7157EXQ Energy Management, E ciency

& Auditing

CW1: Energy Audit Report - Coventry University

Student Centre, 1 Gulson Rd, Coventry CV1 2JH

Prepared By:
Pavel Vardinov,
SID: 8469430

Module Leader:
James Milne

March 2022

An Assignment submitted to the School of Energy, Construction and Environment, Faculty

of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University in partial ful lment of
the requirements for an MSc in Renewable Energy Management.
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 Table of Contents
Table of Contents ii

Executive Summary iii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Outline of the Report 1

1.2 What is an Energy Audit? 1

1.3 Purpose and Scope of the CUSC Energy Audit 1

1.4 Site Description 2

1.4.1 Building Occupancy Schedule 2

1.4.2 Building Envelope 2

1.4.3 Heating Systems 3

1.4.4 Lighting 3

1.4.5 Other Electrical Loads 4

1.4.6 Major Electrical Equipment 4

1.5 Activities covered in the Energy Audit 4

2. Current Energy Performance of CUSC 4

2.1 Electricity and Gas consumption 5

2.1.1 Historical Energy Usage 5

2.1.2 Energy Consumption for 2020 vs 2021 6

2.1.3 Regression Analysis of Degree-Day and Gas Consumption 7

2.1.4 Gas Consumption vs Average Monthly Temperatures 8

2.1.5 Daily & Weekly Consumption Data for CUSC 8

2.1.6 Normalised Performance Index 10

2.2 Carbon Footprint 10

3. Recommendations 11

3.1 Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning Systems (HVAC) 11

3.2 Lighting Systems 13

3.3 Building Envelope 14

3.4 Behavioural Change 15

3.5 Carbon Footprint and Economic Predictions 16

List of References 17

Appendices 18

Appendix 1 18

Appendix 2 18

ii
 Executive Summary

The Energy Audit report is prepared for the building manager of Coventry University
Student Centre, 1 Gulson Rd, Coventry CV1 2JH.

The building, completed in 2006, has 2040 operational hours per year. The total energy
consumed for 2021 was 484,852 kWh which equals to £51,274. Total carbon emissions
were 99.8 tonnes. After data analysis, consisting the following elements, goals for 15%
reduction in 1 year and 50% in 5 years were communicated:
• Historical energy usage
• Comparison between energy consumption for 2020 and 2021
• Regression analysis
• Gas Consumption vs Average Temperature
• Half-hourly data analysis
• Carbon footprint
According to the analysis and the NPI index of 95.95, the current building performance is
considered as good.

Although, the current energy performance of CUSC is good, there are a number of
measures that could be taken in order to achieve the goals set.

Recommendations on the following topics are given in chapter 3:

• Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems
• Lighting System
• Building Envelope
• Behavioural Change
• Carbon Footprint
• Economic Predictions
If all of the short term recommendations are executed properly, the expected numbers for
the next year of energy consumption are as follows:
• Energy Consumption:
➡ From 484,852 kWh to 412,124 kWh.
• CO2e Emissions:
➡ From 99.8 tonnes to 84.8 tonnes.
• Cost:
➡ From £51,274 to £43,583.
If all of the long term recommendations are executed properly, the expected yearly
numbers in 5 years are as follows:
• Energy Consumption:
➡ From 484,852 kWh to 242,427 kWh.
• CO2e Emissions:
➡ From 99.8 tonnes to 49.9 tonnes.
• Cost:
➡ From £51,274 to £25,637.

iii
 1. Introduction

1.1 Outline of the Report

The energy audit of Coventry University Student Centre (CUSC), prepared for its building
manager is split into 4 main chapters:
1. Executive Summary - Summarises the energy audit carried out as well as key ndings.
2. Introduction - De nes the scope of the energy audit, activities covered, identi es
signi cant energy-using equipment and provides overview of CUSC’s organisation
and day-to-day operations.
3. Energy usage of CUSC - Includes current and historical data of the energy
consumption, benchmarking of organisational performance and carbon footprint data
analysis.
4. Recommendations - Assesses and prioritises opportunities for improvement based on
key ndings from section 3 in order to recommend the most bene cial ones.

