Name: Saqlain Haider

BATCH: BATCH (10)

R/NO: M01015

Subject:. Political science

QUESTION NO3
What is the Difference between State and Government?
Also Explain Relationship between State and Society?
ANS:
State
A state is defined as “a nation or territory considered as an
organised political community under one government,”
according to the Oxford English dictionary. Sovereign states,
Member states, Federated states, and Nation states are among
the various types of states. The United States and China, for
example, are sovereign states. Furthermore, a state is a
formally organised political community that governs a portion
of a territory. Florida is a state in the United States of America.
You can see how, in some cases, a state can exist within a state,
such as Florida and the United States. It’s worth noting that a
state usually covers a specific geographical area. Culture,
language, people, and history all contribute to the character of
a state A state is a self-contained entity with specific
responsibilities to fulfil
Government
The term government, on the other hand, refers to a sovereign
state’s civil government. Anarchism, Authoritarianism,
Communism, Constitutional Monarchy, Constitutional Republic,
Democracy, Dictatorship, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Plutocracy,
Theocracy, and Legalism are examples of different types of
government. A government is an entity with the authority to
make and enforce laws for a specific area. The word ‘govern’
means ‘to have the power to administer
One of the most significant distinctions between a state and a
government is that a state is similar to an organisation, while a
government is similar to a management team. It’s worth noting
that the so-called government is in charge of the state’s
administrative tasks in order for it to function properly. In a
nutshell, a government has complete authority over its citizens
and the region. In other words, a state is a territory over which
the government has the authority to exercise power
Difference between State and Government?
 A state is a country or territory that is regarded as a
unified political community with a single government.
 Sovereign states, Member states, Federated states, and
Nation states are among the various types of states
 A state can also be an organised political community that
governs a portion of a territory, such as Florida in the
United States.
 One of the main differences between a state and a
government is that a state is a geographical entity that
encompasses people and trade, whereas a government is
a state or country’s political administration.
 As a noun, state also refers to a person’s or an object’s
current state
  State, as a verb, means to express something clearly or
definitively. This can be done either orally or in writing

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE AND SOCIETY

A collection of individuals held together by certain
enduring relationships in pursuit of common ends” is how
society is defined. The State, on the other hand, is defined
as “a politically organised portion of society that protects
and promotes its common interests.” As a result, the state
is a component of society. The state is a political
organisation by definition, but society is not The state
regulates only the external relationships of men in society,
while society regulates all forms of social conduct. While
laws provide strength to the state, traditions, customs,
and conversions provide strength to societies
Coercion is a power that the state has. Disobedience to its
laws is met with retaliation. Society, on the other hand,
lacks the power of coercion. Physical punishment is not
permitted for disobedience to its rules. As a result,
society’s only source of authority is social customs,
convention, and morality. Persuasion, not coercion, is used
to secure the cooperation of society’s members.
Sovereignty belongs solely to the state
Despite their differences and distinctions, society and the
state are inextricably linked. “They overlap, blend, and
borrow from one another,” says Prot. Barker.
The highest level of social organisation is the state. It
establishes the social order’s framework. The state,
according to Laski, is a means of regulating human
behaviour. “Any examination of its nature reveals it to be a
method of imposing principles of behaviour by which men
must regulate their lives.” A well-ordered society cannot
exist without the State, because it is the State that binds
individuals to certain rules of outward conduct. The state
is the glue that holds society together However, their
interrelationship should not be taken too far.If the
government tries to control every aspect of social life and
relationships, it will become despotic and tyrannical,
destroying individual liberty. It is for this reason that the
terms "state" and "society" must be distinguished clearly.
QUESTION NO2
What are Essential and Secondary Functions of
State
ANS:

