MODELS OF

COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION?
Models of communication are simplified
representations of the communication
process. Most models attempt to explain both
verbal and nonverbal communication, and
frequently regard it as a message-exchange.
Their purpose is to provide an overview of the
complex communication process.
HOW CAN MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
HELP WITH WORK COMMUNICATION?
Every organization depends on effective communication, therefore we must try
to understand how it operates. Therefore, using communication models enables
us to effectively communicate as well as make better decisions.

We can benefit from understanding communication models by

Thinking about our communication situations,

a better understanding of possible circumstances, and
Learn from our past mistakes.
 8 PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
Aristotle’s model Berlo’s S-M-C-R model The Westley and Maclean
model

Laswell’s model The Shannon-Weaver model The Osgood-Schramm

model
Barnlund’s
Dance’s helical model
transactional model
 LINEAR
COMMUNICATION
A one-way process is envisioned by a linear
model of communication, in which one party is
the sender and encodes and transmits the
message, while another party is its recipient
and receives and decodes the information.
A. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
The goal of Aristotle's paradigm was to look at ways to communicate more
effectively and effectively. In situations where the sender a public speaker,
professor, etc. transmits their message to the receiver the audience it is a failsafe
approach to succeed in public speaking, seminars, and lectures. As a result, the
listener plays an indifferent part in this approach and the sender is the only active
participant.

Three factors, according to Aristotle, improve communication:

Ethos- establishes the speaker's authority. Being a subject matter expert in a
chosen field helps a speaker establish credibility, authority, and power.
Pathos- establishes the speaker's authority. Being a subject matter expert in a
chosen field helps a speaker establish credibility, authority, and power.
Logos-a crucial component that denotes reason. The speech has to conform to
logical principles in order to be entertaining.
Furthermore, Aristotle recommended that we examine five
aspects of a communication scenario in order to choose the
most effective approach to communicate:

Speaker
Speech
Occasion
Target audience
Effect
Neurological diseases are the topic of Professor Hustvedt's lecture to her
pupils. Her fellow pupils are fascinated as she makes an excellent case in her
speech. While her students have become passive listeners, the professor is the
center of attention. However, her message has an impact on them, and they
respond accordingly.

Professor Hustvedt is the speaker in this case, and the speech act is her
lecture on disorders.

She is giving a lecture at a university with undergraduates as her intended

audience.

The result of her speech is that the pupils now know more about this topic.

Because the audience in this model is passive, one of its main flaws is that it
ignores audience response in communication.
B LASWELL’S MODEL
The Laswell Model of Mass Communication is the next
linear model in our list. This paradigm defines
communication as the act of sending a message, with the
intended result serving as its effect. The change in the
message recipient that can be measured and seen as a
result of the communication's elements is the effect. The
effect also changes if any of the elements do.
The five key questions about the elements
in Laswell's model are as follows:
Who created the message?
What did they say?
What channel did they use (TV, radio,
blog)?
To whom did they say it? The principal elements of this model are
What effect did it have on the shown by the responses to these
receiver? questions:
Speaker
Message
Chanel
Receiver
Effect
Imagine you are watching an infomercial channel on TV when Mr. Sanders, a
salesman of suitcases, appears. He is extolling the virtues of his particular
brand of suitcase. Mr. Sanders is determined to make a lasting impact
despite the fact that millions of people are watching his address. By doing
this, he builds brand recognition, positions his product as the best available,
and ultimately boosts sales.