1.2 What is an Energy Audit?

An energy audit is a survey, inspection, and
analysis of energy ows for identi cation Figure 1. Energy Audit
of energy savings potential of a building,
process, or system in order to lower the energy
input into the system without negatively
a ecting the output/s (SEAI, n.d.).

A well-managed energy audit has nancial,

environmental, and operational bene ts (Al-
Shemmeri, 2011):

Financial advantages:
• Lower fuel and electricity bills.
• Lower maintenance and operational costs for
boilers, due to fewer hours of operation.

Environmental bene ts:

• Reduced usage of fossil fuels.
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Operational advantages:
• Improved employee comfort, leading to
higher productivity.
• Improved data of energy expenditure. Note. From Energy Audit, By Energy Action
• Improved public image (Al-Shemmeri, 2011). Group, 2020, (https://eaguk.org/energy-
services/energy-audit/).

1.3 Purpose and Scope of the

CUSC Energy Audit
The main purpose of this energy audit is to assess and improve the current level of energy
management of the building. This task will be approached by conducting a virtual site
observation of CUSC. Following up, the energy usage, reverting back from November
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 2021 to December 2019 will be identi ed and summarised. Historical weather data for the
same time period will implemented into the calculations in order to get a whole picture.
Ine cient areas as well as contributors to higher energy consumption of the building will
be recognised.
The collected details will be thoroughly analysed by using various tools as benchmarking
of the building’s energy performance and calculation of the Normalised Performance
Index (NPI).
NPI = Corrected annual energy consumption
Floor Area

As a result, a number of recommendations for reduction of the energy consumption, cost

and carbon footprint of CUSC will be proposed to the building manager. It will be
prepared according to the EN16247 - EU Energy Audits Standards.

1.4 Site Description

1.4.1 Building Occupancy Schedule

CU Student Centre is occupied 5 days a week - Monday to Friday. Every day it is open
from 8:30 to 17:00, with the exception of Wednesday, when it is available from 11:00 until
17:00. Having this information into consideration, the total hours of occupancy for CUSC
are 40h/week. The building is used mainly by CU sta members and is visited by CU
students seeking support on a daily basis. CUSC normally gets busier a week before and
after the start of each of the 3 semesters taking place during the year.

1.4.2 Building Envelope

The building (completed in 2006) is steel-framed with a brick facade (the area around the
main entrance is insulated with styrofoam). It is consisted of 2 main oors and an attic

Figure 2. East View of CUSC. Source: Google Earth, 2022.

Figure 3. North View of CUSC. Source: Google

used as a plant room. The roof is constructed
Earth, 2022.
with metal sheets, joined together. The plant
room has a separate roof, built with the same
materials.
There are a total of 3 entrances to the
building — double doors with aluminium
frame and mirrored glass body. The front
entrance is located on the East side, while the
other 2 are positioned respectively on the
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 South and the North sides.
Figure 5. Top View of CUSC. Source: Google
There is a total of 36 single windows: Earth, 2022.
- Ground Floor:
• 10 on the East side
• 6 on the South side
• 6 on the North side
- First Floor:
• 2 on the East side
• 6 on the South side
• 6 on the North side

Figure 4. West View of CUSC. Source: Google Earth, 2022.

There are 6 triple windows, located on the West side of the ground oor as well.
There is a set of windows located on the rst oor of the East side, covering
approximately 40% of the facade. Identical set of windows is placed on the West side of
the rst oor. There are no openings on the attic extension, which is located at the south-
west corner of the building.

1.4.3 Heating Systems

The main source of heating for the building is gas. There are 2 conventional gas boilers
model STOKVIS/R2705, located into the plant room. The operating pressure for both is 20
pa and the appliance supply pressure is 27 pa. All the safety checks are passed in April
2021. The heated water ows through pipes installed into the walls and reaches the
heaters from where the water goes back to the boilers.
During the summer months there are a number of air conditioners installed around the
rooms. They are occasionally used due to the weather conditions in Coventry during the
summer.
Figure 6. Lighting Appliances in CUSC. Source:
Own Photo, 2022.
1.4.4 Lighting
The building is illuminated by uorescent
lights (Figure 6). Having the total oor area of
2897 m2 and the amount of lumens needed to
properly light 1 m², it can be calculated that a
total of 869,100 lm are needed. 1 xture,
consisted of 1 bulb T8 4ft type, has a
luminous ux of 3000 lm. Getting that into
consideration, a total of 290 single-bulb
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 xtures are used to light the whole building.
One bulb uses 0.042 kWh of energy per hour. Total annual hours of operation are 2040. In
summary, the amount of energy, used for lighting annually is assumed to be around
24,850 kWh or 8.6 kWh/m2/year (Table 1).

