing
noise, interference and non-informative signals.
5. Determination of various signal parameters, spectral computations, and the like.
6. Printout of results.

Package is supplied on CD with the computer installation routine (SETUP.EXE).

Package is compiled as a user's integrated medium, i.e. user starts PRISM.EXE
routine only and deals only with this routine. All and any other auxiliary routines are run
automatically as a function of user's actions.
The routine serves as a multi-window interface which is convenient for comparison
of various profiles, e.g. before and after processing, single section covered using different
antennas, etc.
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2. Brief Description of Georadar

Georadar is rather a sophisticated engineering device. Below, its simplified structural
schematic is presented, which allows to get a general idea of its principle of operation but
does not reflect its complexity.

Computer with
“Prism2” software

Synchronizer Stroboscopic
converter

Transmitter Receiver

Antenna Surface Antenna

Target

Fig. 2.1. Simplified structural schematic of Georadar.

The transmitter sends extremely short electric pulses energizing the antenna. The
transmitting antenna radiates ultra-wideband one-and-half-period electromagnetic waves;
their approximate shape is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2. Shape of electromagnetic wave radiated.

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These electromagnetic waves are propagating in the environment being sounded, and
get reflected from various non-uniformities (metals, cavities, various subjects, boundaries
of layers with different parameters, etc.). Reflected waves are received by the receiver
using a receiving antenna, and it is these waves which carry information on the medium
being sounded. However, to supplement this reflected wave, there is always a direct wave
going along the shortest distance from the transmitting antenna directly to the receiving
one. Therefore, the receiver's output signal is a transmitter's pulse (as shown in Fig. 2.2)
followed by reflected pulses. This transmitter's pulse shall be used as a starting point to
estimate a delay of reflected signals for the purpose of determining the target's depth of
occurrence in the medium.

Fig. 2.3. Example of receiver's output signal.

Transmitter's pulse is clearly visible to the left.

The process illustrated in Fig. 2.3 is very brief; it takes tens to hundreds of
nanoseconds, and its processing is very difficult in technical terms. To "expand" this
process in time, a stroboscopic converter is used. Operation control of all Georadar
assemblies is performed by a synchronizer which, in its turn, is subject to control by a
computer with “Prism2” routine whose description you are holding in your hands right
now. It is this computer where digitized radiolocation sounding data are delivered to.
When analyzing the information obtained, it should be borne in mind that the
propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in a medium sounded (other than air) is not
equal to the velocity of light: it is retardation coefficient times less than the said velocity.
The retardation coefficient is equal to the root square of the medium's permittivity. But this
factor is automatically accounted for in the routine, and soon you'll see it by yourself.
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3. Convention of Terms

Below, conventions are listed for some terms used in the present text, since they
have different interpretations in various literature sources or are missing completely.
1. Sample: Unit value comprising reflected signal amplitude at a definite time.
2. Trace: Totality of samples comprising one-dimensional information about reflected
signals. Examples of traces are shown in Figs. 2.3 and 4.1.
3. Profile: Totality of samples comprising two-dimensional information about reflected
signals generated while passing a survey line . A profile may contain any quantity of
traces. Examples of profiles in various types of display are shown in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3.
The final result of sounding shall be a profile per se (or a certain number of profiles)
as a file (or files). Subsequent steps will be data processing (if required), printout (if
required) and interpretation.
4. Zero point: Trace sample corresponding to the transmitter’s emission maximum
instant. It is this very sample whereto the scale numbering zero falls along traces, i.e.
the delay time of a reflected signal should be counted from this sample. As mentioned
above, the transmitter’s pulse is approximately a one-and-half-period (i.e. three-lobe)
signal. Therefore, the zero point should be set to the second lobe of the transmitter’s
pulse. The zero pint setting procedure is described in Section 10 of the present User’s
Manual. It is a very important parameter which should be taken into consideration
when measuring signal time delays for determination of the target’s depth of
occurrence in the medium sounded. Examples of the zero point locations are shown in
Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3.
5. Wiggle plot: Way of profile display where traces are running vertically with some
spacing between them. Drawing of each trace is made by a curve deviating to the right
or to the left from the trace centerline, depending on the sample value in each point of
the trace. Here, positive half-waves are painted in the color corresponding to the
maximum positive level of the color scale selected. Examples of wave profile are
shown in Fig. 4.2.
6. Line scan: Way of profile display where traces are running vertically close to each
other and are drawn by vertical lines. Color in each point of a line shall depend on the
amplitude of a respective trace sample conforming to the color scale selected.
Examples of density profile are shown in Fig. 4.3.
7. Mark: Distinctive feature of any profile trace, designating certain uniqueness of a
given trace and therefore of a given point of the survey line. Marks are used to have a
profile tied in to the terrain. In the course of sounding, you may press a button to enter
marks when passing certain landmarks on terrain or pre-located stations. Further on,
when the profile is visualized on a display, these marks will be output together with
the profile. Examples of mark displays are shown in Fig. 4.3.
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4. Radiolocation Data Display Examples

Fig.4.1. Example of trace display.

Fig.4.2. Example of wiggle plot profile display (black-and-white and color scales).

Fig.4.3. Example of density profile display (black-and-white and color scales).

Note: As shown by our experience, the most informative type of sounding data
display as a rule is the density profile in the black-and-white scale (see Fig. 4.3, left side).
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5. Routine Installation in Computer

To install “Prism2” Package on a computer hard disk, perform sequentially the

following operations:

⇒ Insert the CD in the computer CD-ROM.

⇒ Press button Start on the main panel and then Run.
⇒ Type d:\setup in line Open of window Run where d is the letter of your disk
drive, and then press button OK.
⇒ Follow instructions of the installation routine. Activating code is attached to the
CD. You can get activating code via E-mail, phone or fax also.

5.1. Configuring the computer for wire connection with Zond-12e

Georadar Control Unit
You have to configure your computer, before its using with Zond-12e georadar.

For Windows XP:

1. Click the Start button, point to Settings and then click Control Panel.
2. Double click the Network connections icon.
3. Double click your connection and then click the Properties button
4. Select Internet protocol [TCP/IP] and click the Properties button.
5. Click the Use the following IP address option.
6. Click the IP Address box and enter 192.168.0.1.
7. Click the Subnet mask box and enter 255.255.255.0.
8. Click the OK button.
9. Click the OK button.

For Windows Vista:

1. Click the Start button, point to Settings and then click Control Panel.
2. Double click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
3. Click View Status of your connection and then click the Properties button
4. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click the Properties
button.
5. Click the Use the following IP address option.
6. Click the IP Address edit box and enter 192.168.0.1.
7. Click the Subnet mask box and enter 255.255.255.0.
8. Click the OK button.
9. Click the Close button.
10. Click the Close button.

For Windows 7:
1. Click the Start button and click Control Panel.
2. Click the Network and Sharing Center icon or chose the subitem View
network status and tasks, of Network and Internet item.
3. Click the link Change adapter settings in the left part of Network and
Sharing Center.
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4. Select your connection icon and click right mouse button on it. Select the item
Properties of the pop-up menu.
5. Выберите Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4 и затем нажмите кнопку
Свойства (англ. Properties).
6. Выберите Использовать следующий IP адрес (англ. Use the following IP
Address).
7. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click the Properties
button.
8. Click the Use the following IP address option.
9. Click the IP Address edit box and enter 192.168.0.1.
10. Click the Subnet mask box and enter 255.255.255.0.
11. Click the OK button.
12. Close the Network and Sharing Center window.

If because of any reason you don’t like new IP address of your computer you may
reset your old IP address following procedures described above. But before you reset your
old computer IP address you have to change Control Unit IP address. As default it is
192.168.0.10. For information about the default Control Unit IP address changing, refer to
Changing the Control Unit IP address in Appendix A (p.43).

5.2. Configuring the computer for wireless connection with Zond-12e

Georadar Control Unit
For Windows XP:
1. Click the Start button, point to Settings and then click Control Panel.
2. Double click the Network connections icon.
3. Double click your wireless WiFi connection and then click the Properties
button
4. Select Internet protocol [TCP/IP] and click the Properties button.
5. Click the Use the following IP address option.
6. Click the IP Address box and enter 192.168.0.2.
7. Click the Subnet mask box and enter 255.255.255.0.
8. Click the OK button.
9. Click the OK button.
10. Click the right button of mouse on your wireless WiFi connection and then
click Connect button.
11. Select Zond-12e network and click the Connect button.
12. Click the OK button.

For Windows Vista / Windows 7:

1. Click the Start button and click Control Panel.
2. Chose the subitem View network status and tasks, of Network and Internet
item.
3. Click the link Change adapter settings in the left part of Network and
Sharing Center.
4. Select your wireless WiFi connection icon and click right mouse button on it.
Select the item Properties of the pop-up menu.
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5. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4 and then click the Properties
button.
6. Click the Use the following IP Address option.
7. Click the IP Address edit box and enter 192.168.0.1.
8. Click the Subnet mask box and enter 255.255.255.0.
9. Click the OK button.
10. Click the OK button.
11. Click the right button of mouse on your wireless WiFi connection and then
click the Connect button.
12. Select Zond-12e network and click the Connect button
13. Close the Network and Sharing Center window.
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6. First Running
You will see a menu comprising four options at the first running of software:

Fig. 6.1 “Prism2” Menu at the initial stage.

