IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Prac eer CTION 1 Question Questions 1-7 Read the text on the nest page and answer Questions 1-7, Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS fini the passage for each answer. Test 4 Reading | A decrease in crime in the Netherlands and parts of the US, is attributable more to the . than to their incarceration. 2. Closure of prisons in the Netherlands has been unprecedented rate over recent years. | 3 Against .. | 7 the Netherlands are seeing a drop in crime along with the closure of prisons. 4 Since statistics do not support the argument for incarceration this has made many question of such a practice. 5 In fact, incarceration may serve to fuel, rather . crime, thereby defeating the purpose of such a punishment. 6 In recognition of the fact that custodial sentences achieve little, less costly and more were put forward by the Conservatives in 1990. 77 Crime is not only down to individual behaviour but is also a result of .. influences. Questions 8-13 Do the following statements agree withthe information given inthe text? For questions & 13, write TRUE Ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information Nor GIVEN if there is no information on this Mothers who receive a custodial sentence are worse role models for their children than fathers who receive similar justice. 9 Custodial sentences are intended primarily to reform prisoners. 10 Factors other than an individual's guilt, are rarely taken into account by the English judicial system. 1 A proven link exists between mothers receiving a custodial sentence and their offspring committing crimes in later life. 12. The English judicial system stands to benefit from incarcerating offenders. 13. There are signs that custodial sentences are becoming less popular in the UK.pv gave netherlands and parts ofthe USA, such as int! gunty, a move towards rehabilitation of ‘and decreasing crime has seen a reduction jpincarceation rates - Bucking this trend, the son population has increased by an average rate of {16% per year since 1993. As the situation currently 2 ds, England's and Wales’ in ion rate is 148 7 300,000 compared to 98 in France, 82 inthe tr erlands and 79 in Germany. Without a shadow doubt, out of all European countries, the UK has Saopted the most hardline approach to offenders. trend towards imposing prison sentences on cffenders in te UK is made to seem allthe more farsh since the Dutch Justice Ministry is actively in the process of systematically closing down prisons. over the last six years, 28 prisons were closed in total. if anything, the Dutch reform of the prison system yasbeen accelerating at a phenomenal pace, with 19 afthe prisons being shut down within just one year. ‘Aswould be expected, closures of prisons in the Netherlands has led to a drop in the numbers of incarcerated offenders. This is also largely due to the fact that those convicted are choosing electronic tagging instead of incarceration. However, there is more to these statistics than meets the eye. Defying all expectations of the pro-incarceration lobbyists, crime rates in the Netherlands are also actually decreasing in direct proportion to the closure of prisons. With such statistics laid bare for all to see, many are now beginning to question the validity of incar- ‘eration as a method of reforming offenders. All the more so, since the average prison place costs the taxpayer £37,648 per year. A hefty sum for a | service that fails to deliver. Especially since there are | Vastly cheaper and more effective methods to deal | with ofenders. Allowing offenders to be tagged elec- | ronically rather than be incarcerated would save round £35 million per year for every 1000 convicted offenders. Serving a probation or community service order would also be 12 times less costly than the | average prison placement for an offender. | More tellingly, a decreased incidence of relapse into criminal behaviour when offenders receive & Community sentence, rather than a custodial one, bas been revealed in re-offending statistics issued | the UK Ministry of Justice. There is definitely an ‘tbument that serving a prison term tends to create ner than alleviate the problem of crime. AS 2 | jabservative white paper concluded in 1990, ‘We | pag thet prison is an expensive way of making | '™1People worse’ interestingly, the report also Ups <_.. ane t Practice Test 4 Reading - Section | Prison: The Solution or the Problem? argued that there should be a range of community- based sentences which would be cheaper and. More effective alternatives to prison. Quite apart from the cost and relative ineffectiveness of incarceration is the short-sightedness of imposing a custodial sentence in the first place. A punitive system of incarceration presupposes that the prisoner ‘needs to be punished for bad behaviour. Since the prisoner is considered answerable for their behaviour, itis believed that they are also completely respon- sible for their actions. Such an approach overlooks social and economic factors that can play an integral role in the incidence of crime. Such an oversight only serves to perpetuate crime and punish offenders who need help rather than a penal sentence. Itwould do no harm for the UK to look to the Nether- lands for an example in reducing crime through ‘addressing social problems as a key to reducing incarceration. In the Netherlands, the focus is on deterring crime by investing in social services rather than seeking purely to punish the offender. In addi- tion, those who do offend are helped with rehabili- tation programmes. Overlooking the social circumstances of the offender can also be detrimental to children’s welfare, espe- cially if a mother is convicted and given a custodial sentence. Often childcare arrangements are not in place when custodial sentences are handed down to mothers caring for children. In fact, research sug- gests that more than half of the women who go to court are not expecting a custodial sentence, leading to provisions made for the children being haphazard at best. The number of children who fall foul of the custodial system in this way total a staggering 17,000 per year. Worse stil, figures show that adult children of imprisoned mothers are more likely to be convicted of a crime than adult children of imprisoned fathers. Viewing the offender and their crime in isolation and disregarding all other social and environmental factors is therefore mistaken, if rnot downright morally reprehensible All evidence would seem to point to a much needed shake-up of the English penal system. As things stand, there are too many losers and no identifiable winners. It was Dostoevsky who said: ‘The degree lisation ina society is revealed by entering it prisons’ Maybe we would do better to go one step further and amend his quotation to ‘The degree of civilisation in a society is revealed by not having prisons and instead by addressing social issues in society itself?IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC SECTION 2 Questions 14-26 Read the text below and answer Questions 14-26. A Nanotechnology has been hailed by many as being a 20%.century miracle of science. Essentially, nanotechnology, a term derived from Greek, translating literally as ‘dwarf technology’ is, as the origin ofits name suggests, engineer ing at the atomic level. Scientists work with particles of substances known as ‘nano-particles’ which may measure ‘no more than 1 nanometre or a billionth of a metre. ‘That's around 40,000 times smaller than the width of the average human hair. Whilst some of these substances derived from carbon compounds are manufactured, others, such as metals, are naturally-occurring or arise as a by- product of anather process e.g. volcanic ash or smoke from ‘wood burning. What makes these substances of such sci- entific interest is that their minute size facilitates medical and technological processes that would otherwise be impossible. B It may be something of a revelation for many of us to learn that nanotechnology - or its concept - is far from cutting-edge science. In fact, nanotechnology as an idea was frst referred to in an influential lecture by American physicist, Richard Feynman, as far back as 1958. During the lecture, entitled ‘There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, Feynman outlined the basic concept of nanotechnology. Individual atoms and molecules, he claimed, could in the future be created by a physical process. Such a process, he envisaged, would involve the building of a set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set. The building of increasingly minute tools at the microscopic level would in turn produce ultra-microscopic materials, later to become known as ‘nanoparticles’ Strangely, what should have sparked a scientific revolution was then virtually forgotten about for the next 15 years. In 1974, a Japanese scientist, Norio Taniguchi, of the Tokyo University of Science, reintroduced Feynman’s theory and put a new name to an old concept, referring to the science as ‘nanotechnology! However, it wasn't until nearly a decade later, in the 1980s, that the way was paved for nanotechnology to leave the realm of theoretical science and become reality. Two major scientific developments within a relatively short period were to enable practical application of nanotechnology. The invention of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM), combined with the discovery of nano-sized particles termed ‘fullerenes’, Were to prove a turning point in nanotechnology, D Fullerenes are derived from carbon molecules and, in common with other nanoparticles, possess chemical and physical properties that are of huge scientific interest, ‘The potential value of fullerenes for medical science was Nanotechnology: its development and uses Practice Test 4 Reading - Seton ~ ay | frst aed in 2003 and in 2005 when te sient may | ne Chemistry and Biology ran an article describing ee | use of fullerenes as light-activated antimicrobial agents, | Since then fulerenes have ben vse fr evr ome | at appletions