As per the syllabus of

Sankalchand Patel University

For
First Year Degree Engineering Students

PHYSICS:
Theory Workbook

Prof. Vikaskumar J. Bhavsar Dr. Manish V. Patel

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Sankalchand Patel College of Sankalchand Patel College of
Engineering, Sankalchand Patel Engineering, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar, Gujarat University, Visnagar, Gujarat

Dr. Chirag D. Patel

Assistant Professor
Smt. S.S. Patel Nootan Science and
Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar, Gujarat
PHYSICS:
Theory Workbook

(First Year of All Engineering Branches)

Authors:
Prof. Vikaskumar J Bhavsar
Dr. Manish V. Patel
Dr. Chirag D. Patel
Copyright © Prof. Vikaskumar J Bhavsar, Dr. Manish V. Patel, Dr. Chirag D. Patel
Price: 100 Rs.
First Edition: 2018

Printed by: Saraswati Book World, Visnagar-384315

Published by: Self-Published
 Dedicated
to
The Almighty
Our Beloved Family
Members and our dear
students
Prof. Vikaskumar J. Bhavsar is Assistant professor in
Applied Science & Humanities Department at Sankalchand
Patel College of Engineering, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar. He has completed his B.Sc. (Physics)
from Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
and M.Sc. (Physics) from Hemchandracharya North Gujarat
University, Patan. He has more than Eight years of teaching
experience in Engineering College.

Dr. Manish V. Patel is working as Assistant professor and

Head of the Department in Applied Science & Humanities
Department at Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering,
Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar. He has completed
his B.Sc. (Physics) from Hemchandracharya North Gujarat
University, Patan and M.Sc. (Physics) from Sardar Patel
University, V.V. Nagar. He is done his PhD in Physics. He
has more than Eight years of teaching experience in
Engineering College.

Dr. Chirag D. Patel is working as Assistant professor and

Head of the Department in Smt. S.S. Patel Nootan Science
and Commerce College, Visnagar, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar. He has completed his B.Sc. (Physics)
from Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
and M.Sc. (Physics) from Sardar Patel University, V.V.
Nagar. He is done his PhD in Physics. He has more than
Eight years of teaching experience in Engineering and
Science Colleges.
 Preface

We are very happy to present the book entitled “PHYSICS:Theory

Workbook” for our beloved students. In this book, we tried to cover all the
types of example as per syllabus of Engineering Physics of B.E. (B.Tech.) First
year.

We extend ourthanks to all of our colleagues Prof Sanjay B

Patel, Dr.Nitin Patel, Prof. Shailesh Bhanotar, Prof. Reena G. Patel,
Dr.Bhavin S. Patel, Ramesh B. Patel and all staff members of
Sankalchand Patel College of EngineeringNootan Science and Commerce
College, Visnagarand for continuous support and help.

We would like to express our warm thanks to Dr. D.M.Patel,

Principal, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, and Dr. R.M.
Patel Principal Smt. S.S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College,
Visnagar Sankalchand Patel University for best wishes.

Any Suggestions from users and reviewers for the improvement

of this Laboratory workbook will be cordially welcomed and
appreciated. You may contact on e-mail vikasbhavsar@gmail.com
mvpatelphy@gmail.comand Chiragkansa@gmail.com

Thanks & Regards,

Prof. Vikas J. Bhavsar

Dr. Manish V. Patel

Dr. ChiragD.Patel
 Engineering Physics
Theory Workbook

INDEX

Chapter No. TITLE Signature

1 Architectural Acoustics

2 Ultrasonic

3 Super conductivity

4 Optical Fiber Communication

5 LASER

6 Nano Material

7 New Engineering materials

8 Semiconductor Physics and SI Units and Measurement
 1

Architectural Acoustics
Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. Threshold of feeling is
(a)100dB (b)110dB (c)130dB (d)120dB

2. Which of the following waves does not belong to the electromagnetic spectrum
(a) X-rays (b) Microwave (c) Infrared (d) Ultrasonic wave

3.The unit of absorption coefficient is ___________.