The default setting of the routine working language at installation shall be English
(there are English, German, Russian, Greek and Korean languages). If you wish to switch
over, for example to Russian, select View/Languages option and press button Add
language. Select file Russian.lng by a double click of the left-hand button of the mouse.
Now, you may set Russian as the default language by pressing button Set as default or by
a double click of the left-hand button of the mouse on line Russian.
Enter to item Radar/Performance of menu and set Single channel or Double
channel.
Enter to item Radar/Positioning of menu and select one of four possible options of
determination of the current coordinate of the point of probing: Manual, Wheel, GPS or
Wheel + GPS. In case of manual method you are to measure the length of passed path and
enter the measured value manually when you save data on hard disk or using option
Output parameters of menu (see Section 10 below). In case of use of the survey wheel
you are to enter its parameters: the diameter and the number of pulses per revolution
indicated on it or to calibrate the wheel by movement on precisely measured distance. To
calibrate the wheel enter Radar/Positioning/wheel menu item and click on the small
window Wheel calibration. In appeared dialog box press Start button and move antenna
with wheel on precisely measured distance. Press Stop button and enter distance. During
positioning by wheel there is calculated current length of path passed and this value is
recorded in the heading of each trace. In case of immovable antenna data are not accepted.
Here in dialog box you may chose automatic X-interpolation to display traces during
data acquisition equidistantly with preset spacing. You can enter trace spacing every time
before data acquisition or keep entered in dialog box value the same for all acquired data.
When using Zond-12e Advanced, the wheel operates as a two-way device. When the
antenna moves forward the profile on the screen is displayed from left to right, but if after
a stop the antenna moves backward, the profile also is built backward, i.e., from right to
left and has a white vertical mark in front. If the antenna moves backward along the same
path, then on the screen it looks like a movement of the white vertical mark back over the
profile. This function of the wheel is very useful at determining precise location of
underground utilities when upon moving backwards the white vertical mark precisely
coincides with the top of the hyperbola.
Should you like to use the satellite positioning system GPS, you are to choose the
receiver providing digital output of coordinates in format NMEA 0183 (Version 1.5 or
 11

higher). Connection to computer is possible via COM port (including Bluetooth) or USB if
it is defined in computer as COM port after installation. In case of use of GPS there will be
recorded in the heading of each trace current latitude and longitude which are further used
to calculate the length of path passed and of current coordinate of the trace on the profile.
In combined Wheel + GPS positioning there will be recorded in the heading of each trace
current latitude and longitude but length of path passed is calculated by wheel.
If you need to recalibrate the wheel press Recalibrate button and repeat described
above actions.
In Radar/Where to save option, you may specify a directory wherein your sounding
data files will be recorded automatically.
In principle, the routine is now ready for the work with Georadar and sounding data
files; for you to be ready as well, get familiar with functions of Menu options described in
the Section below.
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7. Functions of Menu Options

The full menu is displayed on the screen upon opening of the data file. Here,
functions are listed for each option of the horizontal menu, followed by descriptions of
respective options of vertical menus.

Fig. 7.1 Full Menu of “Prism2”.

7.1. File – various file handling operations and printout.

Open – using this option, you may select a proper file and have it displayed on the
screen, by typing in line File name its file name, or choose a proper file in the list
and load it by pressing button Open. In needs of opening more than one file at once
please select them beforehand by right button of mouse. At the same time, this option
offers some other standard features, such as deletion, renaming, copying and creation
of folders and files.

Fig.7.2. File Open dialog box.

Reopen - in this item are stored the data of the last ten opened files for their fast
being opened files and their fast searching and repeated opening.

Save As – using this option, you may save sounding data as a file on the hard disk.

Add – joining of files.
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Export - using this option, you may save the image of displayed data in Bitmap or
JPEG format as well as record positions of markers as text file.

Import – Call of gain function or zero point position from another file.

Profiles 3D aligning – equalizing of parallel profiles acquired for 3D imaging by
Easy Prism 3D or Voxler 3D software.

Print. Profile printout in one of the views supported by the routine. The following
items may be modified in the Print dialog box (Fig. 7.3):
◊ Type of Print - Scaled or Not scaled. In case of scaled print, the vertical and
horizontal scales shall be specified.
◊ Orientation (Landscape or Portrait). When changing orientation of a page, the
outline of the page and the layout of drawing therein are changed, respectively.
◊ Layout. Here, click the left-hand button of the mouse (the pointer will be replaced
by the crosshair) and hold it, while changing the layout of drawing within a page.
◊ Size. Here, while being in the drawing size modification area, click the left-hand
button of the mouse (the pointer will be replaced by the double arrow) and hold it,
while changing the size of drawing with or without retention of the Lock aspect
ratio depending on the state of a respective switch.
◊ Printer setup. Standard dialog box for printer settings.

Fig. 7.3 Profile Print dialog box.

Print Setup – used for routine setting to the printer type being used.

Exit – completion of the routine run. Most users may also use the standard
application method for completion of the routine run by clicking the left-hand button
of the mouse on button in the upper right-hand corner of the box or by
simultaneous pressing buttons Alt+F4. For final exit out of the routine when there
are any unsaved files, you have to answer relevant questions.
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7.2. View – routine options determining the appearance features of the routine’s main
window.

Large buttons - increasing of size of toolbar buttons.

Show toolbar – display Toolbar or not in the upper part of the routine’s main
window.

Show processing toolbar - to display or not display processing buttons in toolbar
located in upper section of the main screen of the program.

Windows tabs - display Windows tabs or not in the lower part of the routine’s main
window.

Show status bar – display Status bar or not in the lower part of the routine’s main
window.

Languages – choice of the routine’s working language. When supplied, the routine
is provided with two languages, i.e. English and Russian. When other languages are
required to support the routine, don’t hesitate to contact us at communication
addresses listed in the last page of the present User’s Manual.

7.3. Tools – tools and options used for profile handling and tuning purposes. See Section
10 for more details.

Color palette – creating, saving and selecting color palette for displaying data as a
profile.

Gain function – Opening of gain function window (see. p.21). You may choose
option with displaying of trace in gain window or not.

Frequency filter – activation of lower column to the right of displayed profile for
fast run of digital filtering of signals in frequency domain. If during data acquisition
Customized High Pass Filter was used then lower column becomes active right after
profile is displayed.

Mouse actions – profile handling tools:
◊ Point info – output of values for the following parameters: Trace, Position,
Sample, Time delay, Depth, Amplitude - of the specified point in a profile as well
as latitude and longitude applying positioning by GPS. If there is a mark it’s
number is displayed in bottom line on dialog box.
◊ Hyperbola – measuring local object distance and environmental permittivity by the
hyperbola technique, with output of values for the following parameters
measured: Position, Depth, Time delay, Permittivity, Velocity.
◊ Zoom in – magnification of the selected area.
◊ Zoom out – operation reverse to Zoom in.
◊ Fit profile - placement of the whole profile in one window.
◊ Average spectrum – calculation of average spectrum of signals in a selected area
before its amplification or after they have been gained.
◊ Trace inspection – outputting separate profile traces (see Fig.4.1.).
◊ Sample inspection – outputting of samples of the same number along profile.
◊ Cut traces - deleting of undesirable traces from the data file. In combination with
Shift key – deleting of undesirable time interval from traces in file (usually in the
beginning or in the end of traces).
◊ Hodograph – solving a problem of layer-by-layer determination of ground
thickness and permittivity using the common depth point within a flat layer
model.
◊ Annotations – creating, deleting and editing profile annotations.
◊ Pulse delay adjustment – adjustment of sounding pulse position on time axis.
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Lines color – selecting color for marks and synthesized hyperbola line.

Marks – file setting, deletion and ranking of marks.

Output parameters – outputting profile display parameters, such as Output range,
Length of profile, Output view, Normalizing factor, and file heading stored (Text
information). Here you are able to switch on or switch off displaying of markers and
annotations on the profile or to leave only annotations as the final result of
interpretation of results of probing.

GPS Tracker - displaying of passed in process of survey path applying GPS
positioning.

Convert to UTM coordinates – conversion of latitude / longitude coordinated into
UTM coordinates.

7.4. Radar - control of all Georadar operation modes and sounding data receiving in the
course of sounding.

Connection settings – setting of Control Unit IP address. As default it is
192.168.0.10. Changing of the Control Unit IP address is described in Appendix A
on p.43.

Performance – setting of radar performance: single- or double channel.

Positioning – choosing of method of current coordinates measurement and the total
length of profile (see Section 6 “What to do after installation”).

Sounds – on/off for sound signals during radar operation.

Where to save – choosing a directory where sounding data files will be
automatically recorded.

Save profile on HDD – on/off for data saving on HDD during sounding. If this
option is ON computer requires to enter file name before data acquisition.

Environment options – choosing of data acquisition menu appearance:
o Color setting - Black & White or Colored buttons in data acquisition menu.
o OFF computer on exit - if this option is ON, anytime when leaving data
acquisition menu you can simultaneously switch off the computer.
o Introduction on start - presence or absence on the screen of colored introduction
upon entry to data acquisition menu.
o Introduction on setup - presence or absence of additional dialog window after
enter to option Setup of data acquisition menu.
o Password on setup - enter of the password for access to option Setup of data
acquisition menu.

Auto launch – on/off for automatic run of Data Receive dialog box during the
routine run.

Start – selecting this menu option results in the culmination point for which
Georadar has been created. At any time, you may enter the Start Menu by
simultaneously pressing buttons Ctrl+A. See Section 9 for more details.

7.5. Processing – digital processing of files collected earlier in the course of radiolocation
sounding. The processing objective is extraction of useful signals and suppression of
noise, interference and non-informative signals. See Section 11 for more details on the
options of this menu and on file handling procedure.

7.6. Window – layout of profile windows on the display.

Tile vertical – vertical positioning of windows.

