Basic principles and theory of govt. in Bangladesh’s political system.

Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms
of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The
academic study of politics is referred to as political science. Politics is about the characteristic
blend of conflict and co-operation that can be found so often in human interactions. Pure conflict
is war. Pure co-operation is true love. Politics is a mixture of both. A variety of methods are
deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation
with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including warfare against
adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clansand tribes of traditional
societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states, to
the international level.

There are five basic principles of government. These principles are popular sovereignty, limited
government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism. The first
and most important example of popular sovereignty is the Constitution itself. This is the very
document that gives the common people power and protects their rights from an oppressive
government and instead allows for one ruled by the people, for the people. Popular sovereignty is
the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the
consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political
power. In political philosophy, limited government is the concept of a government limited in
power. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism. A limited government is one bound by law
to have limited control over its citizens and economy. Power is divided among separate branches,
each of which has its power constrained by the others. Many other examples of limited
governments exist today, such as Canada, England, Australia, Japan, and Mexico. The separation
of powers is an approach to governing a state. Under it, a state's government is divided into
branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities so that the powers of one
branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. Separation of powers, therefore, refers
to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from
exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and
provide for checks and balances. Checks and balances, principle of government under which
separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share
power. Checks and balances are applied primarily in constitutional governments.
The political system defines the process for making official government decisions. It is usually
compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems.
According to David Easton, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through
which values are authoritatively allocated for a society. The interactions between different political
systems are the basis for global politics. Forms of government can be classified by several ways.
In terms of the structure of power, there are monarchies including constitutional monarchies and
republics like usually presidential, semi-presidential, or parliamentary. Constitutions are written
documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government. Although a
constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten constitution. The unwritten
constitution is continually being written by the legislative and judiciary branch of government; this
is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of
government that is most appropriate. Political culture describes how culture impacts politics. Every
political system is embedded in a particular political culture. Trust is a major factor in political
culture, as its level determines the capacity of the state to function. Religion has also an impact on
political culture. Political corruption is the use of powers for illegitimate private gain, conducted
by government officials or their network contacts. Forms of political corruption include bribery,
cronyism, nepotism, and political patronage. Political conflict entails the use of political violence
to achieve political ends. When a political system is overthrown, the event is called a revolution:
it is a political revolution if it does not go further; or a social revolution if the social system is also
radically altered. However, these may also be nonviolent revolutions.

Micropolitics' can either describe political issues that affect an entire political system (e.g., the
nation state), or refer to interactions between political systems (e.g. international relations). Meso-
politics describes the politics of intermediary structures within a political system, such as national
political parties or movements.[68] Micropolitics describes the actions of individual actors within
the political system.[68] This is often described as political participation.[70] Political participation
may take many forms, including: Activism, Boycott, Civil disobedience, Demonstration, Petition,
Picketing, Strike action, Tax resistance, Voting.

We define political values as political relationships, institutions, organizations, views and ideas
resulting from the transforming, creative sociopolitical practice of the social forces that meet the
requirements of social progress and of the development of human personality on a social scale.
Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do,
but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. Radical democracy is based on the idea
that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. Democracy's role is
to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms
in decision-making processes. Equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific
society or isolated group have the same social status, especially socioeconomic status, including
protection of human rights and dignity, and equal access to certain social goods and social services.
Furthermore, it may also include health equality, economic equality and other social securities. To
this end there must be equal justice under law, and equal opportunityregardless of, for example,
sex, gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, origin, caste or class, income or property, language,
religion, convictions, opinions, health or disability. A common way of understanding politics is
through the left–right political spectrum, which ranges from left-wing politics via centrism to right-
wing politics. Today, the left is generally progressivist, seeking social progress in society. The
more extreme elements of the left, named the far-left, tend to support revolutionary means for
achieving this. This includes ideologies such as Communism and Marxism. The center-left, on the
other hand, advocate for more reformist approaches, for example that of social democracy.