(a) W/m2 (b) dB (c) sabine (d) Bel

4. Weber Fechner law is given as____________.

(a)L = K / log10I (b) L = Klog10I (c) I = K / log10 L (d) I = K log10L

5. Unit of loudness is ________.

(a)Hertz (b) phon (c) second (d) sabine-m2

6.__________dB is the sound level for the threshold of pain.

(a) 0 dB (b) 120 dB (c) 110 dB (d) 10-12 dB

7. The S.I. Unit of Loudness is

(a) dB (b) Bel (c) phon (d) OWU

8.The value of standard intensity is

(a) 0 Wm-2 (b) 10-12 Wm-2 ( c) 10-2 Wm-2 (d) 1012Wm-2

9. Asbestos fiber spary is

(a)porous Absorbent (b) PenelAbsorbent (c) cavity resonator (d) Composite type

Short questions

1. Classify the sound based on frequency

2. Define reverberation time

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3. What is loudness? Give relationship between loudness & intensity of sound

4. Define absorption co-efficient & give its unit

Descriptive question

1. List & explain the characteristics of musical sound

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2. Explain factor affecting acoustics of the building & give their remedies.
Or
Discuss the factor reverberation time, resonance, echelon effect, focusing for hall.

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Example

1. A hall has volume 45,000 m3 is found to have reverberation time of 1.5 sec. What is total?
absorption power of all surfaces in hall? If area of sound absorbing surface is 8000 m2. Calculate the
absorption Co-efficient.

2. A hall measuring 25.5m×20.3m×8.04m has reverberation time of 0.75 sec. when empty. What will?
The reverberation time when an audience of 500 is present? (Take one person as equivalent 0.3176 m2
absorption in Sabine).

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3. A has volume 1000 m3. It has reverberation time 2 sec. If the area of sound absorbing surface is
350 m2. Calculate the average absorption co-efficient.

4. The volume of room is 1200 m3 the wall area of room is 220 m2 the floor area is 120 m2 the ceiling
Area is 120 m2.the average sound absorption co-efficient (1) for wall is 0.03(2) for ceiling 0.08
(3) For floor is 0.06. Calculate the average sound absorption coefficient & reverberation time.

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5. What is the resultant sound level when a 70dB sound is added to an 85dB sound?

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6. What is the resultant sound level when a 70dB sound is added to an 80dB sound?

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7.The reverberation time is found to be 1.5 sec for an empty hall and it is found to be 1.0 sec when a
curtain cloth of 20 m2 is suspended at the centre of the hall. If the dimension of the hall are 10×8×6 m3.
Calculate the coefficient of absorption of curtain cloth

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Ultrasonic
Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. Material used for the production of ultrasonic waves in magnetostriction effect is

(a) Paramagnetic (b) Diamagnetic (c) Ferromagnetic (d) Can’t say

2. The SONAR is used

(a) to remove the tumors from the body (b) to measure the depth of sea
(c) to produce the ultrasonic frequency (d) none of these

3. Which one is not correct for Ultrasonic waves?

(a) Type of sound wave (b) longitudinal wave
(c) transverse wave (d) mechanical wave

4. The technique which is not concerned with the application of ultrasonic’s wave.
(a)MRI (b) Depth sounding (c) Sound ranging (d) sonography

5. Velosity of ultrasonics wave in water is of the order of

(a)340m/s (b) 1700m/s (c) 3400m/s (d) 5400m/s

6. Piezoelectric effect is observed in ______________ Material.

(a) Nickel (b) Iorn (c) Quartz (d) Copper

Short questions

1. What is ultrasonic wave?

2. Define piezoelectric effect.

3. Define magnetostriction effect.

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4. Explain function of sonar.

Descriptive question

1. Draw circuit diagram for piezoelectric oscillator & explain how will ultrasonic wave is produce by
Piezoelectric oscillator.

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2. Describe the ultrasonic generator using magnetostriction oscillator. Give their merit & demerit.