Tile horizontal – horizontal positioning of windows.

Tile smart – positioning of windows subject to profile size.
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Cascade – cascaded positioning of windows.

7.7. Help – help on the routine.

About – information about the routine (version, developer, routine design
programmers).
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8. Adjustment of Georadar
Before attempting to start sounding, be sure to adjust correctly the Georadar operation
modes. Upon some practice, this procedure will take no more than a minute.
8.1. Connect an appropriate antenna (antennas), battery and the “Prism2” housing
computer to Georadar (see Georadar User’s Manual). Warning! Do not connect or
disconnect cables while Georadar is switched ON! Set the antenna (antennas) in its
working position
8.2. Switch Georadar and computer ON. If you use wireless connection please make sure
your computer has installed wireless connection with Zond-12e wireless network and
then only launch Prism2.59 software. Enter option Radar/Start or use Ctrl+A buttons
combination. From this instant and up to return to the Main Menu, all control shall be
made from the keyboard only. This is provided specifically for convenient use of the
computer in the field condition. In the Data Acquisition dialog box, use keys ← and →
to select Setup and press Enter or Space.
Note: When Georadar is being switched ON, all of its parameters are in random
positions. When the Georadar Adjustment dialog box is entered, the routine sets all
Georadar parameters in some definite stored position. Therefore, to avoid confusion,
first switch Georadar ON, and then after 3 seconds enter the Georadar Adjustment
dialog box, and not vice versa. Otherwise, the routine will be hanging up.
8.3. Once Start/Setup is activated, the screen shows ZOND SYSTEM 12e SETUP
Georadar Adjustment dialog box. An example of single channel georadar setup
window is shown on fig. 8.1a, but double channel – on fig. 8.1b.

Fig. 8.1a. Single channel georadar adjustment dialog box.

The left-hand window contains the Georadar Control Menu, and the small right-hand
window accommodates permanently alternating traces being received. Below, under
the signal window, auxiliary information and some recommendations are displayed.
Please remember that, during adjustment, the antenna should be set to its working
position, e.g. at the initial point of a suggested survey line. It is from this moment that
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Georadar adjustment is started. The cursor is controlled using keys ↑ or ↓. Menu

options are selected using keys Enter, Space or →.

Fig. 8.1b. Double channel georadar adjustment dialog box.

• Medium – setting the medium intended to be sounded. Choose the most

proximate medium out of the list provided. Permittivity used for depth
calculations is shown to the right of the name of a respective medium.
• Samples – number of samples in a trace. Using Zond-12e Advanced it is
possible to set 1024, 512, 256 or 128 samples. In all other Zond-12 models this
parameter equal 512 and may not be changed. If you reduce samples rate traces
rate is increasing proportionally. But user has to be very attentive to the
information under signal window to avoid situation when number of samples is
not enough for correct signal digitizing.
• Stacking – setting a number of traces which will be added together in the course
of sounding. Stacking contributes to suppression of noise and interference and to
increase of the depth rating. However, it should be remembered that stacking
decreases the trace arrival velocity times the number of stacking, and it may
necessitate the antenna moving velocity to be decreased with the objective of
information loss avoidance. If the parameter is set to 1, no staking is performed.
• Scan rate – traces per second. The value is adjusting automatically when
samples and stacking are set, In Zond-12e Advanced the maximum value is 320
at 128 samples and stacking =1. In all other Zond-12e models the maximum
value is 80 for Dual Channel version and 56 for Single Channel.
• Sounding mode – here, two options are available, namely Continuous or
Stepped. The first mode is the most frequently used one suggesting that, once
you start sounding, Georadar will perform continuous sounding until you
terminate the process by pressing key Esc or button Stop. Stepped profiling is
used in certain cases where it is impossible to draw the antenna continuously
along the route or it is necessary to achieve the deepest sounding possible. But
this will require more time for a sounding run. In this case, generation of each
individual trace is made only when key Enter (or key Space for station
marking) is pressed. This mode is recommended to make use of stacking. The
 19

profiling method is as follows. You reposition the antenna in a step-by-step way

(not continuously!) with the same spacing along the survey line, and perform
sounding in each point by pressing the key. Once completed, press Esc or button
Stop.
• Mode - it may have two options: Sounding or Test. The first option, as follows
from its name, is the sounding data receiving mode. The second option is used
for test the control unit for operability with no antennas connected. When Test is
set, a continuous sinusoidal signal is supplied to the control unit’s input.
• Tx/Rx cables – only in Single channel georadar - one Combined or two
Separated cables connect Control Unit with antenna. For 38-75-150 MHz
antenna this parameter is always automatically specified as Separated and can
not be changed. For other antennas this parameter is specified at default as
Combined and may be adjusted for operation in the configuration shown on Fig.
16 of the Georadar User’s Manual.
• Channels mode – only in Double channel georadar - selection of the version of
operation of georadar from four (usual Zond-12e Dual Channel) or six (Zond-
12e Advanced ) possible ones:
1. Channel 1 – single channel mode for operation with one antenna connected to
channel 1.
2. Channel 2 – single channel mode for operation with one antenna connected to
channel 2.
3. Double channel – double channel mode of operation with alternate receiving of
signals from two antennas connected to channels 1 and 2.
4. Tx-1, Rx-2 - single channel mode for operation when the signal is radiated by
the antenna connected to channel 1 and received by the antenna connected to
channel 2. This mode is applied when making measurements applying the
method CDP and also in case of using of the dipole antenna 38-75-150 MHz.
5. Tx-2, Rx-1 – (In Zond-12e Advanced only) single channel mode for operation
when the signal is radiated by the antenna connected to channel 2 and received
by the antenna connected to channel 1.
6. Circle mode – (In Zond-12e Advanced only) alternate signal receiving in
modes: Channel 1; Channel 2; Tx-1, Rx-2; Tx-2, Rx-1.
• Channel 1 / Channel 2 – only in Double channel georadar – choice of channel
for parameters adjustment.
• Antenna – this option is used to specify the antenna connected to this channel
for sounding purposes from the list provided.
• Range – one of the most important parameters, to be chosen rather carefully.
You can select the range from a set of proposed values or set up by yourself at
the item Customized. When specifying the range there is required to watch
information appeared under the signal window. Should you specify too wide
range the legend Warning! Too small sample rate! will appear. At the right
side of the value of the range there is indicated in nanoseconds its dimension in
meters for the selected medium. It determines the interval of investigated depths.
The latter determines the interval of investigated depths in selected media at
absence of attenuation in it. However, maximum penetration depth is defined by
the level of attenuation of the sounding signal and is different in different soils.
Therefore, when selecting this parameter there is not recommended to specify it
to be higher if required for resolving of your task.
 20

• Gain - digital gain of received signals at their visual displaying in form of the
radar profile. Since signal in course of its penetration to soil is significantly
attenuated, the gain of amplification of signal is to be increased depending of
increasing of depth. Therefore at the end of the trace the gain is to be greater that
at its beginning. You are able to set any gain function being the broken line
connecting up to 10 points and in each of them gain can be adjusted in limits 0-
84 dB. There is important to remember, that the signal is digitized and saved
on the disk without gain. Gain is applied only in the computer at displaying of
data in the form of radar profile. At entering into option Gain under the signal
window there is appeared the window Digital gain function setup with number
of movable points set by pressing key 2 – 9. To set 10 points press key 0.
Selection of points is performed using pointer keys ← and →, whereas setup of
gain using ↑ and ↓. In the most of cases we recommend to set up values 0 dB in
the beginning and 48 dB at the end. If such settings are not optimal ones, you
can set other ones at displaying of data in the main menu of the program (see
Section 10). The signal is saved on the disk in its natural form without gain.
• High-pass filter – choosing the cut-off frequency for the hardware high-pass
filter in the receiving path to suppress low-frequency interference produced by
antennas moving across uneven surfaces. When making a setup, take guidance
from recommendations appearing in the information window. If the surface of a
medium sounded is even (e.g. asphalt, concrete, etc.) or if the antenna moves in
the air, the filter may be switched OFF, thus avoiding minor signal distortions
caused by the filter. In Customized option hardware high-pass filter in the
receiving path is OFF and signal is filtered by digital filter in computer in real
time. For digital filter adjustment signal’s spectrum and frequency response of
filter are displayed in window under signal. Filter is adjusted by movement of
cut off frequencies along frequency axis using keys < and >. Cut off frequency
of filter is selected by keys ← and →. Warning: signal itself is recorded on disk
as not filtered. Filtering (the same like Gain) is just software function and used
for data display. We recommend to use Customized High Pass Filter only if
you are familiar with spectrum analysis and digital signal processing. For
all other we recommend to use Weak, Strong and Super Strong filters
following instructions under signal window.
• Pulse delay – this option is intended to be used for locating a sounding signal
within the sounding time range. Initial delay values are input in the routine
during installation and do not correspond to optimum settings. Appropriate setup
shall be made at the first activation of Georadar with a given antenna and for a
given Range value. Relevant adjustment may be performed in the automatic or
manual mode. When key ‘а’ or ‘A’ is pressed (automatic mode), a sounding
signal shall be automatically positioned to the beginning of the sounding time
range. When in the manual mode, set the sounding signal to the desirable
position in the sounding time range using ← и → (fine tuning) and keys Page
up и Page down (rough adjustment). The optimum will the sounding pulse
position in the sounding time range, where the first lobe is spaced from the time
axis origin approximately to 1/20 of its length (see Fig. 8.1). Following the first
adjustment, the Pulse delay values shall be saved for each Antenna – Range
combination, you won't need to repeat this adjustment on subsequent activations
of Georadar.
 21

• Positioning - choosing of method of current coordinates measurement and the

total length of profile. Duplicates Radar / Positioning menu item. Operator may
change positioning method without leaving of data acquisition menu.
• Close – termination of Georadar adjustment, recording all settings for further
use, closing Georadar adjustment dialog box, and transition to the Data Receive
dialog box.
Note: All Georadar adjustment parameters shall be saved and stored by the
routine in special-purpose file z12c_td.dat. Here, all parameters for all antenna
types shall be stored. If you've made any modifications in the parameters, the
parameters will be saved once adjustment is completed. These very parameters will
be set in subsequent runs of the routine.
Below, you'll see examples of successful and unsuccessful adjustments, with relevant
comments.