Mr. Sanders is the speaker

He is promoting his brand of suitcase as the greatest, which is the
message he is trying to get through.
He employs television as his channel.
His audience is made up of US evening TV viewers.
He is generating brand recognition and boosting sales as a result of what
he is doing.
C THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
The Shannon-Weaver model of communication may be
the most well-known. Strangely enough, Shannon and
Weaver were mathematicians who created their work
in the Bell Telephone Laboratories during the Second
World War. They tried to identify the most efficient
communication channels. So, despite the fact that they
were conducting the research for engineering projects,
they asserted that their theory also applied to human
communication. They were accurate, too.
 So, first, let’s consider the components of the
Shannon-Weaver model of communication. These
are:
Sender
Encoder The first to discuss the function of noise in
Channel communication was Shannon and Weaver.
Decoder According to John Fiske's definition of noise in his
Receiver
book Introduction to Communication Studies, noise
is "anything that is added to the signal between its
transmission and reception that is not intended by
the source." The noise can be mistaken for static
on a radio broadcast, misheard conversations, or
misspelled letters.
Julian is being informed by Paula, a vice president of marketing for a large corporation, on
the new marketing activities they will be releasing the next month. By the end of the week,
she wants a thorough analysis of the competitor's activities. Unfortunately, her aide Peter
cut her off in mid-sentence, preventing her from relaying the crucial information to Julian.
Julian did complete the report by the end of the week, but there were a few errors that
needed to be fixed.
Let's examine this illustration for a moment.
The sender is Paula, and the encoder is her mouth.
She held a meeting, and that was the channel.
Julian was the receiver, while his ears and brain served as the decoders.
Do you know Peter's function?
He was the noise.
The issue with this procedure was a lack of feedback. Peter interrupted Paula, and if Julian
had asked her for explanation, there would have been no misunderstandings and the entire
communication process would have been more productive.
D BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
The distinctive feature of Berlo's communication model
is that it provides a thorough explanation of each
step'sessential components. Four steps are used to
explain communication in this model:
Source
Message
Channel
Receiver
Starting with the source, let's think about the important factors that influence how
effectively the message is delivered.

1. The source
The message is carefully put into words by the source or sender and sent to the receiver.
Therefore, how does the sender deliver the information to the recipient? With assistance
from:
Communication abilities – In order for the communication to be successful, the source
must first and foremost have strong communication abilities. The speaker needs to be
aware of when to pause, what to repeat, how to pronounce words, and other such
things.
Attitude— The source also requires the appropriate mindset. Without it, nobody would
ever win, not even a great speaker. The source must leave those who receive it with a
lasting impression.
Knowledge-- is the third element on our list. Knowledge in this context does not refer to
academic achievements. It is a reference to how clearly the source wants to
communicate the information to the receiver.
 Social System — Now let's move on to the social system, the fourth item on the list.
The source should be knowledgeable about the social structure of the environment in
which communication is taking place. The source might avoid offending anyone by
doing that.
Culture-- is the last but not least. The source must be familiar with the culture of the
environment in which the communication encounter is taking place in order to achieve
good communication. This is essential to interactions between cultures in particular.
2.The message
When a speaker puts their ideas into words, they create the message. These are the
message's main points:

Content — To put it simply, this is the conversation's script.

Elements — Speech by itself can't express a message effectively. For this reason,
other factors such as gestures, body language, facial emotions, etc., must be
considered.
 Treatment-- The source's handling of the communication is known as treatment. In order
to properly convey the message, they must be aware of its significance.
Structure — To guarantee that the message is accurately understood by the person
receiving it, the source must carefully structure the message.
Code – If you don't want your message to be deformed and misunderstood, all the
components, both verbal and nonverbal, must be accurate.
3.The channel
The message travels through the channel on its way from the speaker to the receiver.
Our entire sense spectrum acts as a form of intercommunication.
We can tell when someone is speaking to us because of our listening ability.
We learn about the spiciness of a sauce we are consuming through our sense of taste.
Our ability to see while driving permits us to understand traffic signs.
We smell a scent to determine whether or not we like it.
We can tell if the water is too cold to swim in by touching it.
4.the receiver
A receiver is the person the source is speaking to and to whom
the communication is being delivered.

The receiver must have the same components as the source in

order to fully understand the message. They should have similar
knowledge, attitudes, and communication abilities as well as be
familiar with the social structure and cultural context in which
they communicate.
The S-M-C-R Model of communication is perfectly illustrated by
watching the news on television.