1.4.5 Other Electrical Loads

During a working day in CUSC, a variety of external electricity-consuming devices are
being brought in. Mainly they are o ce equipment and mobile devices. Combined
together, they use a small, insigni cant amount of energy over the year.

1.4.6 Major Electrical Equipment

Table 2. Major Electrical Equipment in CUSC. (Own Table, 2022)

Equipment Rating (Watts) Annual Usage (kWh)
Desktop Computers (70) 75 each 11,000 kWh

O ce Printers (10) 300 each 1,690 kWh

Fax Machines (8) 300 each 104 kWh

Refrigirators (5) 342 each 15,000 kWh

Microwaves (5) 1500 each 980 kWh

Figure 7. CUSC Desktop Computers. Source: Figure 8. CUSC O ce Printer. Source: Own
Own Photo, 2022. Photo, 2022.

1.5 Activities covered in the Energy Audit

In the next 2 chapters of the energy audit you can see detailed breakdowns of CUSC’s
current energy performance and benchmarking, as well as analysis of the carbon footprint
of the building. In the last section there are recommendations for reduction of the carbon
footprint and energy savings regarding heating systems, lighting and building envelope.
Recommendations on behavioural change will be included as well.

2. Current Energy Performance of CUSC

In this chapter you can see the current electricity and gas consumption, supported by
benchmarking of the data available and explanation how and why it is changing over the
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time period from December 2019 to November 2021. Following up, you can nd carbon
footprint data analysis. In Table 3 are presented the current energy use and carbon
emissions for the past 1 year (December 2020 to November 2021).
Table 3. Current energy usage and carbon emissions (2021) (Own Table, 2022)
Utility Type Consumption CO2e Emissions Cost p/kWh
(kWh) (Tonnes) (£)

Electricity 217,547 50.6 41,116 18.9

Gas 267,305 49.2 10,158 3.8

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

2.1 Electricity and Gas consumption

Here you can see how and why the energy consumption has changed over the course of
the past 2 years. For the purpose of this energy audit, from the historical energy use data,
were developed series of benchmarks comparing the data with di erent factors a ecting
the energy usage.

2.1.1 Historical Energy Usage

Figure 9 shows the electricity and gas consumption from December 2019 to November
2021. It is clearly visible how COVID-19 a ects the energy usage. After the rst lockdown
announced, there is a drop of about 40% (from 38,000 kWh in March to 22,000 kWh in
April).

Figure 9. Electricity and Gas Consumption (kWh) (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

For this time of the year it is normal to have decrease in the gas usage due to higher
temperatures (5ºC for March to 9.1ºC for April). Although, this data explains the
decreased demand of gas (Figure 9), the lockdown announced is the reason for the drop

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 in the electricity demand. This surge happens mainly due to the shock, which the
unexpected event causes, as in the following year (also in lockdown conditions) the
decrease does not happen.
The post-lockdown conditions in April 2021 are a reason for a huge spike of about 300%
in the gas use. Despite this event, leading to people coming back to normal for the rst
time in months, the main factor, responsible to the higher demand is the signi cantly
lower temperature (9.1ºC in April 2020 vs 5.4ºC in April 2021). This statement is
supported by the higher average temperature in March 2021 (5.9ºC).
Closer look into gure 9 shows a big spike of energy consumption in December & January
2020/21 and November 2021 vs December & January 2019/20. Calculating the Hour
Degree Day (HDD) (Figure 10) for these months it can be concluded that lower
temperatures (317 HDD for Jan 20 vs 420 HDD for Jan 21) are once again the reason for
the signi cantly higher gas consumption (electricity use stays relatively similar) in these
months.