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3.Decribe application of ultrasonic wave.

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Examples

1. A piezoelectric x-cut crystal has thickness 0.002 m. if velocity of sound wave in crystal is 5750
m/sec. calculate the Fundamental frequency of crystal.

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2. A quartz crystal has thickness 0.005 m vibrating at fundamental frequency. Give the young
modules for quartz as7.9×1010 N/m2 the density of quartz 2650 kg/m3 .

3.The ultrasonic pulse echo method is employed to detect possible defect in steel bar of thickness
40 cm if the pulse Arrive time is 30 & 80 µsec .Find distance of defect from the end of bar at
which the ultrasonic pulse enters the bar.

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4. An ultrasonic source of 0.09 MHz sends down a pulse toward the seabed which returns after
0.55 sec. The velocity of Sound in water is 1800 m/sec. Calculate depth of sea & wavelength
of pulse.

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Super conductivity

Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. Below transitions temperature, the electrical resistance of a superconductor is.

(a)Finite (b) large (C) zero (d) none

2. The following element will not show superconductivity.

(a)gold (b) silver (C) coper (d) all

3. In superconductivity the conductivity of a material becomes

(a)Zero (b)Finite (c) Infinite (d) None of the above

4. The temperature at which conductivity of a material becomes infinite is called

(a)Critical temperature (b) Absolute temperature
(c)Mean temperature (d) Crystallization temperature

5. The superconducting state is perfectly _____ in nature.

(a) Diamagnetic (b) Paramagnetic (c) Ferromagnetic (d) Ferromagnetic

6. Which of the following are the properties of superconductors?

(a) They are diamagnetic in nature (b) They have zero resistivity
(c) They have infinite conductivity (d) All of the above

7. The minimum amount of current passed through the body of superconductor in order to
destroy the superconductivity is called
(a) Induced current (b)Critical current (c) Eddy current (d) Hall current

8. The magnetic lines of force cannot penetrate the body of a superconductor, a phenomenon is
known as
(a) Isotopic effect (b) BCS theory (c)Meissner effect (d)London theory

9. The resistivity of liquid helium drops to zero at _______ K

(a) 3.8 K (b) 4.2 K (c) 6 K (d) 0 K

10. SQUID is an application of

(a) Semiconducting materials (b) Nano materials
(c) Superconducting materials (d) Bio materials

11. Superconducting materials are the type of

(a)Diamagnetic materials (b) Dielectric materials
(c) Ferromagnetic materials (d)Paramagnetic materials

12. For superconductors magnetic susceptibility χm = _______.

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) ∞

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Short question

1. Define super conductivity.

2. Define critical temperature or transition temperature.

3. State meissener effect.

4. Define critical current & critical current density.

5. Define critical magnetic field.

6. State an isotopic effect.

7. Give the full name of “SQUID”

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Descriptive question

1. What is superconducting material? List the properties of superconducting materials and

explain in detail.

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2. Compare are type-1 & type-2 super conductor.

3. Explain Josephson Effect (ac & dc both).

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4. Explain: Meissner effect. Prove that a superconductor exhibits perfect diamagnetism.

5. Give few important applications for super conductor.

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Example

1. A super conducting material has atomic mass is 245 & Tc is 8.02 find transition temperature for
Isotope of same material when mass number is 243

2. Critical temperature of Nb is at 9.15 K. At zero Kelvin temperature critical field is 0.196 T.

Calculate critical field at 6K.

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3. Calculate critical current & critical current density of super conducting wire with radius 1 mm.
Critical magnetic field is 6 KA/m.

4. Find the critical current for a superconducting wire of lead having a diameter of 1mm at
4.2 K . Critical temperature of lead is 7.18 K and Hc(0) = 6.5x104 A/m.

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5. The critical temperature TC for Hg with isotopic mass 199.5 is 4.185 K. Calculate the critical
temperature for its isotopic mass 204.5.

