RESONANCE nce is a condition wherein the total current is in- with the total voltage. The circuit power factor is SERIES AC CIRCUIT AT RESONANCE A, A & pe nee) ¢ Er R XM Xe I Ec E resonate the circuit, E, =Ec of X = Xc- ‘Scanned with CamSeanner1 Wan Vl€ = resonant frequency, 1n Hertz (Hz) 1 ipguctance, in Hemy (H) Capacitance, in Farad (F) it is minima «The impedance of the circuit is aziniimum ang eal to the resistance of the circuit The current in the circuit is maximum as it ig limited by the resistance of the circuit alone, joy since the current is maximum, the power ofthe circuit will also be maximum. Since at series resonance, the current flowing maximum, the voltage drops across L and C are also maximum. Q-FACTOR OF A SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT At series resonance, the Pd across L and C builds uptt 2 value many times greater than the applied voltage. This voltage magnification Produced by resonances termed as Q-factor of thie series resonant circuit. Q-factor = Voltage across L or C applied voltage Q-factor =F. _ Xu. 2nfil ERR The Q-factor of a series resonant circuit can.als0 expressed in terms of L and C, ‘Scanned with CamSeanner1 fl factor = : RVC te: The Q-factor of a series circuit indicates how any times the pd across L or C is greater than the plied voltage. Example, a series RLC circuit is nected across a 110 V, if the Q-factor of the circuit is ), then the voltage across L or C at resonance will be (110) or 2200 volts. BANDWIDTH OF A SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT BANDWIDTH OF A SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT, is a range of frequencies over which the operation of electrical device is satisfactory. It lies between two ints on either side of the resonant frequency where rrent falls to 70.7% of its maximum value at onance. Maximum power /- Half- power BW=f)-f f, =f + 48W 1 f, =f - 3 BW ‘Ower cut-off frequency © higher cut-off frequency * Current at resonance condition (max. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner current)EXAMPLE: A series RLC circuit has R = 100 0; | 100 pH and C = 100 pF is connected across a 9 y variable frequency source. Determine the (a) resonant frequency (fb) current at resonance condition (c)_ voltage across L or C at resonance (d)_ Q-factor of the circuit (e) bandwidth (f) lower and higher cut-off frequencies 1 1 fe = "2a 2ml(100 x 10°)(100 x 10712) f, = 1.591 MHz E_ 10 Tapa agg = Ot X_ = 2nfL = 2n(1.591 x 10°)(100 x 10°) = 10009 E, =Ec = 1X, =0.1(1000) = 100 V J X_ _ 1000 == =10 R100 tek 100 x 10° “RVC 100100 x19 ~ FL _ 100 =F 10-10 pw ~ fe _ 1.591 x 10° Q 10 fy =f + 5 BW = 1,591 - 40,1591) «1.51 MHZ fh =f + BW =1.591 + 10,1591) = 1.67 MHz = 159,1 kHz ‘Scanned with CamSeannerPARALLEL.AC CIRCUIT AT RESONANCE BAR Be sonate the circuit, BL =Bc. pei |4 R? =o 2 2n VLC > esonant frequency, in Hertz (Hz) esistance, in ohms (Q) Inductance, in Henry (H) apacitance, in Farad (F) e coil resistance is small (as in general), 1 ]1 Efe total impedance of the.circuit at resonance is, Z= & — a pure resistance The impedance at parallel resonance is also called Mam Ice, ‘Scanned with CamSeannerV—K——e—— a —_— eee At parallel resonance, the /mpedance 215 avin since L/C is very large. Thus, with the impedang! maximum, thus the current is minimum, € FACTOR OF A PARALLEL RESONANT CiRcy At parallel resonance, the circulating current betwee, the two branches is many times greater than the line current, This current amplification produced by the resonance is termed as Q-factor of the parallel Fesonany circuit Current on Lor€ Ic _E/X¢ _wC_w Q-factor = = Ik k EAR) FR = factor = Xu. 2xh — same as series circuit Q Ra oR : If the coil resistance is small (as in general), 1 Sag L fraps. 7 = r 2a Vic ~ then, Q factor RVC Note: The Landwidth formula for parallel resonant -ircuit is the same as that of series resonant circuit. EXAMPLE: A coil of resistance 10 @ and inductance 2.2 H is connected in parallel with a 2.5-yF capacitor Determine the 3 . (@) resonant frequency (b) Q-factor of the-circuit at resonance (C) dynamic impedance ‘Scanned with CamSeanner2 ’ a it ; 1 107 LO AEN (0.2)(2.5 x 10%) 9.92 2affl _ 2n(225)(0.2) R 10 ‘t. 28.274 j 0.2 (25 x 10°©)(10) = 8,000 ohms jo capacitor is perfect and can be considered to of an ideal capacitor in series with a resistor. 1 [Ree f, = —<—— at (Ak InvLC Rc? - (L/ ©) ‘Scanned with CamSeannerGENERAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Impedance | Z=R,(min.) | 7_ & , (max.) Current ie 5 , (max.) I 7 . , (min.) Resonant fied Frequency 2nvC ee a Iff f, Circuit is Circuit is Mi inductive | __ capacitive __| Ceca a t——___ | che It magnifi Wollage en |_— Magnifies voltage current__7 ‘Scanned with CamSeanner