rengng trom Xray imaging to treating | Cancer by targeting cancer cells In adlition, these nan. | patles have been used in the manufactur of commer | products, rom sunscreen to cosmetics and some food | products. Furthermore, nanoparticles of metals, tke golg | pn siver, have been used in environmental clesnuprog | oil slicks and other forms of pollution. The remarkable | properties of nanoparticles ae down to two main factor, | thelr restr surface-o-weight ratio, compared to lange | particles which promotes the attachment of substances | to their surface, and their minute size which allows them | to pentate call membranes These properties ro px | benef, for example in medicine, as drugs to fight cancer | oF AIDS can be attached to nanoparticles to reach their | target ce inthe human body. i i E However, despite the amazing properties attributed nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotechnology has yet to win wider universal acceptance in scientific circles. For | the very properties that make nanoparticles so valuable | to technology and medical science are also the ones that | make them potentially so toxic. Such properties are | potentially lethal if toxic substances attach themselves to | the same nanoparticles, thereby delivering a fatal toxin. ; through the cell membranes into the cells themselves. ‘The toxic effect of these compounds is further increased, since their size permits them to enter the bloodstream and hence the body's major organs. Furthermore, the nano- ! particles in themselves are essentially a foreign element | being introduced to the body. Unlike foreign elements, | suchas bacteria, the body has no natural immune system | to deal with these ultramicroscopic particles. Scientists \ have yet to convince the nanotechnology sceptics that | the potential side-effects of nanoparticles are more than | compensated for by the advantages that they confer. It j may be, however, that opposition to this technology is 19 | more than a general distrust of scientific innovation. In | fact, Urban Wiesing, from the University of Tubingen, hes | been quoted as saying ‘many of the risks associated with | nanotechnology have atleast been encountered in pat® i i i i i i i other technologies as well’ He also believes that regul® tions can be put in place to minimise such risks, This is a view echoed by the Federal Environment Agen ‘that proposes that such risks are vastly outweighed by the potential benefits of nanotechnology, in particular for th environment.rade - ACADEMIC prs ves Practice Test 4 Reading - Section 2 The mie | 14 | 15 16 7 18 yyestions i 8 ets five paragraphs, A-E. Which paragraph contains the following information? ire comet fete, AE, next 10 questions 14-18, Promising Beginnings Definition of a Revolutionary Technology Repackaging an Old Idea Dubious Attributes ‘The Foundation of a New Technology Questions 19-23 ose the conect letter, A, 8, Cor D. 19. Nanotechnology A has limited value. B isnot related to science. 22 Nanotechnology remained a purely theoretical science until ‘A other technologies caught up with it. 8 scientists were better able to understand its C incites controversy " 4 practical applications. D poses insurmountable safety issues. “— 5 C Taniguchi convinced other scientists of its practical value. 20. Inthe beginning, nanotechnology was a scientist invented @ new technology. A overlooked as a science. 5 considered to be irrelevant. 23. Safety concerns about nanotechnology are C highly unpopular. ‘A completely unfounded. regarded as being revolutionary. B exaggerated by its detractors. 21 Nanoparticles are a product of C real but manageable. D misunderstood. ‘A manufacturing processes alone. 8 natural and manufactured processes. C purely biological processes. © environmental factors alone, Questions 24-96 C ‘omplet the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN | 24 A major .. fullerenes and the invention ofthe Scanning Tunneling Microscope. 25 Amongst scientists, nanotechnology has not met with . 2 The aba The ability of nanoparticles to penetrate THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. in the field of nanotechnology came with the discovery of is somewhat of a mixed blessing.IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC SECTION 3 Questions 27-40 Read the text below and answer Questions 27-40. Practice Test 4 Reacting - Sectig Art therapy is a relative newcomer to the therapeutic field. | ‘Art therapy as a profession began in the mid-20* century, | arising independently in English-speaking and European countries. Many of the early practitioners of art therapy acknowledged the influence of a variety of disciplines on their practices, ranging from psycho analysis through to ‘aesthetics and early childhood education. However, the Toots of art as therapy go back as far as the late 18° cen- tury, when arts were used in the ‘moral treatment! of Psychiatric patients. i i \ ' i i { i i tes unt 982, however thatthe Bish ats Adin | Mil coined the term ‘at therapy she was recovering | from tuberculosis in a sanatorium. He discovered that i ‘therapeutic benefits could be derived from drawing and | painting whilst recovering. Art, he claimed, could become | ‘herpes since twas capa of ‘completely engrossing | themind. leasing th reaive energy ofthe quent | inhibited patient. This effect, argued Hill, could in turn help | theptien 35 woud bud up astrong defence aps his mstrtunes i i i i i 12964, the Brith Association of Art Therapists was found ed. Proponents of ar therapy flint oe of two categories those who believed thatthe therapeutic efecto ar lay | ints etfectvenes ¢ 3 psychoanalytic ool to assess 2 patient through thir drawings and those who held the belie that aremoking was an end in itsel, the creative process ating therapeutically onthe patient. The two practices, however ere not incompatible, 2 degree of | overlap occurring between the two. patient, for example, | could produce work that could be analysed for content and forms of sel-expresion but which could als bea creative outlet atthe same time, Who benefits from Art Therapy Art therapy, in all its forms, has proved effective in the | treatment of individuals suffering with @ wide range of difficulties or disabilities. These include emotional, be- havioural or mental health problems, learning or physical disabilities, neurological conditions and physical illness. | ‘Therapy can be provided on a group or individual basis | according tothe clients’ needs. Whether the approach | adopted by the therapist is oriented towards a psycho- | analytic or creative approach, the effect of therapy isi ‘multifold. Partaking in art therapy can raise a patient's | self-awareness and enable them to deal with stress and! traumatic experience. in addition, art therapy sessions | can enhance a patient's cognitive abilities and help the | i patient enjoy the life-affirming pleasures of making art | from an art class, in that the individu | times maintain their integrity in the therapi The beginnings of Art Therapy What an Art Therapy Session Involves “Typically, an art therapy session is fundamentally dere, encouraged te focus more on their internal feelings and to express them, rather than portray external objects. Although some rag, ional art classes may ask participants to draw from their | imagination, in at therapy the patient's inner world of images, feelings, thoughts and ideas are always of primayy | importance to the experience. Any type of visual at ang medium can be employed in the therapeutic process {Including painting, drawing, sculpture, photography ang tal art. Art therapy sessions are usually held by skilled and qua. fied professionals, The presence primarily of the therapist is to be in attendance, guiding and encouraging artistic expression in the patient, In accordance with the original meaning of the word for therapy derived from the Greek word ‘therapeia’, meaning ‘being attentive to The supportive relationship aids the creation of art and engenders trust in the patient. In accordance with the Art ‘Therapy Credentials Board (ATCB), certain standard proce. dures need to be followed, From the outset of the profes sional relationship between the patient and the art thera- i piste hero requed to uly explain what thee expectations of the patients will be. The therapist must show no discrimination towards patients and must at all tionship, The Regulation of Art Therapy Requirements for those wishing to become an art therapist vary from country to country. In the USA, where entry to the profession is highly regulated, a master’s degree in att therapy is essential. n addition, those applying for such 2 Post must have taken courses in a variety of studio art dis- iplines, in order to demonstrate artistic proficiency. On completion of the master’s degree, candidates also have to complete a minimum of 1000 hours of direct client contact Post-graduation that is approved by the American Art Therapy Association (AATA). However, whilst entry to the profession is strictly regulated in the USA, the same does not hold true for other countries. The problem is that art therapy is still considered a devel oping field. As such, until it becomes truly established asa therapy, its practice and application will remain unregulat- ed in many countries for some time yet,ss upsrade - ACADEMIC 3 y wertth century art therap ’ Y focuses on treat tealth problems rather than dealing with moy Noaches to art therapy can be both creative and | Ges who respond bes to art therapy havea prev | 4 Antherapy sessions are more con, thecreated art itself, ing a client's mental or physical ral issues, Psychoanalytic, ious background in art, |; Many art therapists are insufficient i 'Y qualified as they are not aware of the __altions regarding the practice of at therapy, J Artherapy sessions involve limited interaction between therapist and client. pestions 34. filet the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS | nthe passage for each answer 7 [sete erty neers oa ther influences, 35 Artist Adrian Hill realised