FORESTS

Q What are linear plantation (Protective forest)? (4)

Ans: Linear plantation means the tree planted along the road, canals and railway
lines. Trees hold the soil and protect the soil erosion, beside provide shadow,
reduce pollution and increase afforested area.

Q What are productive forest?

Ans: Productive forest is mainly natural forest. Tree density is high, have
commercial value, source of timber and fire wood.

Q State two domestic use of wood. (2) J2007

Ans:Timber is used for construction of houses, for furniture, doors and windows.

Q Explain how wood is used in industry and transport.

Ans: Industry: Wood is raw material for furniture making, paper, matches, and
pencils, sports goods like hockey sticks, bats and rackets. Resin which is a fluid in
tissues of chirr plant is used for making varnishes. Mazri is used for making mats
and baskets. Ephedra is a shrub used in pharmaceutical (medicine) factories.

Transport: In transport wood is used in making truck bodies, railway carriages and
sleeper, animal carts, boats and bridges.

Q What is sustainable forestry? (3)

Ans: Sustainable forestry means the forest are utilized (used) in such a way that
they remain productive for long time. When mature trees are cut new one are
planted.

Q What is snow line? (1)

Ans: The altitude (height 4500 Meters) above which snow remains throughout the
year on mountain peaks vegetation cannot grow above it.

Q What is snow field? (1) J2007

Ans: Snow field is a large area covered with snow all over the year.

Q Explain why a large part of northern area is covered with snow field. (2)

Ans: Snow field exists over 4500 meters because of low temperature during long
winter, high snow fall take place in these areas, during short summer little amount
of snow melts next winter bring more snow falls, snow goes on piling up, turns
into hard ice.

Q Explain the importance of forest for the conservation of the environment in

Pakistan? (3) N99

Ans: (1) Forest checks soil erosion and floods. (2) Forest adds to oxygen in air and
reduces air pollution. (3) Forest provide home to wild life. (4) Forest reduces
temperature and causes rainfall. (5) Forest adds to natural beauty.

Q What is difference between afforestation and reforestation? (4)

Ans: Afforestation means to grow forest on an area where there was no forest.
Reforestation means growing forest on deforested area.

Q Why is afforestation called a long term investment? (2)

Ans: Trees take 10 to 20 years to reach maturity to become economically valuable.

Topic: Alpine forest.

Q At what altitude Alpine trees are found? (1)

Ans: From 4000 to 4500 meters.

Q Describe the features of Alpine trees.

Ans: Alpine trees are found in Dir, Chitral, Swat and Kohistan. Due to extreme
(harsh) weather conditions Alpine trees do not grow to full height and have
stunted (undersized) growth. Alpine forest grows over small area and has little
economic value. Silver Fir, Junifer and Birch are types of Alpine trees. Alpine forest
provides only fire wood. (Alpine trees are actually coniferous trees grow above
4000 meters).
Topic: Coniferous forest.

Q At what altitude coniferous trees are found? (1)

Ans: From 1000 to 4000 meters.

Q Name the types of coniferous trees.

Ans: Fir, Silver Fir, Spruce, Birch, Deodar, Pine, Larch and Junifer.

Q Name the places where coniferous trees are found in Pakistan.

Ans: Abottabad, Mansehra, Swat in K.P.K. Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Muree in

Punjab. Quetta and Kalat in Balochistan.

Q How coniferous adopted themselves according to the climate of northern

areas? (3) J2006.

Ans: Coniferous trees have thick bark to protect them from low temperature,
needle like leaves reduce transpiration, sloping branches slides snow, long shallow
roots provide strength against winds and absorb water. Evergreen leaves of
coniferous trees save energy.

Topic: Tropical thorn forest.

Q Describe the features of tropical thorn forest.

Ans: These are low height, thorny hardwood trees. They are also known as Rakh.
These trees have long roots so they can live on very small amount of water. These
trees are 6 to 10 meters high. Acacia and salvadora are common types of trees
found in tropical thorn forest used as firewood.

Topic: Sub-Tropical Scrub Forest.

Q Name the places where Sub-Tropical Scrub Forest are found?

Ans: These forests are found in Sulaiman range, Kirthar range and foot hills of
lower Himalayas. These trees are also found in western mountains (Peshawar,
Kohat and Mardan).
Q What are the main features of Sub-Tropical Scrub Forest?

Ans: Sub-Tropical Scrub Forest are broad leafed thorny trees. Sub-Tropical Scrub
Forest are used as grazing place and provide fire wood.

Topic: Riverain trees or Bela Forest.

Q At what altitude riverain forest found?

Ans: Below 1000 meters.

Q Describe the features of riverain forest.