Fig. 8.3 Example of good adjustment.

Fig. 8.6. Low-frequency interference present. Fig. 8.7. Incorrect transmitter pulse delay.
High pass filter should be activated. Pulse delay should be adjusted.
 22

9. Radiolocation Sounding Run

Once you have set all of the required parameters for option Radar and made
Georadar adjustment, you may proceed to sounding.
Using option Radar/Where to save, you may choose a directory for recording files
produced in the course of sounding. Profiles relating to any separate Georadar job are
advised to be placed in a separate directory so as to avoid confusion afterwards.
Now, set the antenna (antennas) in the working position at the initial point of a
suggested survey line, and leave the Georadar Adjustment dialog box.
Having left the Georadar Adjustment dialog box, you'll get automatically in the Data
Acquisition dialog box, the lower part thereof accommodating the data receiving process
control buttons. Right now, only the four highlighted required control buttons are
accessible, i.e. Setup, Start, Exit, and Palette. Using the key Palette you can select color
version of received data displaying. Make sure you have chosen correct positioning mode
in informative window in upper part of the screen. Button Start is automatically activated
immediately upon entering the Data Acquisition dialog box. Press Enter or Space. If
option Save profile on HDD is selected, computer requires to enter the file name before
data acquisition.
Computer will generate an audio signal “Let’s go” (if option “Sounds” is selected)
after one second time delay, and sounding will start, with real-time displaying of
radiolocation profile on the screen. Traces signals are displaying simultaneously in the
right part of the screen. It should be noted that data receiving is started with the end of the
“Let’s go” phrase. This is done intentionally to account of the time lost by operator to get
prepared for beginning of the motion.
In upper part of screen appears some additional information about number of
acquired traces, positioning mode, distance (in case of positioning by wheel) and (only in
Zond-12e Advanced) voltage of internal powering battery. If battery is too low warning
message appears on the screen.
It is worth to remember, that in case of selection of positioning using the wheel data
acquisition is performed only during rotation of the wheel. In case of stop of the wheel
data acquisition is also stopped and is resumed after beginning wheel rotation for
continuation of movement.
Once data are started to be received, buttons Stop, Mark and Pause become
accessible in the control button set, with button Mark activated automatically. Thus, if you
need special numbered marks to be inserted in a data file in the sounding process when
passing through reference points in the profile, it is sufficient to press button Enter or
Space when passing through the antenna center of reference points. Each keystroke makes
the computer generate an audio signal (“Mark”), and the screen displays a vertical white
line with a mark number. The first file trace is always assigned mark 0, while the last one
is given the mark with maximum number.
To stop receiving data, press Esc or, having activated button Stop, press Enter or
Space. Computer will generate an audio signal (“Stopped”), with buttons Setup, Start,
Exit, Save and Palette becoming accessible in the control button set and with button Save
activated automatically.
Now, you may store the results as a file by pressing Enter or Space with Save
activated. Computer will suggest you to enter profile length (manual positioning), Y-
coordinate of profile (3D surveys), movement direction (towards or backwards) and a file
name which you may leave as is or modify at your wish, and an alternative to have this file
stored or not. If this file name happens to be the same as an existing one, computer will
 23

suggest versions Overwrite, Add or Cancel. In case of backward movement data file is
reversed automatically.
It is also possible to save the data obtained, by leaving the Data Acquisition dialog
box, selecting option Exit and pressing Enter or Space. In this case, the profile obtained
shall be automatically displayed in the screen in a separate window named Profile 1. Now,
you may save it onto the disk by selecting option File/Save as of the Main Menu.
If in the process of movement it becomes necessary to suspend sounding (to make a
pause), select option Pause and press Enter or Space. The routine will stop the process
and generate a respective audio signal (“Paused”). To continue sounding, select option
Continue or Mark and press Enter or Space (in the latter case, a mark will be inserted in
the file).
 24

10. Radiolocation Sounding Data File Handling

When one ore more profiles have been produced in the course of sounding, various
operations may be made thereon, as described below.
Load a sounding data file, and have it displayed on the screen by using option
File/Open. By default, the routine will display data as a line scan profile (Fig. 10.1) in a
separate window with standard Windows attributes in the right-hand upper corner. The file
name will be shown in the left-hand upper corner. The window may be drawn across the
screen, and its size modified, using standard Windows means and ways. The number of
profiles to be displayed in the screen shall be unlimited. By default, they will be arranged
in a cascaded pattern; you may also choose their layout patterns at your discretion in option
Window of the Main menu (see Subsection 7.6).

Fig. 10.1. Profile Output working window.

A radiolocation profile is provided with vertical and horizontal scales, with the
vertical scale made movable for zero point setting (see Subsection 3.4). To set a zero point,
draw the cursor to the white field to the left of the profile (the cursor will take the form of a
double arrow), and press the left-hand button of the mouse. While holding it depressed,
move the scale so that the zero point coincides with the mid-point in the second line of the
sounding signal, as shown in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3. To the right of the profile, there are two
vertical columns used for prompt tuning of the best display for the result obtained. The
upper column is intended for selection of the color palette for the radiolocation profile
display, and duplicates menu option Tools/Color palette and button of the Main
menu. Color palette adjustment is described in more details below; however, professionals
 25

normally use black-and-white imaging which may be also recommended to be used by

you, especially at an initial stage.
The middle column is used for setting of the gain function of signal at its displaying
on the screen. At the first opening of the file there is set the gain function used at its
recording. Now you are able to set any other gain function being the broken line
connecting up to 10 points and in each of them gain can be adjusted in limits 0-84 dB. To
do this stop the pointer on the column and click the left key of the mouse. At the right side
of the profile there will appear the window with the inscription Gain function and three
control knobs in the upper part.
Already at first output of the profile to the screen the gain function has the same
shape as specified at receiving of data. Position the mouse pointer on the point. The pointer
will take for of crossing under which the value of gain in dB in the given point will be
indicated. Click the left key of the mouse and not releasing it move the pointer to left or
right (at that gain will be correspondingly change). The result of your actions will be
immediately displayed on the profile.
If the more complicated gain function is required, you can specify additional break
points (up to 8). For this purpose make active key and click by the mouse on the
desired point of the window of the gain function. At this place the new point through
which passes the gain function will appear. Now you can move created point to desired
place keeping pressed the left button of mouse. For removal of unwanted points of the
function the key should be active. In this case the mouse pointer is of shape of crossing
is to be positioned on unwanted point and you have to click by the mouse. Two end points
of the gain function con not be removed in never case. To recall desired gain function
from another data file click button and choose data file by double click.
The lower column is used for fast run of digital filtering in frequency domain.
Dimensions of the vertical and horizontal scales may be modified by positioning the
cursor on the white field of a respective scale and pressing the right-hand button of the
mouse. If manual mode of positioning has been chosen while data recording, for correct
setting of the horizontal scale, you need to measure the profile length and specify it in
drop-down menu option Set profile new length or in Main menu option Tools/ Output
parameters, which is duplicated by button of the Main menu. Vertical scale
calculations in measures are performed using permittivity setting made in the Georadar
Adjustment dialog box in the course of sounding. In case where more accurate permittivity
data are obtained for the soil investigated, you may modify the permittivity value in Main
menu option Output parameters.
Important. Since separate transmitting and receiving antennas are used in georadar,
simple recalculation of the time scale into the depth scale causes error. This error is
connected with the fact that in case of separated transmitting and receiving antennas there
is measured inclined but not vertical distance and there is not taken into consideration time
of transmission of direct signal from transmitting antenna to receiving one (see Fig. 1).
Neglect of these parameters can cause substantial errors, especially when measuring small
depths comparable with separation of antennas. To exclude this error there is applied
Processing/Moveout correction program rebuilding profile to the pattern as it would be if
signal radiated and received in one point located in the middle between antennas. The zero
point is to be set up correctly before performing of this procedure. To perform the
procedure there is required to input separation between antennas which differs for different
antennas. For all antennas of "Zond-12e" georadar data of this separation is already stored
 26

in the program and is proposed to you at default. Should it be required, you can modify this
parameter.
We recommend to apply this procedure before any measurement of subsurface
interfaces or local subjects depth and signal processing by migration.
To have data displayed as a Wiggle plot (Fig. 4.2), set this mode in Main menu
option Output parameters. Here you can choose also combined Line scan + Wiggle
plot type of radar data displaying when Wiggle plot profile is drawn on Line scan image.
Below, routine features are described as used to handle sounding data files related to
menu option Tools whose items are often duplicated as Toolbar buttons (Fig. 7.1.)
 Point info – output values of parameters Trace, Position, Sample, Time delay),
Depth, Amplitude of the specified point in the profile as well as latitude and longitude
applying positioning by GPS. If there is a mark it’s number is displayed in bottom line
on dialog box. When the button is held depressed, the cursor will take the form of an
arrow with a bold point at its base. The output information will be similar to that
illustrated in Fig. 10.2. A part of information (the number of the trace, samples, depth,
latitude, longitude) is constantly displayed in the lower section of the screen.