the.... ‘art therapy’ in 1942, placed more emphasis on the itself Pi 37 Whilst theories behind art therapy may differ, they are .. ‘py admitted that their beliefs had besn shaped by a 36 Those supporting art therapy advised a psychoanalytic approach or alternatively one that / / of art as erapy, and coined the term practice. Fstions the summary with the list of words A: = FF Tip Evolved int ts no loden-day a they, 227 Peinnings inthe 1940s, Adrian retverapy Waser” Pete patients create a Sil considered ng Patients would particularly benef an overlap between the two practices, Fig A cage lint oa Hill one of its early pioneers, realised that ‘esistance to psychological and social stresses, it from having an artistic outlet, Art therapy Psychoanalytic approach and the other a more“IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC SAGE 1 READING PAS: You should spend about 20 niinules on Qneshious 1-13, which are base A gentle ‘giant and a pin ‘Though a giant - more horse than dog some say the Irish Wolfhound, towering over his canine brethren, makes a surprisingly good pet. Hard as it may be to imag- ine how a hound bred for wolf-hunting, with muscular limbs, a swift turn of pace, the eyesight of an eagle, the stature of a thoroughbred, primed for, and indeed employed in, battle many times for war-hungry Celtic lords of yore, could possibly cut the mustard as a domes- tic pet, trust me; looks can be deceiving. Infact, despite his size and reputation, the wolfhound is becoming an increasingly popular pet choice for many families up and down the country. | _ why Wet heres a number of very god reasons | rast the wotfound i of above-average intligence, | and, therefore, responds very well to obedience training (provided the training is done from an early age, other- vise the anima trong prey deve may hinder develop | Ientin ths ra), Seconay he very good-natured | despite the hound’s reputation as a fierce, battle-hard- | ene arial hen fat vry am and ever tempered Thy the ish Welfhound fa ver sec animal and | does well with young children. He views himself as 2 | member of the family and so will be fiercely protective of | all his ‘siblings’ and will not intentionally let any of them | getin hors way, hough his eonsierabl fare and | slight clumsiness can lead to collisions if the little mem- | beso the houshold don wateh where they are gig | Though the rsh Wolfhound makes an adequate guard | dog, he is, surprisingly perhaps, not terribly strong inthis | department. The hound tends to be aloof with strangers | rather than aggressive towards them, and he may not, at | least initially, bark at intruders, therefore scoring low in | the watchdog department as well by fling to sound the | alarm or alert the other members of the household to danger in good time. fhe is pravoked, however, orf a member of his ‘pack is threatened, his primeval instincts | Kickin When that happens, intruders better ook oul | Heis a very needy pet and a large enclosed backyard is | '8 must-have for any prospective owner because, though | hes easy housetraine, itis simply not fair to keep a dog of his size cooped up inside all day. His appetite is | huge and this is one ofthe practicalities to consider before buying a Wolfhound ~can you afford him? His large appetite also means that regular exercise is essential in order for him to remain healthy and a a reasonably 00d weight Five-minute walks to the commer shop will not do; this animal needs proper exercise and should be taken out for between one and two hours each day. Another practicality, and also a factor that influences cost {the cost of clean-up) iis tendency to shed. ish Wolthounds shed alot of fur and dog hair wil key be Practice Test 5 | Wolfhound are different characters, The Highland could il on Reading Passage | bly — a sized bully deposited all over the house in vast quantities. If al thi, bearable and if you still want a cuddly, affectionate gian anyway, then go for it! The Irish Wolfhound wil provide you with mary years oflyaty and fiendship. The truth, though, is that not everyone has the space to accommodate such a beast. And, indeed, thers weyy | struggle to find the time to devote to this needy creat ‘The alternative, perhaps, Is the comparably tiny lite West Highland White Terrier. The Highland and the Wolfhound have ane very important thing in common; they are both fantastic with kids, Itis here, though, the the similarity ends. The Highland sheds virtually no hr all, so you won't be cleaning up after him llth time. He also loves to make noise, making him the perfect watch. dog and quick to alert you when anything suspicious foccurs. is sie limits his ability to respond meaningfuly to any real threat discovered though. Compared to the Wolthound, he is alittle more of a challenge in the tran ing department, and must be monitored carefully and ‘shown his place in the ‘pack, otherwise his aggressive streak may come out and he will try to take over. In almost every way possible, the Highland and the never be described as placid, and, in fac, is extremely excitable and very energetic. Ths little fellow suffers from a size complex of sorts, too, which sees him determined to boss those around him and have hs way, despite his ‘modest profile. He is not that interested in ‘cuddles’ either, o don’t let his size fool you into suggesting othe wise ~ this is no toy dog. And he is, in general, not the most affectionate of dogs, being far happier digging up your garden or barking at the neighbour's cat than hing inthe arms of his owner. So, while the Wolfhound is 2 gentle giant, the West Highland is, well a litle terrierin every sense of the word, But while their character may differ, their fondness or exercise does not, The Highland is an intelligent breed and needs stimulation; regular walks are essential. He also has a penchant for water and loves to go swimming ‘And while he is excellent with older kids, toddlers should not be left alone around the Highland as their size, cou pled with their noisiness and hyperactivity, may promet an aggressive response from the dog. Though both breeds have their strengths and wesknes#* 5 pets, overall, either would make an excellent addition to the family. The West Highland will be content enous indoors, provided he gets regular exercise, but the Wolfhound must have an outdoor play area. And that the one point | must emphasise; don’t buy a ‘Wolfhound unless you have plenty of room,‘al estio8s a Oe table below. Choose 10 anseers from the ox and write the correct lelter, 1-1 je ost ston 1-1 a : [vey tlerantof or interested in (e)restess and at oy ater tlerat sand can make tse abt of ()_success of ate-start traning may be etre of affection from children a nuisance around the house and in _indered by he anima’ strong foray member ofthe fai) the garden hunting instincts ‘well behaved around (0) reas py eeraly well (0) reasonably good with children ofall) better with younger eiléren to een butindined to react badly ages, though ts natural awkwardness whom ts sie poses less ofa threat twvery young children who are loud ‘ean mean it poses a slight danger to training from a young age is essential andenergetie Young ones erase il fck confidence | reas welt traning once training, (g)-mustbe taught ts place the herr- [Rosa at an early stage'n life chy otherwise may try ta dominate 1g song sense of pack loyalty makes (h) 2 typically sedate and unexcitable amtolookafter and care for young temperament famiy members requires more traning and supervision Questions 11 - 18 Conplete each sentence with the correct ending, ti, below. Write the corvect letter, «1. 1 The irish Wolthound, despite its size and reputation, 12. The West Highland White Terrier is quick to respond to intruders and alert the other members of the household, 13 Granted the Irish Wolfhound has the ideal temperament to become a loyal member of the family, A. actually makes a pretty ineffectual watchdog, being slow to react to intruders or to Perceive them as a threat. but tis important to consider the costs of feeding and cleaning up after it, as well as, the space requirements for keeping one, before making the decision to purchase. butt should never be left unsupervised around children of any age since it has an xcitable temperament and can be aggressive towards them. 'Sactually a fierce guard dog, alerting family members at the slightest hint that Something is wrong. Gy ‘oveh its largely ineffectual when it comes to neutralising any threats that have een identified,ractice Test 5 ELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC. Pr READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - Passage 2 below. ‘The islands of New Zealand, or Aotearoa, as its frst inhabitants named them, first became populated at some point not long before 1300 AD. The indigenous people of New Zealand, known by the name they gave themselves ~ the Maori ~ are descendant from eastern Polynesia, whence they came in several waves. They formed a tribal socie- ty based on Polynesian socal customs and organisation, but, overtime, would develop a unique language and culture all oftheir | own, complete with a rich mythology, dis- | tinetive crafts and performing arts in splen- did isolation from the rest of the world Europeans did not arrive in New Zealand | until the beginning of the 17th century, and although their coming did not immediately bring the great change one might have assumed (in fact, the islanders and the Europeans lived fairly harmoniously togeth- er for some years, trading, and sharing knowledge and customs), it would, ultimate- ly, usher in enormous upheaval. Over the years, the Maori began to adopt the set- tlers’ ways, and many aspects of indigenous culture were compromised as a result. It was following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, which gave Britain a man- date to govern New Zealand and bestowed the rights of subjects of the British monarch on the Maori, that the rumblings of discon- tent began in earnest. At first, what was Fortunes of the Maori People 3 Pass: 26, which are based on Reading