Figure 10. Regional HDD vs HDD for Energy Data

(Dec 19 - Nov 21) (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Historical Temperature Data

Overall, it can be said that the number of lockdowns that occurred, together with the
colder winter in 2021 (see Figure 10) are the reasons for the unexpected energy demand
uctuations over the past 2 years.

2.1.2 Energy Consumption for 2020 vs 2021

Figures 11 and 12 show an electricity and gas consumption comparison between 2020
and 2021. Investigating gure 11, there is one main thing that makes impression. For the
rst quarter of 2021, the numbers are signi cantly lower due to the lockdown. It is also
visible how the consumption for April 2021 overlaps the data from 2020 by a lot. This is
due to the lift of the restrictions in the beginning of April. The huge impact of COVID-19 is
also visible in November and December 2020, where the usage is lower than the following
year. At this time during 2021 the building has been used under normal conditions.
It should also be noted that the overall energy consumption is higher during term time
and especially on its start and end, compared to the holidays (Appendix 1).
Observing the gas consumption data comparison (Figure 12), the Covid factor is on point
as well, but there is another reason for the number uctuation and it is the temperature.
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 Figure 11. Electricity consumption for 2020 vs 2021 (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

Although the building occupancy level has been much lower in the rst quarter of 2021
due to the lockdown, the gas consumption is about 50% higher than in 2020. The reason
for that is the colder winter in 2021 (Figure 10).

Figure 12. Gas Consumption for 2020 vs 2021. (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

2.1.3 Regression Analysis of Degree-Day and Gas Consumption

To create a performance pro le, degree-days are linked to monthly heating and hot water
energy data. Each point on the graph represents the actual monthly energy consumption
level, which has been connected with the measured regional degree-day gure.

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 Figure 13. Regression Analysis. (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption and Historical Temperature Data

R² Value is 0.84. Considering that it is under and close to 1it can be concluded that it is
good.
Figure 13 was created using linear regression and is speci c to CUSC. Using this
function, the expected energy consumption for any future time period can be calculated,
compared to the actual energy consumed, and any necessary corrective action could be
made (Al-Shemmeri, 2011).

2.1.4 Gas Consumption vs Average Monthly Temperatures

In the next two gures - 14 and 15, there is a comparison between the gas usage and the
average monthly temperatures for the past 2 years. The graphs illustrate the close
correlation between the two. The spike in gas consumption in winter 2021 perfectly
matches the bottom (the lowest temperatures) of gure 15.

Figure 14. Gas Consumption (Dec 19 - Nov 21) Figure 15. Average Monthly Temperature
(Own Chart, 2022) (Dec 19 - Nov 21) (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data Source: Historical Temperature Data

2.1.5 Daily & Weekly Consumption Data for CUSC

In this section you can see the daily and weekly energy consumption based on half-hourly
data. Figure 16 demonstrates the daily trend. It can be assumed that early starters and

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 maintenance sta are the reason for the incline of the energy consumption at about 7 am.
After the building o cially opens at 8:30 am up to 11 am can be seen the peak of the
energy demand. It can be tracked that the line stays considerably at until 4 pm and then
it drops gradually to its night time levels.

Figure 16. Daily Consumption Data. (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

On gure 17 can be monitored the weekly trend. It shows 3 consistent peaks (Monday,
Tuesday and Thursday), based on the daily consumption data analysis. There is some
abnormality in the Wednesday and Friday curves. On Wednesday, due to the late opening
- 11 am, the peak starts 1.5 h later. The highest demand is also lower over the course of
the day. Compared to other random picked weeks, this abnormality is not seen. Looking
deeper into the data available, it can be assumed that warmer weather conditions on the
speci c day are the reason for the lower demand. On the Friday curve, you can see 3
separate drops after the peak, which are not observed during the other weekdays. The
reason for it is the shortened working time, sta leaving earlier as well as lower interest
from students on Friday afternoons. During the weekends, although there are some signs
of activity on Saturday, CUSC is presumably unoccupied as the line follows the levels
form weekdays nights.