Fig. 10.2. Point Info output dialog box.

 Hyperbola – Determining the depth of occurrence of a local target and the

medium permittivity. When a profile intersects diffractive targets, such as pipes, cables,
stones, archeological objects, areas of drastic variations of soil properties, their signals
in a radiolocation profiles have a shape of hyperbolas. Examples of such signals are
shown in Figs. 4.2, 4.3, 10.3. When button Hyperbola is pressed, the screen shows a
hyperbolic line from a theoretical local target in a theoretically homogeneous medium,
and a window with parameters of this target and medium. The cursor takes the form of
an arrow with hyperbola at its base. Your task is to match the theoretical hyperbola with
the signal hyperbola of interest in a profile. First, align the vertices of the hyperbolas;
for this purpose, bring the cursor to the signal hyperbola vertex, and press the left-hand
button of the mouse. The slope of hyperbola branches may be varied using the right-
hand button of the mouse: position the cursor on the signal hyperbola branch, and press
the right-hand button of the mouse. To ensure more accurate matching of hyperbolas,
you are advised to use Zoom in of the Main menu (see below) and to make several
iterations. An example of matching hyperbolas is provided in Fig. 10.3. The information
window outputs data on the target location, depth of occurrence, time delay, medium
permittivity, and sounding signal velocity in this medium.
 27

Color of the theoretical hyperbola line may be chosen in drop-down menu

Tools/Lines color. Once the color is changed, exit from menu option Hyperbola by
pressing another button of this row, and then return into it again.

Fig. 10.3. Hyperbola technique used for measuring local target parameters.

Always remember that determination accuracy of parameters depends to full extent

on profile length setting precision (option Tools/Output parameters) and zero point
setting precision.
Having completed your work with the hyperbola, press button Point info. The
theoretical hyperbola in the screen will disappear.
Zoom in – magnification of a selected area. The button is held depressed, and the
cursor acquires the shape of an arrow with a square at its base. Actually, this is ordinary
magnification with extension of sides of the selected area up to the size of the profile
window. To select an area, press and hold the left-hand button of the mouse and select an
area for zooming (the color in the rectangle gets inverted). Release the mouse button.
The selected area will extend to the size of the window.
 Zoom out – Reverse action for Zoom in.
 Fit all – Fits whole profile to window size.
 Average spectrum – Calculation of an average module of a signal spectrum in a
selected area. Used for analysis of spectral characteristics of legitimate signal and
interference when choosing passing/suppressing frequencies for filter: Ormsby bandpass
and Notch filter.
 28

Fig.10.4. Spectrum Output dialog box.

Selection of gained or not gained signal for calculation of spectrum is performed in

option Tools/Mouse action/Average spectrum of menu. Press the button and hold it
depressed; the cursor will take the form of an arrow with a rectangular figure at its base.
To select an area, press and hold the left-hand button of the mouse and select a
rectangular area (the color in the rectangle gets inverted). Release the mouse button. In
the dialog box appearing after spectrum calculation (Fig. 10.4), you may get precise
values for the spectrum frequency and density of a point in the frequency axis. For this
purpose, bring the cursor to the required point and press the left-hand button of the
mouse. There will appear two dotted lines intersecting in the specified point, and values
of the spectrum frequency and density.
 Trace inspection – output of separate profile traces in a separate window. Press
the button and hold it depressed; the cursor will take the form of an arrow with a trace
pictogram at its base. In the profile mid-point, there appears a vertical white line with a
crosshair, indicating the position of an output trace on the profile. To output a profile
trace, you should bring the arrow to the position of interest in the density profile, and
press the left-hand button on the mouse. Movement of displayed trace along profile is
possible also by cursor keys  or .The crosshair serves to indicate position of a
separate point on the density profile.
 Sample inspection – outputting of samples of the same number along profile.
Movement of displayed samples up and down is possible by keys  or .
 Hodograph – calculation of layer-bay-layer values of ground thickness and
permittivity using the common depth point within a flat layer model. See Section 14 for
more details.
 Cut traces - deleting of undesirable traces from the data file. The button after
pressure is fixed and the cursor takes the form of an arrow with the icon of the scissors
at its base. To mark the undesirable trace you have to press the left button of the mouse
and, keeping it pressed, to mark a rectangular area (color in the rectangular is inverted)
and to release the button of the mouse. In the dialog window appeared after release of
the button you can correct initial and final numbers of traces to be cut. The same
 29

actions but in combination with pressed Shift key allow to delete undesirable time
intervals from traces in file (usually in the beginning or in the end of traces).
 Pulse delay adjustment – adjustment of profile position on time axis. On pressing
of left button of mouse color line appears on the line of the first lobe of sounding pulse.
Keeping button pressed you may move that line to new desired position on vertical
axis. Release button and profile moves according to the new position of the first lobe of
sounding signal.
 GPS pathfinder - displaying of passed in process of survey path applying GPS
positioning. When pressed the window containing image of the path passed with color
marking of initial and final points of the path.
 Annotations – creating, deleting and editing annotations for a profile. When this
button is pressed, the routine switches over to the annotation handling mode, and there
appears an Annotation Toolbar comprising eight buttons: Pointer, Text,
Lines, Area, Pipe, Picket, Edit picket and Close. Each one of
these buttons is in charge of a definite function:
 Pointer – supports operation with objects of text and lines: moving text,
moving line vertices, deleting objects, and recalling their settings. To move a text,
bring the cursor to the text frame so that the colors of text and background
interchange, and the cursor becomes an arrow with document at its base. Then press
and hold the left-hand button of the mouse, and move the text to another place.
Release the mouse button. To move line vertices, bring the cursor to a line vertex so
that that the color of the entire line fades away. Then press and hold the left-hand
button of the mouse, and move the vertex to another place. Release the mouse
button. To delete an object (text or line) or a line vertex or to recall its settings,
move the cursor thereto and click the right-hand button of the mouse. A drop-down
menu will appear, where an appropriate option is to be selected: Delete, Delete
vertex or Properties.
 Text – to place a text of annotations, press the left-hand button of the mouse at
the part of a profile, where you'd like to place the text. In the appearing dialog box
(Fig. 10.5), specify the text color (FG) by clicking the left-hand button of the
mouse on one of 16 colors, the background color (BG) by clicking the right-hand
button of the mouse, font type (Font), and type the text itself. Press OK or Enter.
The dialog box will disappear, and the typed text will appear in the chosen part of
the profile.

Fig. 10.5. Text Setting dialog box.

 30

 Lines – to draw a line, specify the line thickness and color in the dialog box
appearing after this button is pressed (Fig. 10.6) Having pressed button OK on the
profile, use the left-hand button of the mouse to set the initial point of the line and
then all the rest of the points. To exit the drawing mode, click the right-hand button
of the mouse. Should you wish to save picketing results as ASCII file, place cursor
to the picket line and press the right button of the mouse. Select in the pull down
menu option Save as ASCII file. Enter file name and press the button Save. At
default the program will propose to you the same file name as the name of the
initial file, however with extension .txt. If you wish to draw an arrow, choose the
required shape and press OK. Set the initial point of the arrow by a single click of
the left-hand button of the mouse, and define its end by a second click.

Fig. 10.6. Lines Settings dialog box.

 Area. Used to designate profile layers of differing geophysical properties, such

as sand, sandy loam, peat, silt, water, etc., and to set respective sounding signal
propagation velocities for them. Note that a sounding signal propagation velocity in
a medium is computed as the light velocity of 30 cm/ns divided by the square root
of dielectric permeability. To select an area in the profile, you’ll have to specify the
area color (FG) in the appearing dialogue box (Fig. 10.7.a) by clicking the mouse’
left-hand button on any of 16 colors listed, and then to enter the mean velocity for
the area. In case you need an area with filler pattern, you may select one out of 52
available patterns (8x8 pixels each). For this purpose, press the button and
select the pertinent pattern in the appearing dialogue box (Fig. 10.7.b). Pattern
colors shall be a function of the basic color (FG) and background color (BG)
selected. To have the pattern canceled press the button . Having pressed button
OK on the profile, set the starting point of the area outline by clicking the mouse’
left-hand button, and then use the same procedure for setting all the rest of the
outline points. The outline curve shall be then drawn in the selected color. The
outlining movement may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. To quit the area
drawing mode, click the mouse’ right-hand button. The highlighted area shall get
painted in the selected color, and the boundary fix points shall acquire the shape of
small white squares for convenient closure with boundaries of adjacent areas (see
below). Note that an area should always have a closed boundary; therefore, once
drawing is completed, i.e. when the mouse’ right-hand button is clicked, the area
outline shall get closed automatically to the first point. This should be accounted for
when completing the drawing, so as to exclude any crossing of the area boundaries.
To select the next area, re-activate push-button Area, and select the color for a new
 31

area. When selecting adjacent areas, there will be no need to redraw parts of the
boundaries that have been already selected. It shall be sufficient to set three points
on the existing area outline portion which is common for both areas; these may be
the starting point, some intermediate point and end point. Once this is done, a
boundary shall be constructed automatically to repeat the marked outline portion of
the existing area. Having completed selection of areas, press button Close. Small
squares denoting boundary fix point locations shall disappear. Display of areas as
well as display of other annotations shall be determined by the status of Show
annotations and Show only annotations options in Parameters option of the
Main Menu.