The news is reported by the newscaster, who also delivers the

message to the audience. The audience is the media medium, the
news is the message, and television serves as the channel.
INTERACTION MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
using the interaction model of communication,
communication is a process in which participants
change over among the roles of sender and receiver to
produce meaning through communicating and receiving
feedback in social and physical environments.
THE OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL
According to Denis Mcquail and Sven
Windahl in their book Communication
Models for the Study of Mass
Communications-Routledge, the advent
of this model "meant a clear break with
the traditional linear/one-way picture of
communication." This model works well
for explaining synchronous, interpersonal
communication, but it is less effective in
situations where there is little to no
feedback. The Osgood-Schramm model of
communication is a circular model in
which messages go in two ways.
In this model, there are four guiding principles:
Communication is circular
– those who are active in communication are
switching between the roles of encoders and
decoders.
Communication is equal and reciprocal
– everybody participate equally in encoding and
decoding.
The message suggests interpretation
— in order to understand the information, it must be
appropriately interpreted.
A number of three actions During the
communication process:
Encoding
Decoding
Interpreting
 There is no difference between a sender and the receiver in this approach. The signals
are being encoded and decoded by all sides equally. A person who is attempting to
understand the message is the interpreter. Additionally, this approach demonstrates
that knowledge is useless unless it is expressed verbally and shared with others.

Ex. Imagine that it has been 15 years since you last heard from your college friend. She
calls you out of the blue, and you begin telling each other what happened since you last
spoke.
In this instance, communication is synchronous, and both you and your companion are
equally encoding and decoding signals. Each of you is translating the other's meaning.
Even Schramm claims that thinking of the communication process as beginning and
terminating somewhere is incorrect in Information Theory and Mass Communication. It
truly goes on forever. In reality, we are switchboard centers managing and rerouting the
enormous, unending flow of information.
THE WESTLEY AND MACLEAN MODEL
Mass communication is generally explained using the Westley and Maclean model. This model
includes environmental and cultural considerations in the communication process. Specifically,
this concept holds that contextual factors rather than the source or sender are what begin
communication.

The Westley and Maclean model also takes into account the sender and the receiver of
communications' object of orientation (background, culture, and beliefs).

The very act of communication begins with the speaker's environment, which includes things
like the culture or society they live in, where they are located, whether they are in a public or
private area, etc. In addition, the importance of feedback cannot be overstated.
The nine essential elements of this model are as Let's take a closer look at each of the communication
follows: components in this model now that we have a better
1. Environment (X) understanding of what they are. The Westley and
Maclean Model of communication's nine essential
2. Sensory experience (X¹)
components As was already said, this model
3. Source/Sender (A)
demonstrates that the communication process
4. The object of the orientation of the source
begins with the environment rather than the
(X²) message sender. We shall hence start with this
5. Receiver (B) component.
6. The object of the orientation of the receiver Environment (X)
(X³) According to the Westley and Maclean Model,
7. Feedback (F) communication begins when a person is inspired to
8. Gatekeepers (C) develop and deliver a message as a result of an
9. Opinion leader environmental stimulation.
Imagine seeing a car accident on your way to the office. This is the stimulus that would lead you
to inform friends about what you had witnessed or phone your boss to let them know you'll be
running a little behind schedule. Therefore, in this scenario, the communication process begins
with the traffic accident you saw instead of with you.

We can focus on the social and cultural circumstances that affect our communication acts
when we are aware of the environmental aspects in communication.

-Sensory experience (X1)

We are talking about sensory experience as a component of communication when the message
sender notices something in their environment that causes them to send the message. This
sensory experience would be seeing the crash of a vehicle in the scenario above.
-(A) Source/Sender
The sender doesn't enter the picture until now.
You are both the sender and a participant in the interpersonal communication scenario in the
earlier example. A newscaster who broadcasts to millions of viewers might also act as a
sender. In that example, mass communication is at problem.
 The object of the orientation of the source (X²)
The object of the source's orientation is the next communication component in this
model. The sender's views or experiences are specifically the subject of the source's
orientation. If we use the previously described car accident as an example, you are
calling your boss because you are worried that the accident would cause you to be
late for work.
Recipient (B)
The individual who gets the communication from the sender is known as the receiver.
A receiver in mass communication is a person who reads a newspaper, watches TV,
etc. A individual who listens to the message is referred to as a receiver when
discussing interpersonal communication. The receiver of the communication in the
previous scenario involving a traffic accident are friends and your boss.
The object of the orientation of the receiver (X³)
the receiver's beliefs or experiences, which affect how the message is received, are
the object of orientation for the receiver. As an illustration, a skeptic (B) viewing the
news is critical (X3) of the message.
 Feedback (F)
Because feedback changes this model from linear to circular, it is essential to the model's
success. Feedback actually has an impact on how communications are sent. It follows that
messages are being returned to the sender by a receiver and a gatekeeper. The sender changes
the message and sends it back after receiving the feedback.