Ans: Riverain forest is found along the banks of river Indus and its tributaries
locally known as Bela. It mostly covers active flood plain. Babul, Shisham, Willow,
Dhrek and Jhand are common types of trees used as firewood. wood of Shisham
trees is used for making furniture.

Topic: Mangrove forest.

Q Name the type of mangrove trees.

Ans: Timar, Kirani and kunni.

Q Why this type of forest are found along coastal areas?

Ans: Mangrove forest grows in coastal areas, which are drained by both fresh river
water and salty sea water. These trees can live in Salty sea water. The roots of
Mangrove trees can filter the salt. Trees have stunted (slow) growth due to water
pollution. Trees can grow up to 8 meters in case of favorable (good) conditions.

Q Name the areas where Mangrove trees are found.

Ans: Indus and Hub delta.

Q What are advantages of Mangrove trees?

Ans: (1) Mangrove trees supply fire wood (2) material to make huts (3) Mangrove
trees provide breeding place for fish and shrimps. Fallen leaves of Mangrove
provide nutrients (food) to fish. (4) Roots of Mangrove trees protect small fish
from predators (big fish). (5) Camel and live stock feeds on leaves of Mangrove
trees. (6) Mangrove protects coasts from erosion and high sea waves. (7)
Mangrove trees reduce carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere.

Q Why area of Mangrove forest has decreased in recent years?

Ans: Careless cutting of trees for firewood and timber, overgrazing, oil spills and
water pollution damages Mangrove trees. Deforestation of mangrove is done to
make roads and housing.

Topic: Irrigated forest.

Q Why Pakistan needs to increase the area of irrigated forest?

Ans: In Pakistan less than 5% of area is covered with forest. There is shortage of
wood in Pakistan. Rainfall is low in Indus plain. To fulfill the needs of firewood and
timber irrigated forest are grown with the help of irrigation facilities.

Q Describe the main features of irrigated forest.

Ans: valuable types of trees like Shisham, Babul, Jhand, and Euclyptus are grown
to provide firewood and timber.

Q Name the places where irrigated forest are grown.

Ans: Changa Manga near Lahore, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Taunsa

Barrage and Ghuddu Barrages.

Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation in Indus Delta?

Ans: Advantages: Provide timber for furniture, construction and firewood for fuel,
Fodder for animal, honey and fruit for people, leave fall adds humus to the soil,
protect soil erosion, eucalyptus trees reduce water logging and salinity, provide
natural home for wild life, decrease pollution, provide oxygen, adds to scenic
beauty.

Disadvantages: High cost and it is long-term investment, cost of looking after are
high, need irrigation and farmland can be used for growing crops and problems
are caused by roots.

Q Why irrigation necessary for new plantation?

Ans: (1) Rainfall is low and evaporation-transpiration rate is high in Indus Plain (2)
rainfall in only seasonal, (3) irrigation keep the soil wet prevent soil erosion (4)
Plants need water to grow.

Topic: Deforestation.

Q State the causes of deforestation.

Q What are advantages of Mangrove trees?

Ans: (1) Mangrove trees supply fire wood (2) material to make huts (3) Mangrove
trees provide breeding place for fish and shrimps. Fallen leaves of Mangrove
provide nutrients (food) to fish. (4) Roots of Mangrove trees protect small fish
from predators (big fish). (5) Camel and live stock feeds on leaves of Mangrove
trees. (6) Mangrove protects coasts from erosion and high sea waves. (7)
Mangrove trees reduce carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere.

Q Why area of Mangrove forest has decreased in recent years?

Ans: Careless cutting of trees for firewood and timber, overgrazing, oil spills and
water pollution damages Mangrove trees. Deforestation of mangrove is done to
make roads and housing.

Topic: Irrigated forest.

Q Why Pakistan needs to increase the area of irrigated forest?

Ans: In Pakistan less than 5% of area is covered with forest. There is shortage of
wood in Pakistan. Rainfall is low in Indus plain. To fulfill the needs of firewood and
timber irrigated forest are grown with the help of irrigation facilities.

Q Describe the main features of irrigated forest.

Ans: valuable types of trees like Shisham, Babul, Jhand, and Euclyptus are grown
to provide firewood and timber.
Q Name the places where irrigated forest are grown.

Ans: Changa Manga near Lahore, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Taunsa

Barrage and Ghuddu Barrages.

Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation in Indus Delta?

Ans: Advantages: Provide timber for furniture, construction and firewood for fuel,
Fodder for animal, honey and fruit for people, leave fall adds humus to the soil,
protect soil erosion, eucalyptus trees reduce water logging and salinity, provide
natural home for wild life, decrease pollution, provide oxygen, adds to scenic
beauty.

Disadvantages: High cost and it is long-term investment, cost of looking after are
high, need irrigation and farmland can be used for growing crops and problems
are caused by roots.