Fig. 10.7.a. Dialogue Box for Area Fig. 10.7.b. Dialogue Box for Area Tuning with
Tuning. Pattern Selection.

o Pipe - is used for symbolic display of cross section of pipe or cable on the
profile. After the button has been pushed on, place the cursor to the site of profile
where, at your assumption, the pipe or the cable is located (as a rule, this is the top
of hyperbola) and press the left button of the mouse. Keeping button pressed, move
pointer down at distance of desirable diameter of pipe, and then release button.
Select the color of display of the pipe in the dialog box clicking by the left button
of the mouse. Select the color of display of the pipe in the dialog box clicking by
the left button of the mouse. To remove display of the pipe place the cursor on it,
click by the right button of the mouse and select option Delete.
o Picket - applied for automatic depicting of ground interfaces along profile
based on reflected signals maximum with possibility of further saving of depicted
boundary as an ASCII file. The button after has been pressed is fixed and in the
dialog window appeared you are to select color and width of line to depict the
interface. After pressing of the button OK place the pointer to the line of signal
corresponding at your opinion to the ground interface and press the left button of
the mouse. In the dialog box appeared select a section of the profile in limits of
which the ground interface will be depicted. After the button OK has been pressed
there will be displayed the line of color and width you have selected which is to
coincide with the signal line. However, this takes place far from always. Due to
presence of interference and disappear of signal interface picketing is failed. To
correct failures the following operation mode is used.
o Edit picket. Editing is always to be performed consequently from left to right
along the profile. After the button has been pressed, locate the cursor in the site of
the line of picket where, at your opinion, failure has occurred. Press the left button
 32

of the mouse and move cursor to the site where, at your opinion, the separation
boundary is to pass. Release the button. The picket line will change its location.
Should it be required, repeat operation several times moving from left to right along
the profile till achievement of satisfactory result. Should you wish to save picketing
results as ASCII file, place cursor to the picket line and press the right button of the
mouse. Select in the pull down menu option Save as ASCII file. Enter file name
and press the button Save. At default the program will propose to you the same file
name as the name of the initial file, however with extension .txt.
 Close – exiting the annotations handling mode, and saving annotations in a
separate file having the same file name of the data file, but with extension ann.
 Color palette – varying the data display color scale. This option presents one of
the most distinctive advantages of “Prism2”. In “Prism2”, it is feasible to operate the
entire palette of colors accessible in Windows. The scale of colors will characterize the
type of line scan profiles (Fig. 10.1), as well as the color of positive half-waves when
the wiggle plot profile is used (Fig. 4.2). In the color scales, you may use up to ten basic
colors and their relative levels. To change the color palette, you should recall the dialog
box either by pressing a respective button on Toolbar or by selecting menu option
Tools/Color palette or by clicking the left-hand button of the mouse on the color scale
icon located to the right of the profile in the upper corner of the window. In the
appearing Palette variation dialog box (Fig. 10.8), you may:

Fig. 10.8. Palette variation dialog box.

 Recall a palette out of the eight available ones. To do this, press button Load and
select the pertinent one out of the 8 options offered. Press OK to restructure the
radiolocation profile in the color palette selected.
 33

 Modify the palette (add, delete or change colors). Adding or deleting colors is made
by pressing square buttons to the right from the color palette in the dialog box. If the
required square button is active, you may select the required color by clicking the
left-hand button of the mouse on a color rectangle to the right from the square button.
The emerging dialog box will offer you a choice of color out of the basic colors
available, as well as an option of making half-tones in the Define Custom Colors
dialog box. To change a color level in the color palette used, point the cursor to the
square button of appropriate color. Here, the small color square will move to the
bend of a line connecting the color palette to the color chosen; the information
window below the color palette will display the value of the given color level on the
color palette, ranging from -127 to 127. Move the cursor to the small color square,
and click the left-hand button of the mouse to move it to the desirable location.
 Save the palette instead one of the 8 available. Having made modifications, press
button Save.
 Marks – setting missed marks, deletion of undesirable marks, and their numbering
in the ascending order.
 Output parameters – output of all parameters of a data file and the type of its
display on the screen. Here, you may input profile length information, change the
permittivity value, make corrections in the textual information, choose the type of data
display on the screen (line scan profile or wiggle plot profile) and the way of data
normalization in the display (entire screen or each trace). Here, you may also control the
output of auxiliary profile components, such as marks and annotations, by labeling
Show marks, Show annotations and Show only annotations options.
 34

Fig. 10.8. Profile Parameters dialog box.

 35

11. Radiolocation Sounding Data File Processing

The processing objective shall be extraction of legitimate signals and suppression of
noise, interference and non-informative signals. Therefore, before processing, be sure to
determine those parameters which are different in signals and interference. These may be
amplitude, path or spectral characteristics. The routine contains all and any tools required
for analysis of the said characteristics, such as Trace inspection and Average spectrum.
If your analysis shows that the signal and interference have path differences, use path
processing procedures, i.e. Horizontal LP-filter, Horizontal HP-filter, Migration,
Flattening, Topography, X-interpolation, Reverse or Background removal. In case of
spectral differences, use filters: Ormsby bandpass or Notch filter. In case of amplitude
differences, Amplitude correction, Envelope will be helpful. To draw up profiles in the
depths scale you shall be needed in Moveout correction and Time-depth conversion.
The processing procedures available are given below. In our program the result of
processing is always displayed in the same window where before processing the initial file
has been placed. To save the processed file use menu's option File/Save. Should you be
unsatisfied with results of processing or should you like to change parameters of
procedures, you can abolish results of processing having selected Processing/undo
processing or by clocking on the button . Should you like to repeat data processing,
select option Processing/redo processing or click on the button .
In many cases to achieve the desired result there is required to apply consequently
several processing procedures. For this purpose there is created the Processing flow which
can be used for processing of large number of files and can be saved for its further use.
Creation of the Processing flow is described at the end of this section below description of
processing procedures.
 Background removal – the term speaks for itself. Under some sounding conditions, a
signal happens to have “background” which may be seen in a profile as horizontal lines
which do not change their intensity and time position and which may lead to effective
masking of real reflected signals. In such cases, this procedure can ensure efficient
background suppression. The algorithm is as follows: Summation and normalization are
carried out to calculate the profile averaged trace which is then subtracted from each
trace of the original profile. To avoid removal of the direct sounding signal, you may
specify the height of the window wherein background subtraction will be made.

Fig.11.1. Example of path procedure effect. Left - original profile; right - result.
 36

 Horizontal LP-filter is a low-pass filter operating along the profile, in the direction of
antenna moving. It is designed to be used for suppressing of fast variable signals but
extraction of slow variable signals (e.g. those from layer boundaries). The algorithm
used here ensures that the averaged trace in a definite window shall replace the input
profile trace which is positioned in the mid-window location. The resulting trace thus
obtained shall be recorded in a relevant profile position. The window width shall be an
input parameter for this procedure.

 Horizontal HP-filter – high-pass filter acting along the profile in the antenna
movement direction. Intended for suppression of profile extensive signals and for
extraction of rapidly varying signals (e.g. from small-size objects, pipes, etc.). The
algorithm used here operates so that the trace resulting from accumulation and
normalization in a definite window is subtracted from the output profile trace whose
position corresponds to the middle of the window. The trace thus obtained is recorded in
a respective profile position. The window width is the input parameter for the
procedure. If you don’t wish the procedure to remove the direct sounding signal, specify
the height of the window wherein subtraction will be made.

 Ormsby bandpass – a bandpass filter acting along a trace. Designed for suppression of
low-frequency interference and high-frequency components of a signal. The algorithm
used here comprises three steps: application of direct FFT (fast Fourier transform) for
transition from the time domain into the frequency domain, suppression of low-
frequency and high-frequency components of a trace spectrum, and application of
reverse FFT for transition from the frequency domain into the time domain. Input
parameters for this procedure include suppression/pass frequencies in the low-
frequency and high-frequency regions of the frequency axis. The name of the filter is
determined by cosine approximation between specified points of the frequency axis.
Setting of cut off and pass by frequencies is made in the dialog box manually with their
indication directly on averaged spectrum of file displayed by red line. Frequency
response of the filter is displayed by blue line and spectrum of output signal - by green
color. Creating of desired frequency response of the filter is performed by moving of
cut off and pass by frequencies of the filter by mouse on frequency axis observing
shape of spectrum on the output of the filter. Setting of required cut off and pass by
frequencies of the filter may be done directly in small boxes in bottom of the dialog
box. Desired part of spectrum may be expanded in window for more accurate setting
cut off and pass by frequencies using and buttons.
 37

Fig. 11.2. Example of spectral procedure effect. Left - original profile; right - result.

 Notch filter - used to suppress narrow-band interference against the broad-band signal
background in case of lapping signal/interference spectra. The algorithm used here is
inverse to the bandpass filter algorithm.
 AGC - Automatic gain control – automatic signal gain within the width of the
window in each separate trace. Used for leveling all signals in a trace. As a result, after
processing, the profile is like one shown in Fig. 11.3.

Fig. 11.3. Example of automatic gain control procedure effect.

Left - original profile; right - result.

 Reverse – a procedure used for back-to-front trace rearrangement, i.e. the first trace
becomes the last one, the second trace becomes next to last, and so on. This may be
useful when any area is sounded by tacks, i.e. the first profile is covered, then the
second is made with an offset and in the opposite direction, and so on. For convenience
of subsequent analysis and interpretation of sounding data, the procedure may be used
before each even (or odd) profile.
 Topography is a procedure used to restructure a profile as a function of the sounding
locality relief. Input parameters for this procedure shall be elevations (in meters) of the
marked points. To ensure proper operation of the procedure, marks shall have ascending
numbering. In case of incorrect numbering or excessive marks or missing marks, they
shall have to be properly arranged by using Tools/Marks option of the menu.