Figure 17. Weekly Consumption Data. (Own Chart, 2022)

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

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 2.1.6 Normalised Performance Index
The NPI (Table 4) can used as a future reference, in comparison of CUSC with other
similar buildings. The gure describes the amount of energy consumed by the building
per m2 within standard conditions. Benchmarking the NPI (Appendix 2) for CUSC (95.95
kWh/m2) with other similar buildings, the fair performance range is 189-261. The
percentage of energy used for space heating is 55.1% which is under the average of
75%.

Considering these factors, the CUSC’s performance is considered as good.

Table 4. Calculation of NPI. (Own Table, 2022)

Annual gas consump on 267,305 kWh
Annual electricity
217,547 kWh
consump on
Total energy consump on 484,852 kWh
% energy used for space
55.1%
hea ng
Weather correc on factor 0.89
Weather corrected space
237,901 kWh
hea ng
Exposure correc on factor 1.1
Space hea ng corrected for
261,692 kWh
exposure
Corrected total annual energy
479,239 kWh
use
Hours of use factor 0.58
Final total annual energy use 277,958 kWh
Total oor area 2,897 m2
Normalised Performance
95.95 kWh/m2
Index

Source: Building’s Consumption Data

2.2 Carbon Footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) produced
by our actions is referred to as our carbon footprint. The average carbon footprint per
person on a global scale is closer to 4 tonnes. To have the best chance of preventing a
2°C increase in global temperatures, the worldwide carbon footprint per year must be
reduced to less than 2 tonnes per person by 2050 (The Nature Conservancy, 2022).
The total carbon emissions produced by CUSC for 2021 are 99.8 tonnes (Table 3). Our
goal, communicated with the building manager, is to drop this percentage by at least 15%
for the next calendar year, with the long term goal being minus 50% form the current
amount of greenhouse gases produced. Recommendations on how these goals can be
achieved are given in the next chapter.

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 3. Recommendations

Reduced energy use makes great business sense; it saves money, boosts corporate
reputation, and aids everyone in the ght against climate change (Carbon Trust, 2017). In
this nal chapter of the energy audit, you can nd recommendations on how to tackle
current issues leading to high energy consumption and increased carbon footprint. The
proposals will be in line with the current EN16247 - EU Energy Audits Standards.

3.1 Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning Systems (HVAC)

HVAC is a section where reduced energy consumption and carbon footprint can be
achieved on a large scale, but not before allocating time and funds for investments. It
means, that the works on energy e ciency regarding this section should be scheduled for
completion on a later stage once behavioural and lighting systems changes are
implemented. Below you can see the main components of a HVAC System (Table 5) as
well a proposal on how to tackle high energy consumption (Table 6).

Table 5. HVAC System

Figure 18. HVAC System. Main Components of

a HVAC System

1. Boilers

2. Heating Coils

3. Radiators

4. Cooling Equipment

5. Cooling Coils

6. Ventilation System

7. Cooling Tower/Condenser

8.Exhaust Air System

9. HVAC Control Panel

Note.From Carbon Trust, By Carbon Trust, 2017, (https://prod-drupal- Source: Carbon Trust (2017)
les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/Heating-Ventilation-
guide.pdf)

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 Table 6. HVAC System - Saving Opportunities. (Own Table, 2022)
Energy Saving Opportunities
Passive Heating, Ventilation and Cooling
Reducing Overheating
Installing Daylight Blinds
“Zoning” the Building
Implementation and E ect
Designing a system, where nature provides
most of fresh air and temperature
requirements. The “expensive to run” arti cial
and mechanical systems can then operate to
adjust the temperature to the exact desired
levels.
Identifying where excess heat comes from.
Then shading windows from the outside or
installing special heat-re ective glass to
prevent heat build-up. All signi cant energy
using equipment (major heat emitters) with low
energy e ciency pro le have to be replaced
for ones with high pro le.
Daylight blinds allow natural light to enter the
space by re-directing it onto the ceiling,
relieving any discomfort caused by direct
sunlight. Many daylight blinds contain
perforated blades to keep the employee's
vision out the window intact.
Many buildings have troublesome zones with
variable time and temperature requirements,
despite the fact the building has one overall
heating or cooling control system. A approach
is to divide the building into 'zones,' with
di erent time and temperature controls for
each zone is crucial.
Zoned places can improve conditions since
people in each zone have more in uence over
their immediate environment. It will also save
money because HVAC in unoccupied zones
can be turned down or o .