Q Why irrigation necessary for new plantation?

Ans: (1) Rainfall is low and evaporation-transpiration rate is high in Indus Plain (2)
rainfall in only seasonal, (3) irrigation keep the soil wet prevent soil erosion (4)
Plants need water to grow.

Topic: Deforestation.

Q State the causes of deforestation.Q What are advantages of Mangrove trees?

Ans: (1) Mangrove trees supply fire wood (2) material to make huts (3) Mangrove
trees provide breeding place for fish and shrimps. Fallen leaves of Mangrove
provide nutrients (food) to fish. (4) Roots of Mangrove trees protect small fish
from predators (big fish). (5) Camel and live stock feeds on leaves of Mangrove
trees. (6) Mangrove protects coasts from erosion and high sea waves. (7)
Mangrove trees reduce carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere.

Q Why area of Mangrove forest has decreased in recent years?

Ans: Careless cutting of trees for firewood and timber, overgrazing, oil spills and
water pollution damages Mangrove trees. Deforestation of mangrove is done to
make roads and housing.

Topic: Irrigated forest.

Q Why Pakistan needs to increase the area of irrigated forest?

Ans: In Pakistan less than 5% of area is covered with forest. There is shortage of
wood in Pakistan. Rainfall is low in Indus plain. To fulfill the needs of firewood and
timber irrigated forest are grown with the help of irrigation facilities.

Q Describe the main features of irrigated forest.

Ans: valuable types of trees like Shisham, Babul, Jhand, and Euclyptus are grown
to provide firewood and timber.

Q Name the places where irrigated forest are grown.

Ans: Changa Manga near Lahore, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Taunsa

Barrage and Ghuddu Barrages.

Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation in Indus Delta?

Ans: Advantages: Provide timber for furniture, construction and firewood for fuel,
Fodder for animal, honey and fruit for people, leave fall adds humus to the soil,
protect soil erosion, eucalyptus trees reduce water logging and salinity, provide
natural home for wild life, decrease pollution, provide oxygen, adds to scenic
beauty.

Disadvantages: High cost and it is long-term investment, cost of looking after are
high, need irrigation and farmland can be used for growing crops and problems
are caused by roots.

Q Why irrigation necessary for new plantation?

Ans: (1) Rainfall is low and evaporation-transpiration rate is high in Indus Plain (2)
rainfall in only seasonal, (3) irrigation keep the soil wet prevent soil erosion (4)
Plants need water to grow.
Topic: Deforestation.

Q State the causes of deforestation.Q What are advantages of Mangrove trees?

Ans: (1) Mangrove trees supply fire wood (2) material to make huts (3) Mangrove
trees provide breeding place for fish and shrimps. Fallen leaves of Mangrove
provide nutrients (food) to fish. (4) Roots of Mangrove trees protect small fish
from predators (big fish). (5) Camel and live stock feeds on leaves of Mangrove
trees. (6) Mangrove protects coasts from erosion and high sea waves. (7)
Mangrove trees reduce carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere.

Q Why area of Mangrove forest has decreased in recent years?

Ans: Careless cutting of trees for firewood and timber, overgrazing, oil spills and
water pollution damages Mangrove trees. Deforestation of mangrove is done to
make roads and housing.

Topic: Irrigated forest.

Q Why Pakistan needs to increase the area of irrigated forest?

Ans: In Pakistan less than 5% of area is covered with forest. There is shortage of
wood in Pakistan. Rainfall is low in Indus plain. To fulfill the needs of firewood and
timber irrigated forest are grown with the help of irrigation facilities.

Q Describe the main features of irrigated forest.

Ans: valuable types of trees like Shisham, Babul, Jhand, and Euclyptus are grown
to provide firewood and timber.

Q Name the places where irrigated forest are grown.

Ans: Changa Manga near Lahore, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Taunsa

Barrage and Ghuddu Barrages.

Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation in Indus Delta?

Ans: Advantages: Provide timber for furniture, construction and firewood for fuel,
Fodder for animal, honey and fruit for people, leave fall adds humus to the soil,
protect soil erosion, eucalyptus trees reduce water logging and salinity, provide
natural home for wild life, decrease pollution, provide oxygen, adds to scenic
beauty.

Disadvantages: High cost and it is long-term investment, cost of looking after are
high, need irrigation and farmland can be used for growing crops and problems
are caused by roots.

Q Why irrigation necessary for new plantation?

Ans: (1) Rainfall is low and evaporation-transpiration rate is high in Indus Plain (2)
rainfall in only seasonal, (3) irrigation keep the soil wet prevent soil erosion (4)
Plants need water to grow.

Topic: Deforestation.