STATE
Such a social association in which various people
possessing a specific region, lay out a coordinated
government and make specific activity to keep up with
 their unmistakable hypotheses/philosophies and
opportunity is called state
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF STATE
Fundamental elements of state is to protect and get the
limits of state.
Keep up with public safety, law of request and to give
equity
To establish peace, order, justice and equality in the
society.
1. Rule of law.
2. Human capital.
3. Citizen engagement.
4. Public financial management.
5. Asset management.
6. Disaster resilience.
7. Governance.
8. Market engagement.
9. Infrastructure.
SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF STATE
Give normal protection, and paying special attention to the
government assistance of the populace in manners that are
past the method for the individual, for example, executing
general wellbeing measures
Keeping up with regulation, request, solidness, settling different
sorts of debates through the general set of laws.
All other types of activities that are deemed fit to be
undertaken by the state are classified as secondary functions
Enactments of legislation and taxation
QUESTION NO4
Discuss Presidential and Parliamentary Form of
Government, Their Characteristics and Differences,
compare With USA and Pakistan Government?
ANS:
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN USA
The executive branch of a parliamentary government is divided
into two parts: the President (PRESIDENT) and the Head of
Government (HEAD OF GOVERNMENT) (PRIME MINISTER). THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES DOES NOT HAVE A
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT. The President of
the United States is the most powerful elected official in the
world.
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan is an intrinsically is a popularity based parliamentary
republic with its political framework in view of a chosen type of
administration. It is a bicameral government council that
comprises of the senate as the upper house and tha public
gathering as the lower house. As indicated by the constitution
of the Islamic republic of Pakistan, the leader of Pakistan is
additionally a part of the parliament.
PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN USA
A Presidential system of government is used in some
representative and constitutional democracies, and it is based
on the separation and sharing of powers among three
independent and coordinated branches of government:
legislative, executive, and judicial.
The presidential system is used by all state governments in the
United States. Even so, it is not required by the Constitution.
Only a few other democracies, such as Argentina, Brazil,
Mexico, and the Philippines, follow the presidential system,
which was invented and popularised in the United States. The
President of the United States is both the chief executive of the
government and the head of state in the American presidential
system.
PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN
Until the 18th amendment, which was passed in 2010, stripped
the presidency of its major powers, the president was a
significant authority. Pakistan has transitioned from a semi-
presidential to a purely parliamentary government since then.
The executive, legislative, and judicial branches make up the
government.
DIFFERENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN
PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF
GOVERNMENT
Government is divided into two types: parliamentary and
presidential. Every country in the world has its own
constitution, which governs the formulation of policies, the
functioning of government bodies and institutions, and the
making of decisions. In more technical terms, it is the
constitution that governs all aspects of the country’s political
system. Parliamentary and presidential governments are the
two types of government. In a parliamentary system, the
political party with the most seats in parliament forms the
government and elects a Prime Minister from among its
members as the government’s leader Then again, in the official
type of government, the President is the CEO, who is
straightforwardly chosen by individuals or by the individuals
from the constituent school
COMPARISON CHART
BASIS FOR PARLIAMENTARY PRESIDENTIAL FORM
COMPARISOM FORM OF OF GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
Meaning Executive body of In presidential
government are system, the
closely related, while legislative, executive
the judiciary is and judiciary body of
independent of the the government are
other two bodies of independent of each
government. other.
Executive Dual executive Single executive
Accountability The executive is Executive is not
accountable to the accountable to the
 legislature. legislature.
Powers concentrated Divided
Ministers Only the members of Persons outside the
parliament can be the legislature are
members appointed as
ministers
Dissolution of lower Prime minister can President can’not
house dissolve the lower dissolve lower house.
house before the
expiry of its term.
Tenure of executive Not fixed Fixed

QUESTION NO1
Define Modern Trends and Schools of Thoughts with
Different Political Approaches
ANS:
POLITICAL THEORY
It is a branch of political science under which scientific analysis
is made of political institutions, political events and political
facts etc. it is not concerned with the explanation of the facts
only, rather its purpose is also to draw some conclusion after
making the analysis of political events, political institutions,
political system and political behaviour etc on the basis of
which we can visualise of an ideal state, ideal government and
other ideal institutions.
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Those principles related to the society are called approaches of
reasoning or mode, In the beginning the historical approach of
reasoning, geographical modes of thinking and philosophical
mode enjoyed importance. But later, after the second Great
War (1939-1945 AD), many changes in approaches of reasoning
of political science occurred. Due to which political science
became closely related to other sciences.

So, an approach is a way of looking at and then explaining a

given phenomenon which includes everything related to the
collection and selection of evidence necessary for investigation
and analysis of hypotheses. Methods on the other hand is a
way of organising a theory for application to data. Because of
this different approaches of reasoning of the method of
political science appeared before, among which the detail of
important approaches of reasoning are as follows:
• Inter Disciplinary Approach
• Traditional Approach
• Behavioural Approach
INTER DISCIPLINARY APPROACH
That mode of thinking of political science that describes the
relationship of political science with different social sciences is
called Inter disciplinary approach. In political science benefit is
taken to a greater extent from other social sciences. Plato and
Aristotle both fix human being the center for the science of
political science. So in order to organize the subject of political
science and method of political science, it is necessary to take
advantage from all these social sciences.
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
In the traditional approach political science is studied as non-
comparative study. Although the beginning of comparative
study in political science was undertaken by Aristotle in BC, due
to which the process of political science lack modernism.In
traditional approach, the study of comparative politics and
governments was limited to Westein political system. And the
study of political system of Asia and African countries was kept
nominally in it. So, it was given the name of limited or regional
study.
MODERN APPROACH
The modern approach is fact-based, emphasising factual
analysis of political phenomena in order to arrive at
scientifically sound conclusions. Sociological approaches,
economic approaches, psychological approaches, quantitative
approaches, simulation approaches, system approaches,
behavioural approaches, Marxian approaches, and so on are
examples of modern approaches. Modern Methodologies
Normative methods are traditional methods of inquiry into
political phenomena that are concerned not only with what is,
but also with what ought to be issues in politics.
BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
That method and approach to political science in which the
character, behaviour, and actions of human beings are
prioritised in the study of political science. That is, in this
approach, the human being was made the central axis. In the
First World War, the behavioural approach to political science
was born (1914 Ad to 1918AD). This school of thought includes
thinkers like Herbert Simon and Gabriel Almond. The method of
survey is the third major stimulus in relation to the
popularisation of behavioural conduct in political science for
the study of political course of action
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
The structural-functional theory proposes that political systems
are made up of a variety of structures that are relatively
uniform in the sense that they can be found in most political
systems around the world, as well as a stable system of
governance in which individuals and other societal structures
play distinct roles. Legislative bodies, courts, bureaucratic
organisations, executive bodies, and political parties are all
examples of typical political structures.