Indian Economy

Prelims 2020
Crash Course
Rise 2.0
By Kapil Sikka
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 Chapter 8

Agriculture And Food

Management
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@kapillive
Contents of Chapter
• Introduction
• Kharif & Rabi
• Food Philosophy of India
• Land Reforms
• Green Revolution

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Agriculture
• Important Sector for Economy
• 17.4 per cent of the GDP
• After Independence agriculture accounted for 55.4%
• Provides livelihood for 48.7%
• Underdeveloped countries still have very higher share
• Norway, UK 2 %
• Biggest Private Sector- No Income is taxed

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• Biggest unorganised sector
• Provides jobs to more than 90 per cent share of the total unorganised
labour-force (roughly 40 crs)
• We have emerged as a significant agri-exporters of, rice, meat, oil
meals, spice, guar gum meal and sugar.
• The share of India’s agricultural exports and imports in the world
trade in 2017 were 2.50 per cent and 1.50 per cent (WTO data)
• It is acclaimed correlation that 1 per cent increase in the agricultural
growth leads to 0.5 per cent increase in industrial output (growth)
and 0.7 per cent increase in the national income of India

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• The industrial sector was selected as the ‘prime moving force’ post
independence
• Market failure resulted in failure of Industries.
• The Harrod-Damor Model Failed to boost income.
• Government of India announced agriculture as the prime moving
force of the economy in 2002.
• A total of 66.1 per cent of the cropped area in the country is
dependent on monsoon for their irrigational
• As per Second Advance Estimates for 2019-20, total foodgrain
production in the country is estimated at record 291.95 million
tonnes which is higher by 6.74 million tonnes than the production of
foodgrain of 285.21 million tonnes achieved during 2018-19.

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Kharif & Rabi
• Arabic Language Words : Used widely in India, Pakistan & Bangladesh

• The crops that are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. (also
known as the summer or monsoon crop) in India.
• Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July,
during the south-west monsoon season.
• The crops that are sown in the winter season are called Rabi crops. (also
known as the “winter crop”) in Pakistan and India.
• Crops that are grown in the winter season, from November to April are
called Rabi Crops.
• Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

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Food Philosophy in India
• Divided in Three Phases
• First Phase
• Second Phase
• Third Phase

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First Phase
• 3 Decades
• Green Revolution is part of it
• Made India Self Sufficient

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Second Phase
• Access to Food (Economical Condition)
• High Buffer Stocks vs High Hunger
• PUCL Case 2001
• Seventh Largest Exporter (2002)
• Vagaries of Green Revolution

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Third Phase
• Post Globalization Era
• Opening of World Trades
• Non-Ecological Inputs
• Climate Change
• Search for Sustainable Farming

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Land Reforms
• Phase 1
• Immediately after Independence
• Removing institutional discrepancies
• socio-economic inequality
• Increasing agricultural production
• Abolition of intermediaries
• Tenancy Reforms
• Land Ceiling Act
• Land Consolidation

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Reasons of Failure
• Land as Social Prestige
• Lack of Political Will
• Rampant Corruption

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Land Reforms and Green Revolution
• Why It Failed to invoke reforms

• Diabolic relation

• Caste Lobbying

• PL480

• International Pressure
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Phase 2 of Land Reforms
• Economic Reforms

• Land titles to holder

• Land Acquisitions Policy

• National Land Records Modernisation Programme(NLRMP)

• Change in leasing policies
• Digitization of leasing records

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• The Right To Fair Compensation And Transparency In Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation And Resettlement Act, 2013
• It proposed to put in place a transparent, effective and speedy laws
regarding the need of land reforms related to leasing and acquisition.

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Model Agriculture Land Leasing Act 2016
• Legalise land leasing to promote agricultural efficiency, equity
• This will also help in much needed productivity improvement in
agriculture as well as occupational mobility of the people and rapid
rural change.
• This is very important step for land reforms through which needs of
landlord as well as lease holder have been taken care.
• Through this act, the landlord can legally lease the land with mutual
consent for agriculture and allied activities. In this act, it has been
taken care that in any circumstances the leased holders' claim on
land will not be valid.