Q State the causes of deforestation.Q What are advantages of Mangrove trees?

Ans: (1) Mangrove trees supply fire wood (2) material to make huts (3) Mangrove
trees provide breeding place for fish and shrimps. Fallen leaves of Mangrove
provide nutrients (food) to fish. (4) Roots of Mangrove trees protect small fish
from predators (big fish). (5) Camel and live stock feeds on leaves of Mangrove
trees. (6) Mangrove protects coasts from erosion and high sea waves. (7)
Mangrove trees reduce carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere.

Q Why area of Mangrove forest has decreased in recent years?

Ans: Careless cutting of trees for firewood and timber, overgrazing, oil spills and
water pollution damages Mangrove trees. Deforestation of mangrove is done to
make roads and housing.

Topic: Irrigated forest.

Q Why Pakistan needs to increase the area of irrigated forest?

Ans: In Pakistan less than 5% of area is covered with forest. There is shortage of
wood in Pakistan. Rainfall is low in Indus plain. To fulfill the needs of firewood and
timber irrigated forest are grown with the help of irrigation facilities.

Q Describe the main features of irrigated forest.

Ans: valuable types of trees like Shisham, Babul, Jhand, and Euclyptus are grown
to provide firewood and timber.

Q Name the places where irrigated forest are grown.

Ans: Changa Manga near Lahore, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Taunsa

Barrage and Ghuddu Barrages.

Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation in Indus Delta?

Ans: Advantages: Provide timber for furniture, construction and firewood for fuel,
Fodder for animal, honey and fruit for people, leave fall adds humus to the soil,
protect soil erosion, eucalyptus trees reduce water logging and salinity, provide
natural home for wild life, decrease pollution, provide oxygen, adds to scenic
beauty.

Disadvantages: High cost and it is long-term investment, cost of looking after are
high, need irrigation and farmland can be used for growing crops and problems
are caused by roots.

Q Why irrigation necessary for new plantation?

Ans: (1) Rainfall is low and evaporation-transpiration rate is high in Indus Plain (2)
rainfall in only seasonal, (3) irrigation keep the soil wet prevent soil erosion (4)
Plants need water to grow.

Topic: Deforestation.

Q State the causes of deforestation.

Ans: (1) Deforestation is done for firewood and timber (2) land is cleared for farm
land (3) urbanization or construction of dams (4) for establishment of road or
mining activity (5) deforestation for raw material for industry (6) overgrazing by
live stock, droughts (7) forest fire and flash flood also reduce forest area.
Q How soil can be preserved in deforested areas?

Ans: By making hill terracing: Steps are made along slopes of hills, edges of
terraced fields are lined with stones to preserve soil. (2) On gentle slopes crops
are cultivated known as contour ploughing helps to reduce erosion. (3) In strip
farming small crop is grown between large crops to cover soil. (4) Afforestation
also helps to check soil erosion.

Q What problems are caused by deforestation in mountain areas for (a)

communication (b) farming in valley (c) hydro-electricity?

Ans: Communication: Deforestation causes land sliding. Roots of vegetation bind

(hold) soil. In the absence of tree cover landslides and blocks roads, damage poles
of telephone and electricity.

Valley farming: Surface runoff increases because flooding in valley also causes soil
erosion make it unfit for farming. Muddy water is undrinkable for farm animals
and people.

Hydro-electricity: deforestation causes soil erosion and siltation of dams which

reduces water storage capacity and electric production, may block tunnels and
machinery of dams.

Q How deforestation can cause soil erosion?

Ans: Soil is exposed due to deforestation and there are no roots to hold soil so it is
washed away by rain. Loss of nutrients is caused due to erosion and humus is not
added because no leaf fall, little chance of growth of new plants.

Q Explain why dry climate of Balochistan increases the risk of soil erosion? (3)

Ans: The land of Balochistan is bare of vegetation, overgrazing is common and re-
growth of vegetation is slow, dry soil is blown away by wind.

Q Where does eroded soil go to?

Ans: Wind blows it into dunes or foothill, water take it in rivers or ditches. It may
drain in dam or lake.
Q Describe the distribution of natural and irrigated forest. (4)

Ans: Coniferous forest is found in northern and north-western mountains. Gilgit,

Chitral, Swat, Murree, Abbotabad, Mansera, Nathiagali, and Khaghan. Coniferous
Forest is also found in Waziristan, Quetta, Pishin and Ziarat. Below 1000 meters
sub-tropical dry forest in Rawalpindi, Attock, Peshawar, Mardan and Kohat.
Mangrove forest is found in Indus and Hab delta. Irrigated forest is found in
Changa Manga, Khanawal, Taunsa, Bahawalpur, Guddu barrage and Hyderabad.