being disputed was the exact terms of the treaty, The translation presented to the Maori in their native ‘tongue had a number of discrepancies in it compared to the English version. Crucially, there was no mention of a total surrender of power and control to the British monarch, so it is highly unlikely that the Maori actually agreed with or consented to what they were signing when they put pen to paper on the anglicised version. This, and the fact that only about ‘one-third of the Maori tribes had actually signed off ‘on the treaty, led to the first disputes, which soon turned bloody. Inevitably, the British forces, with their superior fire power, would prevail in the ensuing conflict. The conflict itself, though, did not take a harsh toll on either side in terms of fatalities. What really. decimated the Maori population was disease. The Maori were not biologically equipped for the diseases they would contract as a result of contact with the settlers. They did not have sufficient natural immunity to combat flu and measles, which, it is estimated, together killed anywhere between ten and fifty percent of the population. Other ill: nesses such as typhoid, scarlet fever and whooping cough also took their toll.1€! L 15 upsrade ~ ACADEMIC Practice Test 5 ‘The Maori population went into serious decline from the mid-1800s right up until the start of the 20th century when it began to stage a revival of sorts, thanks in part to efforts by the government of New Zealand, motivated by a desire to make amends for previous wrongdoing, to help the Maori return to prosperity. The 20th century saw a renaissance of Maori culture and a recov- ery of the population, which is continuing into the new millennium, By 2015, an estimated 660,000 New Zealanders could claim direct Maori descent roughly fifteen percent of the total population. Maori, the language, is spoken, to some extent, by about a quarter of this group, or four percent of the total population of New Zealand, and the Maori people are active in all aspects of domestic affairs. Maori words have become part of the lexicon of the local vernacular, New Zealand English, and many towns and regions across the country are known by their traditional Maori names. That said, the Maori people still face some serious challenges today; challenges chiefly of a socio-economic nature. The Maori have a lower life expectancy, inferior earn- ing power, higher crime levels and more health problems than all the other ethnic groups on the islands. They are also serial underachievers educationally. However, ‘steps are being taken to redress the bal- ance and improve the prospects of Maori youths going forward. One area in which they have excelled, and something which has come to almost symbolise the Maori’s great sense of pride and warrior tradition, is the game of rugby. The Maori Haka has become synonymous with the All Blacks, New Zealand’s national rugby team. This traditional Maori dance is now showcased around the world in performances by the international rugby players, which precede all games they play in.IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Questions 14 - 24 Practice Test 5 Complete the timeline diagram below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Approximately 15 percent of New Zealand's population is of (14) ‘The Maori people are represented in all facets of (5), Socio-economically, the Maori people still face numerous (26) and lag behind the (a7) of New Zealand in many ways. European settlers arrive in New Zealand, ‘The settlers and Maoris share knowledge and customs and start to trade with one another. The Maori’ (23). starts to become diluted as they take on the settlers’ ways. people over time. 2000. 1900. 1800. 1700, 1601 1500: 1400, 1300, 1200, Reading: Passage) passage for each answer, Fortunes of the Maori ... The signing of an agreement between the British and Maori gives the former (18) torule New Zealand, Dispute over the terms of (19) tums bloody and the Maori population is (20) by war and disease. An (2). to fifty percent of the population die from measles and flu outbreaks and the population goes into (22) ten New Zealand is populated by its (24) people from eastern Polynesia who go by the name Maori. The Maori developtheir own unique customs and language and remain isolated from the other peoples and cultures of the world for many centuries.te rade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 5 Reading: Passage 2 J \ J prs vente questions 25 - 26 eto correct answers. Choose two leltes from 1, I. (), Wand l a here 15/26 The Maori people today | A. derive pride from their association witha national sport, 8. _ speak their Indigenous language about four percent of the time, | Gare statistically the least prosperous community in New Zealand, | D. perform thelr traditional dances at special Maori events which take place all over the world, are still known by their traditional Maori names,Practice Test 5 Reading: =, READING PASSAGE 3 | You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 10, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Austria: the burgeoning budget holiday attraction Trips to Austria are more commonly associated with commerce or winter skiing than they are with summertime fun and entertainment, but, in the last year or so, @ surprising trend has begun to develop in the British foreign holi- day market, Tour operators have identified a desire among holi- day-goers - even budget travellers and package-holiday devotees Sy. | 7t@ broaden their horizons somewhat beyond the traditional haunts of Spain and the Canary Islands and look towards other ew, less crowded and, perhaps, more exciting destinations. Enter the Austrian package holiday - the answer to the tour oper- ators’ prayers. You see, Austria, for all its natural beauty, has traditionally fared well in attracting tourists only during the winter ski season. During the summer, however, tourists - foreign tourists especially - neglect her lush mountain meadows, fresh air and wildlife in favour of cheap beach hol days, and drench themselves in equal measures of drink and suntan for a week or so before retum- ing home strawberry-red and with about as much of a cultural experience to tell the neighbours about as could be had from scratching well, erm, your..., how do | put this politely, ..posterior! The ‘cheap and cheerful’ package holiday has always had narrow horizons and members of the ordi- nary public, traumatised by years spent holidaying on a meaningless beach somewhere in Malaga, have sand coming out of their ears at this stage. Clearly a change was needed. But who would have thought of an expensive place like Austria as the perfect alternative? After all, isn’t it the domain of ‘that rich and privileged ski crowd? Don’t you have to pay a small fortune on flights just to get there? It’s true that, in winter, Austrian mountain resorts charge a pretty penny for accommodation, but what, in snowier times, costs an arm and several legs, costs nothing in comparison come spring and sum- mer when the snow has melted and the ‘rich kids’ have returned home. But in some ways, the Austrian Alps are even more beautiful in summer than they are in the snow-covered winter, andit was this realisation that enabled the tour operators and package holiday companies to come up with something new. Suddenly, the internet was awash with cheap summer holiday alternatives offering seven nights in the Austrian Alps in three- and four-star hotels, some with as much as full-board, and half-board typically being provided as standard. The Austrian hoteliers and restaurateurs, having ‘geared up for seasonal winter trade, were only too happy to satisfy this new summertime demand at reduced prices; after all, anything is better than vacant rooms and they looked on any profit to be made from this opportunity as a bonus. There was no need to be too greedy or demanding with prices as that would put people off coming; besides, their winter business was their bread and buttet and it wasn’t going anywhere.SS ee SSE Test 5. Passage 3 A profusion of new budget flights were als ing direct to Salaburg return for little more had a choice; an alternative tothe same oh ing given how budget travellers are depi picted in t a : how many wanted to embrace this nen oy the media — as ignorant, undiscerning folk —is © appearing, with airline companies like Ryanair fly: than £50, in tien \cluding taxes. Suddenly, vacationers sandals and lidos and donned their hiking co slit ee holiday destination for budget travellers contin- “ sy experts claim this could be a huge turning point in the health of our nation. ‘There is really no comparison between a drink-fuelled static beach holiday and what the Alps has to offer’, claims Nora Korton of Medicare Analysis. The Austrian holiday phenomenon is just the tonic those of us who work every day in healthcare have been hoping for. When guests arrive at their hotels they are being given leaflets and brochures on all kinds of wonderful outdoor. activities; hiking, hill-walking, horse riding, mountain biking, fishing, boating, you name it, That people are being encouraged to try out ‘such healthy activities is fantastic and hopefully the experience will give more people the desire to make more permanent lifestyle changes and continue to be active when they return home from their holidays’ Eastender, Ed Brown, a local musician and teacher says of his holiday experience; ‘On my salary, | could never afford to go on anything but a package trip in the past. I never envisaged ever being able to go to the Alps and take my little daughter horse riding or anything like that. We didn’t even like the beach, but those package holidays were the only thing within budget, s0 we used to just go on them anyway. But now look at us this year; little Anna, the wife and | have been on such an adventure. We drove to the top of Austria's highest mountain and then walking and brought a picnic and I couldn't get over the weather hiked on a glacier. We went hil ~29 degrees yesterday. We hired a boat and went out