Fig. 11.5. Example of using the topography procedure.

Left-hand: initial profile; right-hand: resulting profile.
 38

o X-interpolation. This procedure is purposed for removal of effect of movement

judder along the profile and forming of the file with constant specified interval
between traces. There are two alternatives: by markers and general. The first one is
used in cases of manual positioning when along the profile there are located marks with
known coordinates. The general alternative is used for positioning applying the
wheel or GPS.
o Moveout correction rebuilding profile to the pattern as it would be if signal radiated
and received in one point located in the middle between antennas. That procedure
excludes errors connected with the fact that in case of separated transmitting and
receiving antennas there is measured inclined but not vertical distance and there is not
taken into consideration time of propagation of direct signal from transmitting antenna
to receiving one (for details see Chapter 10).
 Time-depth conversion shall be used for restructuring the initial time profile into a
depth profile in compliance with the velocity areas as set in annotations. Profile portions
for which no areas are set shall be restructured in compliance with the mean dielectric
permeability as set in the profile parameters.

Fig. 11.6.a. Example of using the time-depth conversion procedure.

Left-hand: initial areas; right-hand: resulting areas.

Fig. 11.6.b. Example of using the time-depth conversion procedure.

Left-hand: initial profile; right-hand: resulting profile.
 39

 Flattening is intended for rebuilding of initial profile into profile with flat horizontal
interface depicted by Annotation/Lines or Annotation/Picket.

Fig. 11.7. Example of using the flattening procedure.

Left-hand: initial profile; right-hand: resulting profile.

 Migration – reconstruction of original shape of underground interface and local

objects by its radiolocation profile.

Fig. 11.8. Example of migration procedure using.

Left-hand: initial profile; right-hand: resulting profile.

 Envelope shall be a signal envelope obtained by Hilbert transform and acting along a
trace. The algorithm used here includes four stages, namely: application of FHT (fast
Hartley transform) for transition from the time domain to the frequency one, Hilbert
transform, inverse FHT for return to the time domain, and computation of the square
sum root of the initial and Hilbert transformed signals of a trace. No input parameters
shall be used for this procedure.
 40

Fig. 11.4. Example of using the envelope selection procedure.

Left-hand: initial trace; right-hand: resulting trace.

o Processing flow - creation of sequence of procedures for processing of several data

files under the same algorithm. In case of application of the processing flow in the
dialog window there is displayed in the right side the whole list of applied procedures
any of which can be moved to the left side of the dialog window where the processing
flow is created. Movement is performed by the mouse in common for windows
manner. Sequence of performing of procedures - from up to down. After movement
completed, please click by the mouse on the selected procedure having thus made it
active and set parameters of the procedure in the right side of the dialog window. Don't
press the OK button till parameters of all processing procedures have been set!
Carrying out of the processing flow begins after the knob OK has been pressed and
result is displayed in the same window where the initial profile has been displayed.
The created processing flow with set parameters can be saved in the form of a separate
file with extension *flw and repeatedly applied for processing of data sets.
Removal of procedures from a flow is performed by the knob X and to move procedure
use knobs ↑ and ↓ in the upper left corner of the dialog window.
 41

12. How to import Zond GPR data files from Prism to Voxler 3D
software
Voxler3D by Golden Software, Inc. (USA) (www.goldensoftware.com) is low cost,
easy to use, Internet available software for 3D visualization of geophysical data.

1. First of all user have to be sure that GPR data files are stored as SEG-Y data files in
Prism software (it is usually set up as default). If data files are saved in *rdf format
you have to run Prism software, open necessary GPR data files and Save As it as

SEG-Y file *.sgy (menu “File -> Save As” or toolbar button ). Then all the
files of 3D cube must be equalized in number of samples and traces. To equalize
profiles do please use option File / Profiles 3D aligning.
2. The Voxler window consists of three separate areas (“Network”, “Properties” and
visualization). You can choose the menu “File -> Load Data…” or click right
mouse button in the “Network” area and then choose the menu “Load Data…”
from context menu, to import GPR data files.

3. Please select “SEG-Y Seismic Data Log (*.sgy, *.segy)” in the “Files of type” list
in “Load Data” dialog and find the dirrectory with necessary GPR data files (which
are stored as SEG-Y files). You can import one or several separate GPR data files
or import several profiles as an array (for a 3D-cube). You have to mark necessary
files by mouse frame (click the left mouse button on the clear area, hold it and
 42

move mouse to mark files by frame) or by “Ctrl” and “Shift” keys in the Load
Data” dialog.
4. You have to set SEGY Import Options as it shown on the picture bellow (Deviation
from SEG-Y Specification: Litle-endian byte order, Data Type: Detect from
Header, Import format: Import data as 2D Lattice.)

5. Voxler represents separate file or the array of files as a module (like a single small
box with the name of first file, check button for enabling/disabling and small arrow
on the right/left box side ). If you marked some files like an
array, but Voxler represents its in different objects, then imported profiles don’t
match in samples and/or in traces (check it in the Prism software, and if necessary
cut unmatched profiles – please, see the Prism Software User’s Manual).
6. You have to be sure, that all “Coordinate Limits” of the imported data module are
set properly (to see it just left-mouse click on the module and follow to the
“Properties” area of Voxler window). The X axis corresponds to the
Traces/Distance axis of the GPR data profile. The Y axis corresponds to the
Samples/Time/Depth axis of the GPR data profile. And the Z axis corresponds to
the Width of 3D-cube for the files array. The Voxler calculates “Coordinate
Limits” from imported files and gets it like traces quantity for X, Samples
quantities for Y, and 1 for Z. You could apply the calculated values and change
 43

only Z value (for the files array) by yourself, but the correct way is to apply all
XYZ values in meters (Distance, Depth and Width). Distance and Depth you could
get from Prism software (please, see the Prism Software User’s Manual). Please
press the “Update” button after “Coordinate Limits” changing.
7. You could visualize bounding box of your 3D-cube by adding new “Graphic
Output” (click right mouse button on the imported data module in the “Network”
area and then choose the menu “Graphic Output -> BoundingBox” from the context
menu.
8. Each imported data module may have a lot of branches (each “Graphic Output”,
“Computational” or “General Module” represents like child-module of imported
data module). You can brake, connect or disconnect these branches by drag-n-drop
mouse action.
9. Please try to “play” with different graphic outputs to understand how it works and
visualize the imported data. The best graphic output method of 3D-cube is
“Isosurface” – it visualize all objects like a closed 3D-surfaces (for example – pipe
could be visualized like tube). You have to change the “Isovalue” to apply the
threshold value. You could also change the colour output palette and other different
settings.

3D-cube of underground pipes with slice

 44

13. Our Recommendations

This Section offers some recommendations for use of the hardware and software. We
are not claiming the knowledge of ultimate truth; still, if you have no experience of
operating such equipment, you are advised to read this Section through.

 In our mind, the most informative type of display is a line scan profile in the black-
and-white scale of colors (see Example in Fig. 4.3, left side). It looks like three-
dimensional and provides clear visibility of weak signals.
 Whenever running the routine, be aware of prompts and messages.
 Before starting any particular Georadar job, it'll be expedient to make a separate
directory for saving files of this specific job, rather than to lump everything together.
 Place in a file heading as full as possible information about all conditions and
circumstances related to a Georadar run. This will facilitate subsequent data
interpretation and reporting.
 45

14. Radiolocation Sounding Data Format

In “Prism2” routine is used the International Geophysical Data Format by the

Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG-Y)

14.1 SEG-Y Sounding Data Format

At the beginning of a file, there is a 3200-byte EBCDIC descriptive reel header
record which contains service information about this file. Then, there follow a 400-byte
binary reel header record which contains much information about the data:

Offset Parameter Parameter

from file length, record Comments
beginning Bytes format
3200 4 int Job identification number
3204 4 int Line number
3208 4 int Reel number
3212 2 short int Number of data traces per record
3214 2 short int Number of auxiliary traces per record
3216 2 short int Sample interval of this reel's data in
PICOseconds
3220 2 short int Number of samples per trace for this reel's
data
3222 2 – Unused
3224 2 short int Data sample format code:
1 = 32-bit IBM floating point;
2 = 32-bit fixed-point (integer);
3 = 16-bit fixed-point (integer);
4 = 16-bit fixed-point with gain code
(integer).
3226 2 short int CDP fold (expected number of data traces
per ensemble)
3228 26 – Unused
3254 2 short int Measuring system:
1 = meters;
2 = feet.
3256 344 – Unused

Then, there follow trace records, each of it contains a 240-byte binary trace header
and trace data. Offset from the beginning of a file to the Kth trace record is
3600+K*(240+S*2), where S – the quantity of samples in a trace, and K – the number of a
trace (counted from the zero trace and not from the first one). Trace data recorded sample
by sample. No separators or symbols are used between samples. Each sample is
represented as the data sample format code from binary reel header and takes (2 or 4)*N
 46

Bytes. Note that samples and traces are numbered from zero and not from one. Trace
header for each trace record is summarized in Table below.