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Optical Fiber Communication

Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. Light is confined within the core of a simple optical fiber by

(a)refraction.
(b) total internal reflection at the outer edge of the cladding.
(c)total internal reflection at the core cladding boundary.
(d) reflection from the fiber's plastic coating.
2. Step index fibre sustains only
(a) single mode of propagation (b) multimode of propagation
(c) both (a)&(b) (d) none of these
3. Optical fibers are made from
(a) Insulator (b) conductor (c) semiconductor (d) Superconductor
4. Which of following is true for if n1 is refractive index of core & n2 is refractive index of
cladding
(a) n1> n2 (b) n1 < n2 (c) n1= n2 (d) n1 ≤ n2
5. Total internal reflection occurs when light travel from
(a) Rarer to dancer medium (b) Dancer to rarer medium
(c) Dancer to dancerd (d) rarer to rarer
6. In optical fibre light propagated in the
(a)Core (b) Cladding (c) Bufferd (d) air
7. We prefer ______ fiber for short distance communication.
(a)Single mode (b) Multi mode (c) Dual mode (d) None of these
8. We prefer ______ fiber for short distance communication.
(a) Single mode (b) Multi mode (c) Dual mode (d) None of these
9. Which of the following is the transmission frequency in optical fibre
(a) 1014 (b)1013 (c)1012 (d)1011
10. The basic principle behind fibre optic communication is ____________.
(a) reflection (b) refraction (c) total internal reflection (d) diffraction

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Short Quection

1. Define numerical aperture for optical fiber.

2. Define acceptance angle for optical fiber.

3. Which is basic principal of optical fiber propagation? Define it.

4. Give the name of basic part of optical fiber.

5. Which is optical device is used as transmission & receiver in optical fiber. Give two name for each.

6. Give a few name of material which is used in glass base & plastic base optical fiber.

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DesriptiveQuection

1. Define and derive necessary expressions for acceptance angle and numerical aperture of a fiber.

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2. Discuss in detail advantages of fibre optic cable over metallic cable

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3.Explain the different types of fibers based on materials, mode and index profile.

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4.Give the differences between Step Index Fiber and Graded Index Fiber.

5. List out the difference between single mode fiber and multi mode fiber.

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Example

1. Calculate the NA & acceptance angle have core & cladding refractive index is 1.61 & 1.58.

2. A silica glass optical glass optical fiber has core refractive index 1.50 & cladding has 1.46
Calculate 1. Critical angle 2. Acceptance angle 3. Numerical aperture

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3. Calculate the refractive index of core & cladding of fiber have NA=0.24 & relative refractive index
difference Δ=0.014

4. A glass based optical fiber has refractive index 1.545& 1.495, then find out numerical
aperture and acceptance angle for glass fiber.

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LASER
Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. The LASER can be produced by

(a) spontaneous emission (b) Induced absorption
(c) stimulated emission (d) Instantaneous emission
2. Which one is not correct for LASER?
(a)Highly monochromatic light (b) highly polychromatic light
(c) highly polarized light (d) highly directional light
3. The life time of an atom in meta stable state is of order of _______ seconds.
(a)10-9 – 10-8 (b) 10-8 – 10-6 (c) 10-6 – 10-3 (d) 10-3 – 10-2
4. Electrical pumping is adopted in ____________laser.
(a)Nd:YAG ( b) CO2 (c) Ruby (d) Semiconductor
5. Nd-YAG LASER emittes ______ μm wavelength.
(a) 1.063 (b) 1.062 (c) 1.064 (d) 1.406
6. Laser beam is highly coherent so it can be used in
(a)Polarization (b) Interference (c) Diffraction (d) Scattering
7. In laser CO2______ kind of pumping is used.
(a)optical pumping (b) direct electron excitation
(c) inelastic atom collision (d) none of these
8. The mathematical expression for existence of stimulated emission is proposed by
___________
(a)Newton (b) Ohm (c) Pascal (d) Einstein

Short Quection

1. State the full form of LASER.

2. What is the life time of charge carrier in metastable state?

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3 . Define the following term

(1) Population inversion:

(2)Lasing:

(3)Optical resonator:

(4)Pumping:

Desriptive question

1.Describe the principle, construction and working of Nd-YAG Laser with suitable diagrams.