on the lake, Anna had always wanted to go riding, so we hired a guide to take us on horseback through the hills. We... well, it was just amazing. What a good time!” Mark Jones, another holiday-goer wowed by Austria had this to say as he stepped off the plane; ‘my children love this (pointing - towards Austria presumably). | didn’t use to mind the beach tottell you the truth. After a long week at work it’s nice to lounge around and relax. But | Wanted to do this for the kids; to show them there was more to life than suntanning, if that’s even a word! We did so many amazing things and they loved every moment of it. But, stranger still, so did I; have been running around all week and yet, strangely, | feel more refreshed than | ever got sitting on my sunbed. Brilliant!’IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 5 Reading: Passae,, Questions 27 - 32 Choose the correct letter 4, B. Cor D. 27 28 29 30 31 32 Which of the following statements is accurate? A. Austria has always enjoyed a reputation as a place where the wealthy holiday in Summer, B. Austria is becoming more of a seasonal holiday destination than it used to be. C. Austria has always been viewed as a good-value holiday destination. D. Austria has traditionally attracted more foreign tourists in winter. ‘What does the writer mean when he says the package holiday has always had ‘narrow horizons’? A. Package holidays are only targeted at people who haven't got much money. B. Package holidays typically offer very few and very similar choices of destination. C. Package holidays are rarely offered to far-off destinations. D. Package holidays are not typically very well planned or organised. What does the typical summer holiday package to Austria now offer? A. luxury accommodation B. breakfast and dinner included in the price C. all meals included in the price and seven nights’ accommodation D. a standard half-board bed (and larger in some cases) for seven nights Why were hotel and restaurant owners in Austria willing to lower their prices in Summer? A. Business was usually slow at that time of year so any extra custom was to be welcomed. B. The loss they would make operating during the summer would be offset by profits in winter . Winter trade was not at the levels it used to be and they needed a way to make more money. D. They could make more profit by charging less throughout the year, ‘What can we infer about the writer's experience of traditional package holidays? ‘A. He regards the traditional package holiday as a pleasant experience, providing ‘00d value for money. B. He is particularly fond of popular seaside holiday destinations, . He finds traditional package holidays very unimaginative and boring. D. He dislikes the fact that traditional package holidays, like those to Austria, have only been enjoyed by the wealthy until now. What does the writer suggest is surprising about the fact that budget travellers welcomed the opportunity to try out a new kind of vacation in Austria? A. They were true to the stereotype of them portrayed by the media. B. They were prepared to pay more money for a better-quality holiday. C. They showed that they had good taste, which is something they are not often credited with havitt D. They showed that they are very health-conscious people as a rule. 2« ACADEI rade mic Practice Test 5 peions 33-37 ihe flloving statements 37-77 and the le of people blow | pal pt oh starement t0 the correct ’, each person, .I- — You may use any leter more than once. believes the ex sis person periences people have or n holidé courage them £0 permanently alter the way in which they usa eh | sg Te reason tis person always used ogo on another type of holiday was not pecause they liked it but because they couldn't afford the alternatives ss This person enjoys relaxing bythe sea but wanted to illustrate to that there are other types of holidays they can go on, too meen 4g thisperson found It hard to explain how he didnot fel dai i his week was. eel drained despite how busy sy Thisperson found the weather conditions they experienced while on holiday more favourable than expected. | Gomark jones ) Questfons 38 - 40 Do the fal Write sith the information given in Reading Passage 3? rng statements agree he coment agrees with the information | if the statement contradicts the information VEN if there Is no information on this 38 Areduction in the cost of flying to Austria played 8 role in making it a popular holiday destination with budget travellers. 35. Austrian package holidays have now overtaken traditional beach package holidays in terms of popularity, with thousands of Britons holidaying in Austria each Yea" 40 Beach package holidays tend to be less focused on drinking and Fi other unhealthy activities and are known for providing a wider choice of holiday activities in general Reading: Passage 3READING PASSAGE 1 Practice Test 6 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1. - 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of smokers; smokers who smoke for pleasure former use cigarettes when they feel good; for stimulation and relaxation. The latter use cig- arettes as @ coping mechanism to deal with stress, anger, tiredness, anxiety and so on. Pleasure smokers typically smoke fewer ciga- rettes a day and may go for extended periods without smoking at all, only having a puff ple) they associate with the habit. Smokers who use their habit as a coping mechanism tend to be far more reliant on cigarettes though, smoking regularly throughout the day, and larger quantities overall than pleas- ure smokers. Theit overdependence on ciga- rettes makes the task of quitting much harder because, where pleasure smokers can simply look for a substitute stimulant, smokers who Use their habit as a coping mechanism must solve the underlying problems that compel them to want to smoke as much as they must kick the habit itself. That said, quitting is possible so long as the smoker is at least in contemplation mode. There are six different modes smokers can find themselves in. The first, pre-contempla- tion, is typically the most difficult point from which to start quitting. This person has never really thought about quitting before, nor sensed any necessity or urgency to quit. He Or she is likely going to be poorly motivated and willpower is a major hurdle that may Prove too much to overcome with such low motivation levels. These smokers tend only to say that they will try to quit when pressured to do so by a loved one, but really they have no desire whatsoever to give up. Such individu- If at first you don’t succeed... and smokers who draw when stressed. The when they are in a place (the bar, for exam- © als are unlikely to be affected by public health warnings and they rarely listen to the negative pu- blicity smoking receives in the media or place any importance on the wider society's view of them and their habit. They are relatively content ang the prospect of success in their quitting, long. term, is low, unless they have some direct personal experience of the ill effects of smok. ing, like, for example, a close-family bereave. ment or a smoking-related health scare they (or someone close to them) have had, as only this sort of fright will give them the motivation to genuinely want to change their attitude and quit. Someone who genuinely wants to quit is in what we term contemplation mode. These people, the contemplators, are of a mind to quit but still lack the motivation to try. They are constantly saying that they will quit, and often set vague far-off dates for when the act of quitting is likely to occur. A husband might say to his wife, for example: ‘when we have ur first child, | will stop smoking’. Part of him means it, and, to even acknowledge the need to stop and the implication that smoking would have adverse effects on his children’s health |s a step in the right direction. However, it reality, while the smoker knows he should uit, his motivation to do so is still not high and he seriously doubts his own willpower which Is why he draws attention to a time When, as he perceives it, his willpower vil have increased — such as after the birth of NS firstborn,~s rade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 ups! the only way to ever successfully give smoking js to just get on with it. Don't put of unl tomorrow; the task starts now. Fach time we allow Ourselves another spouse to have even just one more cigarette, bur wilpower has folded and we have suc- cumnbed to our nicotine cravings. the action mode, then, is the one all current smokers must try to place themselves in. Here, they really are trying to quit and not just taking about it. People have different approaches to action mode; some change brands initially, some cut down on the amount they smoke, others wear patches or | | take other nicotine substitutes and a few try to go cold turkey, a practice that does not actualy have a very high success rate. The ‘ey thing that everyone in the action mode | | has in common is the will to try. Likely though it may be that this will will be broken atsome point or another, the smoker that is Tesolute in his determination to keep trying to oui will, statistically, succeed. For exam- ple, more than 70 percent of ex-smokers (in legal speak that is smokers who have been off cigarettes for in excess of one year) trled {and failed to give up once before they were | Successful. Almost one fifth of all ex-smokers fal into the tried-and-failed-between-two-and- fourtimes category. There is one clear mes- Sage then to be got from this; keep trying! When you get to the maintenance phase, ‘he phase in which you have stopped smok- ing completely, but are still within that frst Year of having quit, there is a tendency to ®ssume that you are out of the woods. Sadly, this is where many people are let down by their overconfidence, Phrases such as ‘Ill just have one - sure | don’t need them anymore’ are not uncommon at this point, and all the hard work it took to quit is undone in a moment or two of madness where one cigarette quickly becomes two, two become