Source: Carbon Trust (2017)

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 3.2 Lighting Systems
The lighting system at CUSC accounts for about 12% of the total electricity usage (Table
1,3). The uorescent lights installed at the building are good solution, but nowadays we
have a number of alternatives (like LED) and actions to be taken for achieving energy
e ciency (Table 7).
Table 7. Lighting System - Saving Opportunities (Own Table, 2022)

Energy Saving Opportunities Implementation and E ect

Low and No Cost Measures
Upgrading to LED
Lighting Controls (Motion Sensors, Time e ciency of a luminaries, if the use is
Control, Light Sensors)
There are a number of measures that can be
implemented in a very short notice. For
example, implementing a switch-o schedule
(ensuring late workers know which switches
need to be turned o on their way out),
ensuring furniture is not blocking light sources,
removing excess lighting and using daylight as
much as possible ( tting daylight blinds).
When replacing conventional lamp technology,
such as old T8 uorescent tubes, upgrading to
LED technology is an e ective way of reducing
illumination electricity consumption by up to
80%. The savings for changing the current T8
to LED are small, but the return on investment
is considered as good. Retro tting is an option
as well.
Lighting controls are must do. Despite of the
uncontrolled, the waste, cost and CO2e
emissions will still be high. If implemented
successfully, reductions in the range of
30-50% are possible.

Source: Carbon Trust (2017)

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 3.3 Building Envelope
CUSC’s shell consists of large number of windows (conventional) and entrances. The
facade is brick. All of these, together with the large external surface area indicate for
medium to high heat loss, which leads to high energy consumption. Table 9 suggests
options for improving the thermal insulation of the building.

Figure 19. Heat Loss

Table 8. Bene ts

Bene ts of the well-

maintained and insulated
building envelope
Better Temperature Control

Improved Productivity

Lower Capital Expenditure

Increased Building’s Value

Reduced Energy Costs

Note. From Carbon Trust, By Carbon Trust, 2018, (https://

Compliance with Regulations
prod-drupal- les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/
resource/public/Building-Fabric-Guide.pdf) Source: Carbon Trust (2018)

Table 9. Building Envelope - Saving Opportunities. (Own Table, 2022)

Energy Saving Opportunities Implementation and E ect

Upgrading existing insulation and increasing its

Roof thickness to at least 270 mm. A complete isolation
of the attic oor is essential as well.
If used e ectively, windows can reduce requirements for
lighting, heating and cooling. If not, they can account for
Windows over 25% of CUSC’s heat loss. Bene cial action is
installing high-performance glass, which has a lm
applied to it, boosting its insulating capabilities. This
either directs heat back into the room or keeps it from
entering from the outside.

Heat re ective foil can be tted behind radiators to

reduce the amount of heat escaping. Also, cavity
wall insulation, preferably expanded polystyrene
Walls beads, is quite straightforward to install. Because
the treatment causes minimum disturbance to
building inhabitants, it can be performed at any
time.

Utilising the stack e ect (allows cooler, fresher air to

be “sucked in” at the ground oor of CUSC and
Ventilation Systems warmer stale air to be expelled at the higher level).
A must do is sealing cracks and gaps, which
reduces uncontrolled in ltration and air leakage.

Source: Carbon Trust (2018)

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 3.4 Behavioural Change
As stated in the EN16247, raising sta awareness is a key concept in achieving the
common goal. Figure 20 (by Les Robinson, 1998), demonstrates the steps that people go
through when changing their behaviour. The following recommendations on how to
improve sta awareness (Table 9) will be prepared in line with Les Robinson’s theory.

Figure 20. The Seven Steps to Social Change

Note. From Carbon Trust, By Carbon Trust, 2013, (https://prod-drupal-

les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/
Low%20Carbon%20Behaviour%20Change%20-
%20The%20%C2%A3300%20million%20opportunity%20-%20REPORT.pdf)

Table 9. Behavioural Change - Saving Opportunities. (Own Table, 2022)

Steps to be taken Implementation and E ect

Organising an hour long seminars (quarterly) could

Education programme for increasing sta possibly lead to big energy savings as sta will be
awareness. aware of why speci c energy saving measures are
required and how easy it is to execute them.