Offset Parameter Parameter

from trace length, record Comments
record Bytes format
beginning
0 4 int Trace sequence number within line
4 4 – Unused
8 4 int Original field record number
12 4 int Trace sequence number within original field
record
16 4 – Unused
20 4 int CDP ensemble number
24 4 int Trace sequence number within CDP
ensemble
28 2 short int Trace identification code:
1 = seismic data;
2 = dead;
3 = dummy;
4 = time break;
5 = uphole;
6 = sweep;
7 = timing;
8 = water break;
9 = optional use.
30 2 short int Number of vertically summed traces
yielding this trace
32 2 short int Number of horizontally summed traces
yielding this trace
34 2 short int Data use:
1 = production;
2 = test.
36 4 – Unused
40 4 float Receiver group elevation
44 26 – Unused
70 2 short int Scalar for coordinates:
+ = multiplier;
– = divisor.
72 4 float X source coordinate
76 4 float Y source coordinate
80 4 float X receiver group coordinate
 47

84 4 float Y receiver group coordinate

88 2 short int Coordinate units:
1 = length in meters or feets;
2 = arc seconds.
90 18 – Unused
108 2 short int Lag time between shot and recording start in
PICOseconds
110 4 – Unused
114 2 short int Number of samples in this trace
116 2 short int Sample interval of this reel's data in
PICOseconds
118 118 – Unused
236 2 short int Marks indicator
238 2 short int Mark number
 48

15. Solving Problem of Layer-by-Layer Determination of Groung

Thickness and Permittivity by CDP Technique in Flat Layer Model
Some General Information about the Technique
One of the main problems arising after a profile is taken relates to determination of
electromagnetic wave propagation velocity in layers (or unambiguously associated
permittivity of layers).
Knowledge of permittivity (or wave velocity) in sounded medium layers is very
important, since it is these values that define accuracy of layer thickness determination in
data interpretation.
There exist various more or less successful methods for evaluating wave propagation
velocities. One of these methods suggests using a synthetic hyperbola superposed on the
path signal from a small-size target (menu option Tools / Mouse action / Hyperbola), or
Main Menu button. . This method, however, has its limitations:
1. A well defined path signal should be present as a hyperbola from a small-size target,
and it is not always possible.
2. This method assumes the sounded medium to be homogeneous, i.e. having constant
electromagnetic wave velocity in any point thereof; as a rule, this is not realistic either,
as most media are layered ones.
One of the most popular methods used for determination of layer-by-layer velocities
is the method of Common Depth Point (CDP) or Common Mean Point (CMP). The
essence of this technique is as follows: Sounding is performed over a selected point, with
both antennas being equally spaced apart to opposite sides of the original position (see Fig.
14.1). For this purpose, use is made of two separate antennas for transmitting and receiving
signals, and of stepped sounding mode for receiving a signal at each discrete value of the
antenna spacing. The reflected signal path on such a profile is known as hodograph, and
the process itself is called hodograph taking. For hodograph taking purposes, you are not
obliged to use two similar antennas. For instance, in a Zond-12e equipment, it is possible
to use a 500 MHz antenna with a short cable for receiving, and a 300 MHz antenna with a
long cable for transmitting

T R

medium 1

medium 2

medium 3

Fig. 14.1. Hodograph taking schematic. T - transmitting antenna; R - receiving antenna.

As a result of the sounding run, the profile looks like shown in Fig. 14.2. When antennas
are spaced apart, reflected signal amplitudes drop down considerably; therefore, when
 49

outputting, it is advisable to specify in Menu Output parameters, option

Normalizing factor, the value of Each trace.

Fig. 14.2. Type profile shot using Common Depth Point technique.

Three signals are clearly visible in the given profile, namely:

1 - Air wave path signal. Always appears as an inclined straight line.
2 – Path of signal reflected from the first layer interface.
3 – Path of signal refracted on the first layer interface and reflected from the
second layer interface.
Important! Having completed sounding and saved the file, be sure to enter the
initial and final antenna spacing in Output parameters.
To calculate characteristics of a medium (wave velocity or permittivity) by
hodographs of received signals, activate button Hodograph in the Main menu or use menu
option Tools/Mouse actions/Hodograph. The screen will show the Hodograph Taking
dialog box. If the dialog box interferes, use the mouse to move it to another place on the
screen.

Fig. 14.2. Hodograph Taking dialog box

 50

1. Using option Model in the dialog box, select the quantity of layers for the
calculation model. This quantity depends on how many layer interfaces are visible
in your profile; it may range from 1 to 5.
2. Using options Input colors and Output colors, determine line drawing colors for
input data and output data, respectively. Colors should be chosen so as to be well
visible on a profile. By default, red and blue colors are set, as being well visible in a
black-and-white image.
3. In Initial permittivity, enter initial (assumed) permittivity values for layers. By
default, the value of 5 is set as being quite sufficient for most cases. Adjustment
shall be made only in cases where the routine fails to find a solution.
4. In Initial thickness (meters), enter initial (assumed) layer thickness values in
meters. Attention! Layer thicknesses should be entered, and not depths! By default,
1 m is set for all layers. This is quite sufficient for most cases. Adjustment shall be
made only in cases where the routine fails to find a solution.
5. Now, enter the air wave position which is fully determined by a single point,
because the electromagnetic wave velocity in the air is known and remains constant
(30 cm/ns). For this purpose, press button Air in section Enter layer of the dialog
box. Move the cursor to the profile. It’ll take the shape of crosshair which should
be brought to the wave; click the left-hand key of the mouse. In this location, a
cross will appear. For more accurate calculations, position the cross on the air wave
at large distances. The routine will immediately ask to enter Offset (meters), i.e.
the spacing between the antennas is in meters. Here, the entry field will be already
filled by the value computed by the routine on the basis of the profile length and the
location where the cross is positioned. If it does not contradict with the truth, press
OK. Otherwise, you’ve made an error when entering the initial and final spacing of
the antennas.
6. Enter the first layer interface. For this purpose, activate button 1 in section Enter
layer. Note, that interfaces are numbered from top to bottom. An interface is input
by several point in series from left to right by guiding the crosshair to the signal
path and clicking the left-hand key of the mouse. Similarly to the air wave input
case, following each click, the routine will request to enter Offset (meters). Press
ОК. As a result, a broken line will be drawn on the signal path. Don’t be confused
by that: only nodal points are accounted for in the computation.
7. Use the same procedure to enter the rest of interfaces (if any), activating
sequentially buttons 2, 3, and so on in section Enter layer and marking signal paths
from respective interfaces. The number of points for each interface may be any,
even two.
8. Now everything is ready for calculation. Press button Calculate. If the data are
entered correctly, the routine will make calculation (this may take several seconds)
and output the result. Calculated signal paths will be drawn from the interfaces of a
computer model ensuring minimized discordance with real signal paths. Ideally,
they shall coincide with the paths that have been entered by you, whereas in reality
they are sure to be somewhat different. In a separate information window,
numerical calculated results will be displayed for each layer, namely: layer
thickness in meters, electromagnetic wave velocity in cm/ns, permittivity, and
mean root square value of approximation error (Error[MRS]). The less is the last
value, the more accurate is the result. Exit out of menu option Hodograph is made
by pressing button Close.
 51

Appendix A

Changing the Control Unit IP address

1. Turn ON Zond-12e Control Unit, computer configured according to p.8 of
present User’s Manual, start up the Prism2 software.
2. Enter Radar / Connection settings Menu option. The Ethernet connection
settings dialog box appears.

Fig. A1. Ethernet connection settings dialog box.

3. In IP address window should be seen present IP address of Control Unit. As

default it is 192.168.0.10
4. Click the Unit settings button. The Zond-12e Ethernet settings dialog box
appears.

Note: Please use the Connection troubleshooter if the error message

appears.

Fig. A2. Zond-12e connection settings dialog box.

5. Enter the new desirable Control Unit IP address in the IP address section.
6. Enter the new desirable Control Unit subnet mask in the Subnet mask section.
7. Click the OK button.

Note: Please use the Connection troubleshooter if the error message

appears.

8. Click the OK button of Ethernet connection setting dialog box.

 52

Note: Please use the Connection troubleshooter if the error message

appears.

9. Configure new IP address of your computer compatible with the new IP address
of Control Unit you set.

Resetting the default IP address of Control Unit

If you have forgotten or lost the Control Unit IP address, you can reset it to default
(192.168.0.10). To reset default IP address:

1. Configure your computer according to p.8 of present User’s Manual.

2. Turn ON the Control Unit and after 3 seconds press the RESET button on the
front panel of the Control Unit.

Connection troubleshooter
Error code IP001. “The Control Unit with IP address … is unreachable!”

Possible reasons What to do

1. Entered IP address is not correct. Reenter IP address and try again your action.
2. Computer is not configured. Configure your computer according to p.8 of
present User’s Manual.
3. Control Unit has unknown IP. Reset default IP address (192.168.0.10) of the
Control Unit according to p.44 of present User’s
Manual
4. Control Unit is switched off. Switch on the Control Unit and try again your
action.
5. The Ethernet cable is unplugged. Plug in Ethernet cable.
6. The Ethernet cable is broken. Use another Ethernet crossover cable.

Error code IP002. “Error in writing into Flash Memory”

Possible reasons What to do

1. Connection timeout Try again your action.
2. Control Unit is failed. Contact your dealer or producer for repair.
 53

Attributes
We'll be grateful if you inform us on any disadvantages in operation of the hardware
and software or state your preferences for improvement of their parameters and operational
properties.
If your encounter any problems while using the hardware, don't hesitate to contact us
by phone or e-mail or mail.
We cherish sincere hopes that the equipment manufactured by our Company will
help you to make success in your business.

Software: K. Grigoriev, S. Zelenkov

Radar Systems, Inc.

Darzauglu 1-105,
Riga LV-1012,
Latvia.
Phone/Fax: +371-67141041
E-mail: radsys@radsys.lv
Web: www.radsys.lv