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2. Discuss the characteristics of LASER.

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3. Discuss the applications of lasers in various fields.

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Nano Material

Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. The grain size of nanomaterials is in the range of

(a) 0.1 to 1 nm (b) 1 to 10 nm (c) 1 to 100 nm (d) 10 to 100 nm
2. The following are the structure of CNT
(a) Chiral (b) Armchair (c) zigzag (d) all of these
3. What nano particals can find and kill cencer cell?
(a) Bulky ball (b) chloroplast (c) Gold Neno cell (d) Nano thoothbruch
4. CNT are____ time stronger then Steel
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 19 (d) 120

Short Quection

1. Define the term nanoparticle.

2. What is surface to volume ratio?

DisriptiveQuection

1. Give some properties and applications of nanomaterials.

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2. List the important properties and applications of CNTs and explain the Chemical Vapour
Deposition method to synthesis the CNT.

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3. Discuss Ball Milling mechanical method to synthesis nanoparticles.

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4. Explain what quantum confinement is.

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New Engineering materials

Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. The high temperature stable phase of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) is called
(a) Austenite (b) Martensite (c) Nitiosite (d) None of these
2. ______ exhibit super plasticity.
(a) Bio-materials (b) Metallic materials (c) Nanomaterials (d) SMA
3. Magnetic susceptibility (χm) equals
(a) dipole moment per unit volume (b) torque per unit area
(c) magnetization per unit magnetic field intensity (d) none of these
4. The metallic glasses are obtained by cooling a molten material rapidly at a rate of
(a)20x1060c/s (b)2x1060c/s (c)2x1040c/s (d) None of these
5. The first commercial shape memory alloy is
(a)NiTi (b) NiCd (c) NiC (d) Cryofit
6. Which of the following is not true for soft magnetic materials?
( a) low coercivity ( b) low retentivity
(c) low permeability ( d) high susceptibility.
7. The general chemical formula for a ferrite is ____________
(a) MOFe2O4 or MFe2O4 (b) MOFe2O3 or MFe2O4
(c) MOFe3O3 or MFe3O4 (d) MOFe2O2 or MFe2O3.
8. ____________is the process to synthesize Metallic Glass
(a) ball milling (b) plasma arching
(c) melt spinning technique (d) CVD
10. Basic source of magnetism is .
(a)Chargedparticlesalone (b)Movement of charged particles
(c)Magneticdipoles (d)Magnetic domains
11.Units for magnetic flux density
(a) Wb/m2 (b) Wb/A.m (c) A/m (d) Tesla /m
12. Magneticpermeabilityhasunitsas
(a) Wb/m2 (b) Wb/A.m (c) A/m (d) Tesla /m
13. Magneticpermeabilityhasunitsas
(a)Tesla (b)Henry (c) Tesla/m (d) Henry /m
14. Magneticfieldstrength’sunitsare
(a) Wb/m2 (b) Wb/A.m (c) A/m (d) Tesla /m

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15. Example for dia-magneticmaterials

(a) super conductors (b)alkalimetals (c)transitionmetals (d)Ferrites
16. Example for para-mageticmaterials
(a) super conductors (b)alkalimetals (c)transitionmetals (d)Ferrites
17. Example for ferro-magnetic materials
(a) super conductors (b)alkalimetals (c)transitionmetals (d)Ferrites
18. Example for anti-ferro-magnetic materials
(a)saltsoftransitionelements (b) rareearthelements (c)transitionmetals (d)Ferrites
19.Example for ferri-magnetic materials
(a)saltsoftransitionelements (b) rareearthelements (c)transitionmetals (d)Ferrites
20.TypicalthicknessofBlochwalls(nm).
(a) 0.1-1 (b)1-10 (c)10-50 (d)100
21.Example for soft magnet
(a) 45Permalloy (b)CrO2 (c)Fe-Pd (d)Alnico
22.Example for hard magnet
(a)45Permalloy (b)CrO2 (c)Fe-Pd (d)Alnico
23.Exampleformagneticmaterialusedindatastoragedevices
(a) 45Permalloy (b)CrO2 (c)Cunife (d)Alnico
24. The magnetic susceptibility is equals to _____________
(a) χ = mH (b) χ = mH/B (c) χ = m/H (d) χ = mB/H

Short question.