Implementation of bonuses and bene ts for Allocating funds from recent energy savings to a
sta , willing to lead the change and in uence bonus & bene ts scheme could have a huge impact
others. in short term and contribute to the e ects of step 1.

Having a list of measures, which sta can follow will

Distributing an action list with measures around make the whole process go smoother as it will help
CUSC. people memorise it faster. This can work as a tool,
which will help employees change their behaviour.

Sticking notes (explaining how the energy

Letting sta know how the e ort they put consumption is decreasing with exact numbers)
impacts the energy consumption. around CUSC could support the behavioural
change as sta will see the actual result of their
e orts and increase their belief and optimism.

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 Steps to be taken
Creating a monthly rankings (by voting) of top
employees, contributing to the decrease of
energy demand.
Implementation and E ect
Monthly rankings of top 5 employees, contributing
to the savings will not only increase the sta
awareness, but also make people feel that they are
actually part of the change, which will lead to more
people join.

Creating an email address, dedicated for sta

suggestions can reinforce the awareness
Creating a feedback system, so you can listen to additionally make it sustainable in long term. Also,
sta and their suggestions. having a number of new ideas will inevitably lead to
implementing the best ones in action, which will
once again make employees feel like they are part
of the change.

Source: Author’s own

3.5 Carbon Footprint and Economic Predictions

Following the recommendations proposed so far and implementing the quick ones will
help reduce the CO2e emissions by 15% (from 99.8 tonnes to 84.8 tonnes) over the
course of the next year. Gradually applying all of them will lead to 50% reduction in 5
years. In table 10 you can see the expected decrease in the energy bills and carbon
footprint in short and medium term (price per kWh increase in 1 and 5 years is not
considered).
Table 10. Current/in 1 year/in 5 years energy usage, carbon emissions and cost.
Utility Consu C02e Cost p/ Consu CO2e Cost in Consu CO2e Cost in
mption Emissio (£) kWh mption Emissi 1 year mption Emissi 5 years
(kWh) ns in 1 ons in 5 ons
(Tonnes) year in 1 years in 5
year years

Electricity 217,547 50.6 41,116 18.9 184,915 43.0 34,949 108,774 25.3 20,558

Gas 267,305 49.2 10,158 3.8 227,209 41.8 8,634 133,653 24.6 5,079

Overall 484,852 99.8 51,274 - 412,124 84.8 43,583 242,427 49.9 25,637

Source: Building’s Consumption Data. (Own Table, 2022)

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 List of References

• Al-Shemmeri, T. (2011). Energy Audits for Buildings. In T. Al-Shemmeri, Energy Audits:

A Workbook for Energy Management in Buildings (pp. 23-44). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

• Carbon Trust. (2013). Low Carbon Behaviour Change: The £300 million opportunity.
https://prod-drupal- les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/
L o w % 2 0 C a r b o n % 2 0 B e h a v i o u r % 2 0 C h a n g e % 2 0 -
%20The%20%C2%A3300%20million%20opportunity%20-%20REPORT.pdf

• Carbon Trust. (2017). Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Saving energy without
compromising comfort. https://prod-drupal- les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/
resource/public/Heating-Ventilation-guide.pdf

• Carbon Trust. (2017). Lightning. Bright ideas for e cient illumination. https://prod-
drupal- les.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/Lighting-guide.pdf

• Carbon Trust. (2018). Building fabric. Energy saving techniques to improve the energy
performance of buildings. https://prod-drupal- les.storage.googleapis.com/
documents/resource/public/Building-Fabric-Guide.pdf

• Energy Action Group. (2020). Energy Audit. https://eaguk.org/energy-services/energy-

audit/

• Facebook. (2011). Cover Page Image. https://www.facebook.com/The-Student-Centre-

Coventry-University-115758161832140/

• The Nature Conservancy. (2022). What is a carbon footprint?. https://www.nature.org/

en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/

• SEAI. (n.d.). Undertaking an Energy Audit. In SEAI, Energy Audit Handbook, (pp. 5-9).
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland.

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 Appendices

Appendix 1
HH Energy consumption data for 1 year.

Appendix 2
NPI Estimations Table.

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