three and before you know it, you are a fully-fledged addict again. It is important, therefore, to be conscious of the possibility of reverting to type during the first year, and to be on your guard. That said, failure is hot the end, so despair not; you have simply entered another phase - relapse. Relapse is a return to daily smoking after a period of non-smoking. Almost three quar- ters of smokers will find themselves here the first time they try to quit. There is, however, a danger of giving up on trying to quit at this stage, which is the wrong attitude to take. Failing in the quiting smoking stakes actually makes you less likely to fail the next time you try ~ practice really makes perfect in this game. Pluck up the courage to try again and you will find yourself in a very familiar place to smokers: renewed-action mode. In this mode, you are as determined as ever to quit, but you have an edge - you can learn from your past mistakes and keep your expectations realistic._ i Reading; a IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 Pa Questions 1-5 Look at the following smoker modes (Questions 1-5) and the list of statements below, Match each mode with the correct statement, A-H. Write the correct letter, A-H. Pre-contemplation Mode Contemplation Mode ‘Action Mode Relapse Mode Renewed-action Mode A You are statistically most likely to be successful in your efforts to quit smoking in the Position you find yourself in now due to previous experiences, B You are contemplating whether or not you should switch to a weaker-strength cigarette and are actively trying to reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day for the fist time. You have, after much deliberation over a period of time, finally succumbed to the part of you that wanted to have a cigarette. ‘You are not particularly content to be labelled a smoker, but you doubt whether you would be capable of removing cigarettes from your life, despite giving those around you assurances that the end of your days as a smoker is in sight, You are aware of the negative perception of smoking that exists among the wider public, butt does not affect you in the slightest, and you are content to be labelled a smoker You often contemplate returning to smoking but you realise the folly of such an action. Significant life events, such as bereavement, may impede quitting smoking.~ ACAD! | gs upgrade EMIC Practice Test 6 | Reading: Passage |” questions 6-43 plete the notes below, com ]ORE THAN TWO. oreo WORDS from the passage for each answer. MAKING THE EFFORT TO QUIT pemember: is only likely to be a goal if the smoker is in what is termed contemplation ® 6. mode (ot any of the subsequent modes which result from this initial state of mind). Smokers in contemplation mode have good intentions, but their targets are often 7. or distant. Their 8.... is stil lacking somewhat. ‘& Action mode is the state of mind in which the smoker decides that he will make a real effort to quit. It doesn’t have to involve grand gestures. Simply switching 9. toa weaker-type of cigarette is a move in the right direction. Surprisingly though, giving up smoking completely straight away has a low 10... _. and start smoking regularly again & Most people who try to quit will have @ 4... atsome point. This is not a reason to stop trying though; most exsmokers will have 12, in their efforts to quit at least once before managing to kick the habit. ‘© The push to try to quit again is known as renewed-action mode. People in this mode set 3. targets for themselves, having learned from their past mistakes. Itis the mode which is most conducive to success.IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 Readin; Passa, ig READING PASSAGE 2 . You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are base ‘on Reading Passage 2 below. he Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican EF Born in Kiskeam in his mother’s native North Cork, Hugh O'Flaherty was brought up in Killarney, ‘where his father was the steward of a local golf club, He was the eldest of four children, and, from an early age, appeared to have a vocation for the priesthood. His fondness for the church was formed in part during his education, which began at Presentation Brothers’ School in a local Waterford College, but the priesthood was always going to be his calling, so he applied to Mungret College in Limerick and was accepted into the seminary there, He was posted to Rome ‘asa young seminarian in 1922, the year in which Mussolini came to power. While studying in Rome, he earned a degree in theology and was ordained in 1925 before going on to study there for a further two years, earning his doctorates in divinity, canon law and philosophy. O'Flaherty, posted at various times over the next few years in Egypt, Haiti, San Domingo and Czechoslovakia, as well as Palestine, soon proved himself a very able diplomat. His golfing skills were also noted, and he developed a number of high-profile connections in Italy through the world of golf, often playing with the likes of ex-king Alfonso of Spain, as well as Mussolini's son-in- law, Count Ciana. These people were no doubt | impressed by the golfing talents of the man, which were, considering he had been playing the game since early childhood and was a natu- ral, by then rather impressive, to say the least. O'Flaherty would come to rely on his high pro- file, as well as his ‘high’ connections in the com- ing years as war broke out in Europe and Italy aligned itself with Hitler's Germany and its poli- cy of discriminating against minority groups. His connections would give him the power and influence to make @ difference to the lives of ‘thousands of innocent people when the time came, whilst his high profile made the German and Italian authorities slow to move against him. monastery in his home town. He later attended In the autumn of 1942, the Germans ang Italians started to crack down on prominent fy. ures they viewed as being hostile to their goa. As their policies became even more extreme many people started to become alarmed by fy, cist propaganda. The German and Italian goy. ernments were not interested in justice; ¢ were aligned on an ideological level and starteq to execute their policy of ethnically cleansing Italy of the so-called ‘unwanted’: Jews, blacks, gypsies and soon. O'Flaherty, on the other hand, having socialised with many prominent Jews throughout his time in Italy, did not adhere to the Nazi ideology and it was then that he started to act, protecting innocent Jews and other victims of injustice, and keeping them away from the claws of the Italian and German police, whose orders were to ship them to con- centration camps. O'Flaherty used his old college and indeed his own official residence as hiding places for the people he was trying to protect. As the situation got more and more desperate, and the numbers of people threatened grew, he even tured to Using monasteries and convents as hideouts, calling in favours from old friends in these places who, by agreeing to house the ‘unwanted, were Not just risking a reprimand from the fascists had they been caught but were endangering ther own lives by being party to O'Flaherty’s campaign. In the summer of 1943, O'Flaherty extended his efforts to include helping escaped British prison” ers-of-war and shot-down allied airmen. Calling once again on his contacts, he developed net work of apartments in which to house them unt their safe return to Britain could be arranged: By the end of the war, over 6,500 Jews 24 American and British soldiers had O'FlahertY ° thank for their escape from the Germans and? nearly-certain death. His success in never bei™é identified when on unauthorised rescue missions ———————————————————AVENIN Practice Test 6 rade - AC! pe Reading: Passage 2 site of Vatican City, and in mugging Jews sted armen inside the city led to him being Menthe nickname the Scoret Pimpernel ofthe ean an acknowledgement of how much the veserof dsguse O'Flaherty had become, After thewar O'Flaherty continued to serve in Rome spdveceived many accolades, including the Us fda of Freedom and the title Commander of tre rtish Empire. The fledgling Jewish state of ‘ycel also recognised O'Flaherty’s contribution by proclaiming him Righteous among the Nations, | In 1960, O'Flaherty retired and went home to Irdand to a town called Cahirsheveen. There he | ined forthe remainder of his life until he died on the 30th October 1963, His death was mou- med throughout the world and the prestigious New York Times carried a front-page tribute in his honour, Margaret Mead once said: ‘Never doubt that | a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world, Indeed, itis the only thing that ever has’. O'Flaherty and his loyal group of helpers within the Vatican and without are exactly the kind of people she was referring to. In life, he saved thousands of innocent Romans; in death, he is remembered 2s a man who bravely stood up to extremism and who was not prepared to turn a blind eye to injustice,v Questions 14 - 16 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. 