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Model Agriculture Land Leasing Act 2016
• Lease holder may receive institutional loan, insurance and disaster
relief so that he may invest more and more in agriculture.
• Allow automatic resumption of land after the agreed lease period
without requiring any minimum area of land to be left with the
tenant even after termination of tenancy, as laws of some states
require.
• Incentivise tenants to make investment in land improvement and also
entitle them to get back the unused value of investment at the time
of termination of tenancy.
• In order to resolve the dispute between the landlord and lease
holder, the provision of “Special Land Tribunal” has been made in the
Civil Court.

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Agriculture Holdings: The 10th Agriculture Census
2015–16
• the Census is conducted after every 5 years.
• the average size of land holding is decreasing due to rapid
fragmentation caused by high population growth.
• The total area under farming fell from 159.6 million hectares (Mha)
to 157.14 Mha.
• Small and marginal farmers account for 86.2 per cent of all farmers in
India, but own just 47.3 per cent of the crop area.
• Semi- medium and medium land holding farmers account for 13.2
per cent of all farmers, but own 43.6 per cent of crop area.
• Feminisation of Agriculture 12.8 per cent to 13.9 per cent

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Green Revolution
• 1960s
• Wheat
• Rice

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Components of Green Revolution
• HYV Seeds
• Chemical Fertilizers (NPK)
• Irrigation
• Pesticides/Germicides
• Credit

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Impact
• Socio Economic Impact

• Ecological Impact
• Water table

• Toxicity in Soil and food

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Future
• Evergreen Revolution

• Doubling the farm income

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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the cropping season in India
1. The kharif cropping season is during the South-West/Summer Monsoon
2. The rabi cropping season is during North-East/Returning/Winter Monsoon
3. The crops grown between March and June are summer crops, known as zaid
Select the CORRECT statement(s) using the codes given below
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 3 Only
d) 2 and 3
Ans: a

Explanation:
•All statements are correct.
•There are certain special terms used to understand the cropping seasons of India. The agricultural
crop year in India is from July to June. The Indian cropping season is classified into two main
seasons-
(i) kharif and (ii) rabi based on the monsoon.
•The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar
(pulses), soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton, etc.
•The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard
(oilseeds) etc.
Q2 Consider the following pairs with regard to the classification of agricultural holdings
1. Economic Holding - Maximum size of the holding which must be possessed and owned
by a family
2. Family Holding - It is a ‘plough unit’ which is neither less nor more for an average size
family to cultivate it properly
3. Optimum Holding - It is that holding which ensures a minimum satisfactory standard of
living in a family
Select the INCORRECT pair(s) using the codes given below
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) None of the above
Ans: b

Explanation:
•Pairs 1 and 3 are matched incorrectly.
•Agricultural holdings have been classified into three categories:
•Statement 1: Economic Holding: It is that holding which ensures a minimum satisfactory standard of
living in a family. In other words, economic holding is a minimum essential area for profitable
agriculture.
•Statement 3: Optimum Holding Maximum size of the holding which must be possessed and owned
by a family is called optimum holding.
•Statement 2 is correct: Family holding is that holding which gives work to an average size family
having one plough under the traditional farming system.
Q3. Which of the following is not true about the impact of Green Revolution?

a) Food production increased in such a way that many countries became self-
sufficient
b) Among Indian farmers, it reduced the inter-personal as well as inter-regional
inequalities
c) The most devastating negative impact of the Green Revolution was ecological
d) None of the above
Ans: b

Explanation:
Socio-economic Impact of Green Revolution:
-Food production increased in such a way (wheat in 1960s and rice, by 1970s) that many
countries became self-sufficient and some even emerged as food exporting countries.
- But the discrepancy in farmers’ income, it brought with itself increased the inter-
personal as well as inter-regional disparities/inequalities in India.
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