Let's revisit the road clash from our beginning scenario.

You see the accident and immediately want to phone your best friend.

You: “There was a terrible accident downtown!”

Your friend: “My goodness! Are you hurt?”
You: “No, no, I just witnessed it. I wasn’t involved! Don’t worry!”
In this example, after the feedback from your worried friend, you modify your message and
send it back to her.
 Gatekeepers (C)
Instead of interpersonal communication, this aspect usually appears in mass communication.
The messages that senders try send to receivers are edited by gatekeepers. The message is
edited by newspaper editors, for instance, before it is presented to the readers
Opinion leaders
Once more, circumstances involving mass communication are mentioned in this
communication factor. Specifically, as an environmental factor (X), opinion leaders have a
significant impact on the message sender (A).
They could be public figures, famous people, or social media influencers. All that's left are
transactional models now that we've gotten used to interactive models.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

Based on the Transaction Model of communication,

communication is a process through which
communicators create social realities in a variety of
social, relational, and cultural contexts. In this strategy,
nurses talk to one other not simply to exchange
messages but also to build relationships. Organize
connections across cultures.
 BARNLUND’S
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
Barnlund's Transactional Model is a multi-layered feedback system that examines
interpersonal contact with instant feedback. This implies that the sender and the receiver
of the message switch roles and are treated equally. Both communicators give feedback,
which is a reply for the person receiving it and feedback for the sender. The effect and
effectiveness of the communication are equally the responsibility of the sender and the
receiver. Barnlund's Transactional Model's principal parts are:
Encoding
Decoding
Communicators
the message (including cues, the setting, the background noise), and
The channel.
This concept highlights the importance of cues on our communications.
Therefore, Barnlund makes a distinction between:
environmental cues, public private cues (a person's innermost feelings and
history), and Cues from a person's behavior, both verbal and nonverbal.
The message is influenced by all of these cues, as well as by the surroundings
and noise. The response of each communicator is influenced by their
upbringing, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs.
Examples of communication using Barnlund's model include:
encounters in person,
conversing online,
chats over the phone,
conferences, etc.
Why was there a misunderstanding in this conversation?
This misunderstanding has arisen due to cultural cues. Namely,
Catherine had thought that Irene wanted a day off on July 4th.
However, Irene comes from Norway and celebrates Independence day
on May 17th. On that day, she does not show up at work, to
Catherine’s bewilderment because she has expected Irene to take a
day off on July 4th, on US Independence Day. So, due to cultural cues,
there was a misunderstanding between them. Still, this
misunderstanding could have easily been avoided, had they cleared up
the dates by providing each other with feedback.
DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL
In the context of Dance's Helical Model, communication is viewed as a circular process that develops
in complex through time. It is symbolized by a helical spiral because of this.
We widen our circle with each communication cycle, and as communication never repeats itself,
each communication interaction is unique from the last. Additionally, as we communicate, we gain
information with each subsequent cycle and are influenced by the feedback we receive from the
other party.

Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, and Diana K. Ivy write in Communication: Principles for a Lifetime:
Personal communication cannot be undone. Communication never cycles back on itself, just like this
spiral. As the communication partners add their ideas and experiences to the conversation, it grows
eternally once it starts.
Dance himself explained his model with the example of a person learning throughout
their life. Namely, a person starts to communicate with their surroundings very early
on, using rudimentary methods of communication.
For instance, a baby cries to get the mother’s attention. Later on, they learn to speak in
words, and then full sentences. During the whole process, we build on what we know to
improve our communication. Every communication act is a chance for us to learn how
to communicate more effectively in the future, and feedback helps us achieve more
effective communication.
In a way, our whole life is one communicational journey toward the top of Dance’s helix.