14 O'Flaherty went to Rome sie lies there. : A__ voluntarily for personal reasons as he wanted to pursue his stu in Limeri ing a priest, after completing his studies at Mungret College in Limerick and becoming a priest, 8 © at the same time as a Mussolini went to study there. oe 7 rt! © on the instructions of the religious organisation of which he was a pi 15 O’Flaherty’s golfing talents : ‘ : A. were exploited by him as a means by which to meet and influence important People, & were the product of his extremely hard work and tireless practice from a young age. © went unnoticed until he was posted in Italy where they impressed a number of high-profile individuals, 2 _ were exaggerated by friends and connections in order to win him favour with the German and Italian authorities, 46 When it came to Nazi ideology, O'Flaherty’s beliefs were similar to those of Jews, blacks and gypsies, who viewed the German interference in Italy as unwanted, ® were influenced by the conclusions he had drawn from socialising with certain groups of people in the past. © were in keeping with the stated views of the German and Italian governments, ‘were similarly hostile and extreme as he was influenced by fascist Propaganda, Questions 17 - 1g There are two correct answers. Choose two letters from A, B, C, D and E 17/18 Where did O'Flaherty conceal the People he had taken into his care? A. in the place at which he was then studying 8. ina former college that had been converted into a network of apartments C inthe place where he officially lived at the time D. in the residences of certain religious groups E. inthe houses of old friends of hiswe r grade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 Reading: Passage 2 NX UI questions 19 24 choose the correct letter A, B, Cor D. 4g What impressive aspect ofthe actions of O'lahertys helpers does the writer highlight? ‘A. how reluctant they were to help him how many of them were willing to volunteer ¢ their disregard for the possible consequences if they were caught 1p their ability to coordinate and work together 20. Why was O'Flaherty nicknamed the Scarlet Pimpernel ofthe Vatican? A He resembled a Scarlet Pimpernel in the disguises he used to wear. 8 He often disguised himself as a Vatican priest. He had successfully used disguises to avoid being identified. D He had earned a Master's degree in the art of disguise. 21 What impression does the writer leave us with of his own personal feelings with respect to Offlaherty's life and achievements? He admires O'Flaherty's bravery and determination to stop injustice. He admires O’Flaherty’s loyalty to the Vatican and his church. He feels that Margaret Mead was a superior speech-maker to O'Flaherty. He feels he didn’t get the recognition he deserves for his achievements. Questions 22 - 26 Complete the summary below. Choose NO WORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. A moral, determined and resourceful man Offlaherty’s personal beliefs were at loggerheads with fascist ideology, which he saw as mindless propaganda, so he took it upon himself to combat the injustices being perpetrated against Jews and fhe hands of the German and Italian police, who, acting on orders from other minority groups att above, were rounding said groups up to be sent to 22 inital, o'Flaherty used familiar places as hideouts for the people he was trying to conceal. However, as the situation started to deteriorate, and more and more people were in need of assistance, he was forced to call upon old friends and contacts for help. In helping O'Flaherty, these friends showed their might have cost them their lives. own bravery as getting 23 . Not only did O'Flaherty help the ‘unwanted’ he also extended his assistance to fallen 24... __, 35 well as British soldiers who had been detained by the Germans. 8y the war's end, the lives of 6,500 people had been spared thanks to O'Flaherty and his helpers. = effective had he been at 25 ... Jews and servicemen inside the city that Deemed the nickname The Scarlet Pimpernel ofthe Vatican. O'Flaherty received a huge number of : . from countries all around the world in acknowledgement of his, wartime feats,IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 Reading: Pass, ee READING PASSAGE 3 | eu should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, | which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SNOW Types of Snowfall Snow is typically the product of weather conditions in which an extratropical cyclone has formed. Extratropical cyclones bring extremely hazardous weather, such as high winds and heavy rain or snow, and are often referred to as wind- : storms in Europe. The band of precipitation associated with their warm front is often very extensive. When the warm front and cold front collide, snow can result on the poleward side of the precipitation band; that is, on the northern sside in the Northen Hemisphere and.on the southern side in the Souther Hemisphere. Lake-effect snow is another kind of common snowfall, Altiough the name suggests a particular correspondence of this type of precipitation to lake features, in fact, all narrow bands of waler may generate it. Lake-effect snow occurs when the water temperature is considerably higher than the alr temperature of a cold front progressing over a large water mass. Warm moist ais then attracted upward at a relatively fat rate, condensing to form vertcaly-oiented clouds. ¥ body of water and the air above is significant, say 13 | the temperature difference between the more, this can result in heavy and prolonged snowall. degrees or | Mountainous areas are also prone to experiencing heavy snowfall, Accumulations typically cour on the windward side ofthe mountain as precipitation is ‘squeezed out ofthe warm moist Sina its forced to ascend the slopes; the moisture condenses upon contact with the colder air ound at higher altudes and heavy snowall can then occur if ground concitions are suff ciently cold. How snow is formed Snow crystals, tiny supercooled cloud droplets, form at extremely low temperatures in the supercool 5 degrees Celsius are required for this ‘an aerosol particle, such as clay or desert dust, atmosphere. Temperatures lower than minus en, itstarts moisture to freeze by itself. In warmer clouds, is needed for the freezing to start. Once a droplet of water has froz fo grow in the supersaturated environment of the cloud. Eventual, due to its size, the cloud vail not be able fo contain the ice crystal anymore. At this point, the ice cxystal will fall to the ground and, if it is not melted by warmer air at lower altudes, t wit do so as snow. Although the ice crystals that land on the ground are actually transparent, hollow imperfections in them ‘mean that light is scattered and they often appear white in colour owing to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light. or an ice nucleus,3 Y upgrade ACADEMIC Practice Te gt lest 6 Reading: Passage 3 X se snowtlake eof a snowflake is d iB a ara eae fe fae conditions present at the time of its See al . Between 0 and -3 degrees Celsius, thin flat eke eal The ceesie een i 8, these crystals form needles or prisms with to platecike until ater 22 degrees Celsius whi ! ' legrees Celsius when ae ees hae Prisms etc.) begin to form again. At anaes of 22 saree : '@ column-lke structures, more complex growth patterns also form. snowfall in the British Isles ‘gnowall occurs frequently in the UK, but the quantities are typically small and it seldom persists forvery long. In more recent years, a trend towards milder, wetter winters has been developing, though the last three winters seem to have bucked the trend and, indeed, represent the longest paiod of consecutive cold winters for more than 50 years, For is latitude, the British Isles should be seeing far more prolonged cold weather in winter and regular snowfall. However, the Gulf ‘ream, a mild Atlantic Ocean current, keeps the climate several degrees warmer than regions 6} similar latitude in other pars of the world, As a consequence, despite the occasional incident of prolonged cold, severe winters in Britain are rare. some parts ofthe isles see very litle if any snow from year to year. The most snow-prone are thePonnines, the Scottish Highlands, the Welsh Hils and the mountains of Northern Ireland. The Seotish Highlands boasts the isles" highest peaks and also their only winter ski resorts: For years, unreliable snowfall has threatened to close these resorts, though having had three con- secutive bumper seasons. Now, however, there is less pressure on the Scottish ski industry, which, not so long ago, was threatened with going out of existence. casts for the British Isles are notoriously hard to get right; however, so far, « official start of the meteorological winter in December, breaking low temperatures. They point to sunspot and geot- rength of the Gulf Stream as key indicators of the fact that jctions to be realised, then this would point to the 1d the decline of milder winters in general. Long-term weather fore three months before th predicting another winter of record hermal activity, and changes in the st 2.cold winter is in prospect. Were thelr pred isles undergoing a subtle climatic change an forecasters areReading: Pag.) P IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 6 Questions 27 - 33 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? Write YES ifthe statement agrees with the information NO ifthe statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 27 When a warm front from an extratropical cyclone meets a cold front, snow is more likely to occur on the poleward side of the weather system. 28 Lake-effect snow is aptly named, given that it is a weather phenomenon which is only associated with lakes. 