1. What are the metallic glasses?

2. Give the types of metallic glasses with examples.

3. What are the smart materials? Give the example.

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4. What are the shape memory alloys?

5. Give definition of magnetization.

6. What is susceptibility?

7. Explain magnetic dipole moment

8. What is permeability?

Descriptive question.

1.Discuss the general properties of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic materials.

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2. What are Shape Memory Alloys? Explain temperature-induced and stress-induced

transformations in detail.

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2. What are the types of Metallic Glasses? Describe the preparation method to produce the
metallic glasses with its applications.

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3.Compare Hard and Soft Magnetic materials.

4. Explain the producer of data recording and reading in magnetic tape.

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5. What are biomaterials? Explain the different types of biomaterials and their
applications in the medical field.

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Example

1. A paramagnetic material has a magnetic field intensity of 104 A/m. If thesusceptibility of the
material at room temperature is 3.7x10-4, calculate the magnetization and flux density of the
material.

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2. magnetic field strength of 2x105 A/m is applied to a paramagnetic material with a relative
permeability of 1.01, calculate the values of Intensity of magnetic field(B) and
Magnetisation(M).

3. A appied magnetic field 1600 A/m produce magnetic flux 2×10-5 weber at cross secton area
0.3 c.m.2 calculate pearmeability for given material.

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Semiconductor Physics and SI Units and Measurment

Tick Mark on correct Answer

1. Fuel cell is a device that converts

(a) Chemical energy into electricity (b) solar energy into electricity
(c) sound energy into electricity (d) mechanical energy into electricity
2. Solar cells operate on the principle of
(a) Electrostriction effect (b) Magnetostriction effect
(c) Photovoltaic effect (d) Josephson effect
3. The unit of an inductance of an inductor is _______.
(a)Henry (b)Farad (c)coulomb (d)Ohm
4. Which of the following is a Scalar quantity
(a)Momentum (b) Force (c) Mass (d) Velocity
5. Ohm’s Law is not applicable to
(a)Semiconductors (b) DC Circuits (c) High Currents (d) Resistor
6. Potential difference is measured in
(a)Volts (b) Amperes (c) Joules (d) Watts
7. An inductor stores energy in
(a)Electrostatic field (b) electromagnetic field (c) core (d) magnetic field

Short question

1. Define forbidden gap for solid.

2. Define conduction band for solid.

3. Define valance for solid.

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4. Write energy gap value for conducting material, semiconductor material & insulating material

5. Which diode is used as photo detector?

6. Which is diode is used as solar cell?

7. Write energy conversation for following diode1.LED 2.solsr cell 3.photo conducting cell

Descriptive question

1. What is Hall Effect? Derive an expression for hall coefficient.

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2. Write and explain Newton’s laws of motion

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3. Differentiate between in.Isulator, semiconductor, and conductor by band theory of solid.

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4. Write a short note on 1) LED 2) Solar cell

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Example
1. A semiconductor crystal 10 mm long 2 m wide & 2mm thick applied flux density 0.5 wb/m2
From front to back .when current flow in direction of length the voltage at width is 35 micro volt.
Then find hall co-efficient & density of charge carrier. Take current 10 mA.

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2. A P-type semiconductor has hall co-efficient 5.2×10-4 m3 c-1 conductivity is 1.05 /mho.meter.
Calculate its charge density & mobility of electron.

3. A rectangular n –type germanium bar has thickness of 2 mm .a current flow of 10 ma passes

along bar & field is 0.1 tesla the hall voltage develop is 1 ma .calculate hall constant &
electron density in semiconductor µ=0.36 m2 v-1 s-1

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