29. Heavy snowfall is more likely to be seen on the side of the mountain that is exposed to high winds. { 30 Inthe absence of a dust particle or similar to start the freezing process, supercool! moisture will not freeze in a cloud whose mean temperature is -34 degrees or more. 31. The real colour of snow is the same as the colour snow appears to be to the human eye. 32. Temperature changes the shape of a snowflake. The thin flat crystals created at temperatures of between zero and minus 23 three degrees Celsius are more voluminous than column-like crystals.534-37 stion (ag jete the sentences below, com? aro fe 0 MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Passage for each answer, | whl snowfall snot an uncommon feature ofa United Kingdom winter fis rare for significant 3 . ; ~~ 0 accumulate, oF for the snow to remain on the ground for any at length of time, reat 5 Three consecutive winters have fled to follow the san. % wetter weather. towards milder, 5. Despitets latitude, the British Isles do not suffer from .j ‘on account ofthe influence of the Gulf stream 3 Should next winter be another unusually cold one, this may be indicative ofthe fact that net oven UNG Way, Questions 38 - 40 Complete the summary with the Write the correct letter 4 - of words A - F below. in spaces 38 - 40 below. The British Winter Snowfllis not an uncommon sight in Britain during winter, but such weather rarely persists for very long. In fact, up until a few years ago, lider. However, thi | Which have been th it looked lke British winters were getting s perception has changed fairly dramatically over the last three winters, e longest 38 Period of cold winters for more than half a century. Itis now: feared that the climate of the Br ritish Isles is changing and that, should the next few ‘winters be equally severe, this could signal a permanent move to more 39 ‘emperatures in general. Scientists bla hanging influence ofthe Gulf Stream, ‘han that of areas of. similar latitude th winter me sunspot and geothermal activity, as well as the which, until now, has kept Britain’s climate 40 roughout the rest of the world, 4 consecutive 8 doubtful € strengthening © milder E record-brealIELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC ding READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions Reading Passage 1 below. | A liquid-propellant rocket is a rocket whose engine uses propellants in liquid form to power it. The reasonably high density of liq- uids makes them a desirable form of engine power as the volume of propellant tanks used to hold them can be relatively low. Lightweight pumps can also be used to pump the liquid propellant from the tanks | into the engine, which means the propellant can be kept under low pressure. Both these factors, smaller tanks and lighter pumps, are advantageous as they effectively lower the rocket's mass ratio. : One of the most common types of liquid: ” propeliant rocket is the bipropellant rocket. Bipropeliant rockets generally have two | tanks; the top-most one which contains liquid i fuel, and a second, typically slightly larger tank, containing a liquid oxidiser such as liq- uid hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel, liquid oxygen combination. The fuel tank and the oxidiser are connected to the combustion chamber by pumps. It is within the chamber that the fuel and oxidiser react and combust. This chamber, in tum, connects to the nozzle through which spent fuel is expelled, gener- ating sufficient thrust to get the rocket air- ’ borne. Liquid-propellant rockets are preferred to other — types, primarily because they have a higher energy content, thus generating more thrust Tankage efficiency is another important factor. Liquid propellant will typically have a density similar to that of water and require only mod- Practice Test 7 The Liquid-Propellant Rock | - 13, which are based on t and Alternatives est pressure to prevent vapourisation from occurring. This combination of high density and low pressure permits a very lightweight tank. Gasses, on the other hand, are not near. ly as dense and require more pressure to be applied in order to keep them stored within the tank, meaning heavier tankage must be used, which results in a higher rocket mass ratio. Other advantages of liquid-propellant rockets include the fact that they can be reused for several flights, as happened many times in the Space Shuttle programme operated by NASA, and the ability to shut down and reignite such rockets multiple times if neces- sary. That said, the use of liquid propellants has been associated with a number of issues. One such issue is termed slosh (the movement of a liquid inside another object already undergoing motion). Slosh can lead to loss of control of the vehicle and it can also confuse computerised guidance sys- tems, which are not equipped to account for the random path disturbances it can cause. ‘Another major drawback of this kind of rock: et is the functional complexity of the liquid propellant mechanism, which operates high speed moving parts at very high tempera- tures. This can be a recipe | pit for disaster, as it increases the probability of something going wrong,vy 18 upgrade, - ACADEMIC 1 ie Practice Test 7 Reading: Passa: pumps used to pump the liquid propellants, rough lightweight, are also very hard to design; is another Done of contention with propo- [pers ote forms of rocket propelant. These | Poopumps, a they are Known, can suffer seri | cstaures, such as overspeeding or shedding, | when operated at high speed. gssenially, liquid-propellant rockets must be |fpetuned and they operate with a very small | margin for error. They are, therefore, very high- maintenance, taking into consideration build, | design, storage and flight logistics. However, if |e agstical complications can be overcome, | the reward is @ highly effective, precision instru- | ment that is relatively lightweight and can be | reused more than once —a huge plus point when | te expense of building a new rocket is factored in. | | Soid-uel rockets have been in existence much | longer, and their main advantage over the | iquid-propeltant rocket is their long storage life. | Solduel rockets can be stored indefinitely and | canthen be readied for redeployment and oper- | sion ina relatively short space of time, They are also less volatile; for that reason they can be “transported more easily from place to place. _ This explains the military's preference for solid- fuel rockets when it comes to its missile cache. On the other hand, while NASA does deploy solid-uel rockets in the initial stages of a space shuttle launch, primarily for their superior initial thrust, it relies on liquid-propellant rockets in the latter stages as these rockets provide thrust for longer periods. Inan attempt to capture the best aspects of both rocket types — solid and liquid (gas, realistically, being far too volatile) ~ hybrid rocket models have recently emerged. These are mechanically and functionally simpler machines, as they require one; not two liquid tanks. They are also superior from a safety perspective as they can be loaded onsite, so they are effectively trans- ported in a benign state and do not represent a hazard in transit (this type of hazard is a major drawback of conventional rockets). At present, it is mainly space science agencies that are researching the potential of hybrid rockets.IELTS Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 7 Questions 1-5 Label the diagram below. i Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 1-5, =} Bipropellant Rocket ese | A. Nozzle B, Liquid Oxidiser__C. Combustion Chamber D.Pump —E. Fuel FL HydrogenGas_—_G. Thrustays rade - ACADEMIC EMI a su Practice Test 7 , j Reading: Passage | st 6 es s below usi ; ite the notes below using NO MORE THa\ ne ie N THREE WORDS from the passage Liquid-pr ___Hauid-p Opeliant Rockets: The Pros and Cons $$ _ case pROS: & = Use of a more lightweight tank helps keep the rockets 6 | low compared to say gas-propellant rockets, | « canbe used more than once and allow the controller to 7 the rocket again several times after it has been shut down. ‘ Generate more thrust for 8.... cons ‘Liquid fuels inside tanks often suffer from slosh, which can adversely affect 8 .,and, in some cases, lead to a loss of control of the rocket. ‘< Functional complexity of the rocket mechanism increases the likelihood of AO acta svemnninanie i flight. | s Pumps hard to design and prone to failure. Questions 41 - 13 Complete the summary below. \SeNo MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Solid-fuel Rockets Solidfuel rockets have been around much longer than liquid-propellant ones. They are also renowned "orhaving a superior 11, een .. Not only can they be stored indefinitely, once "°4uired for operational purposes, they can be operational again in a very short space of time, hence WY they have always been the 12.0.0: ssnmuaunesn favoured type of rocket. Solid-fuel Pckets also have 13, cvinninnasssenunessy Which is Why NASA uses them in the initial ages “85 of launching a space shuttle.erent | READING PASSAGE 2 Practice Test 7 i i e based on You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are Reading Passage 2 below. The new HTC 4G is, for now at least, restricted from showing us its true potential since, as and must wait for the 4G infrastructure to be put @ppreciated. As things stand, and limited to use 8 3G handset, the HTC stacks up well against its competitors, There is a very generous screen size 0f 4.3 inches, and the graphics and screen resolu- tion are very sharp. This is perhaps both the Phone's greatest strength and its greatest weak- ness because, for all the good of having a large, sharp screen image, this comes at a cost; that being that the HTC is a bulkier, weightier model than most ofits peers. Size issues aside, however, You cannot help but admire the sheer range of | ‘features on this handset. A 12-megapixel camera, and a front-side 3 megapixel for voice calls, and high-definition image quality should you switch {0 recording mode, make the need to carry any Casual photographic or recording equipment around with you almost redundan ‘more than a blip, as company en, Brammers assure us a fix wil t. Perhaps no ineers and pro- I be issued shortly, attery life is slightly 'y charge is simply a Id leave you, well, flat! a regular dail necessity as any longer woul Australia’s first 4G phone, it is ahead of its time | in place all over the country before it can really be What's the best smartphone on the market? The Nexus employs enerey-eficent scree, technology, making it an instant hit forthe ma who have been thus far frustrated by the lack gf battery longevity smartphones have offered up. Design isn’t compromised either and this hands, is light and compact (the practicalities are coy. ered then) not to mention sleek and funky. The new S-megapixel rear-facing camera is handy to have in an emergency, but can hardly be reli upon to produce the sort of imagery we have come to expect from such products, Autofocus and an inbuilt flash do help to enhance image Gualty, but this device falls just a few too many Pixels short and so trails behind its multimedia department; and not by several lengths, at least, Is in the y a neck, butFe jars Upgrade - ACADEMIC Practice Test 7 Reading: Passage 2

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