Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab

PRESENTED BY:
FAREEHA JAHANGIR
ROLL.NO:
106
PRESENTED TO:
MISS.TAHIRA
ASSIGNMENT:
CHARTER OF MEDINA AND LAST
SERMON OF PROPHET AND STORIES
SEMESTER:
4th semester-Afternoon
 Charter of Medina
The Medina Charter constituted by Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W) in 622 in
Arabia was intended to end inter-tribal conflicts and maintain peace and
cooperation among the Medinan people 1,400 years ago.
Commentary:
THE MEDINA Charter is arguably known to be the first constitution
ever written incorporating religion and politics. Drawn up by Prophet Muhammad
(S.A.W.W), the Charter was intended to end inter-tribal conflicts and maintain
peace and cooperation among the people of Medina, which, after Mecca, is Islam’s
second holiest place where the first Muslim community was established. It
constituted a formal agreement between Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W) and all
the tribes and families of Yathrib (the old name for Medina) including Muslims,
Jews, Christians and pagans. The Charter serves as an example for resolving
disputes where peace and pluralism were achieved not through violence but rather
respect, tolerance, and peaceful means.
Essential of Charter of Medina:

The constitution establishes rights and obligations among the

people of Medina known as the Ansar and those who migrated with the Prophet
Muhammad (S.A.W.W) (the Muhajirun), and the Jewish tribes of Medina as they
embarked upon a new journey of co-existence and co-operation.

Prophet Muhammad’s (S.A.W.W) inspiration for this pluralistic model was the
Quran, which makes it responsible upon Muslims to accept and respect all of the
previous messengers without distinction and honour their communities. Using the
Quran as guidance, the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W) attempted to spread peace
and establish unity in Medina. He created a community (ummah) that was made up
of diverse communities and faiths.

The Charter gave equality to all its citizens and accepted the coexistence of
different religions in the community. Under the constitution, all religious, ethnic
and tribal groups had equal protection, rights and dignity. They would live by their
own beliefs and judge themselves by their own laws.

Conclusion:
 The Charter of Medina aimed to bring together the diverse groups of
Medina, including Muslims, Jews, and pagans, into a unified society. It set forth
principles of governance, justice, and mutual cooperation among the different
tribes and religious communities. The charter recognized the rights and obligations
of each group and emphasized the importance of resolving conflicts through
peaceful means. It promoted equality, fairness, and protection of individual and
communal rights.

Last Sermon of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W)

The Last Sermon of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W), also known as the Farewell
Sermon, was delivered on the ninth day of the Islamic month of Dhul Hijjah in the
year 632. It took place during the final pilgrimage of the Prophet Muhammad
(S.A.W.W) to the city of Mecca. The sermon is considered a crucial part of Islamic
teachings and serves as a guiding principle for Muslims worldwide.
 The Prophet emphasized the importance of unity and equality among
Muslims. He declared that all believers are equal, regardless of their race,
nationality, or social status. He stressed that no Arab is superior to a non-
Arab, and vice versa, except in piety and righteousness.
 The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the sanctity of human life and the
protection of individual rights. He strongly discouraged any form of
oppression, injustice, or violence against others.
 The Prophet forbade the charging of interest (usury) on loans and
encouraged fair and ethical business practices. He emphasized the need to
avoid exploitation and to uphold honesty and integrity in all transactions.
 The sermon highlighted the importance of treating women with dignity and
respect. The Prophet stressed that women have rights and should be
protected from abuse and mistreatment.
 The Prophet reminded the Muslims of the significance of regular prayers and
the need to establish a strong connection with Allah through worship.
 The sermon conveyed the message that life on Earth is temporary and that
all human beings will eventually return to Allah. The Prophet urged
Muslims to be mindful of their actions and to prepare for the hereafter.
Conclusion:
 The Last Sermon of the Prophet Muhammad encapsulated fundamental
principles of Islam, emphasizing unity, justice, compassion, and the pursuit of
righteousness. It continues to guide Muslims in their personal and social lives,
serving as a reminder of their responsibilities towards Allah and humanity.

Stories of Human Rights according to Islam:

1. The Story of Bilal ibn Rabah: Bilal was an Ethiopian slave who
converted to Islam during the early years of the Islamic era. He faced
severe persecution for his faith but remained steadfast. When Abu Bakr,
a close companion of Prophet Muhammad, learned about Bilal's
mistreatment, he purchased his freedom, granting him his human right to
liberty and dignity.
2. The Story of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz: Umar ibn Abdul Aziz was an
Umayyad caliph known for his just governance and commitment to
upholding human rights. He implemented reforms to ensure fair
treatment of prisoners, abolished unfair taxes, and worked to alleviate
poverty and hunger. His reign is considered a shining example of justice
and compassion in Islamic history.
3. The Story of Umm Salamah and the Migrant Muslims: Umm Salamah
was a wife of the Prophet Muhammad and an advocate for the rights of
migrants. When the Muslims were being persecuted in Mecca, Umm
Salamah and her husband migrated to Medina. Later, she worked to
facilitate the migration of other Muslims who were facing persecution,
ensuring their safety and well-being. This story highlights the Islamic
principle of protecting the rights of those seeking refuge and providing
assistance to those facing oppression.
4. The Story of Sa'd ibn Muadh and the Captives: Sa'd ibn Muadh, a
companion of the Prophet Muhammad, played a significant role in the
Battle of the Trench. After the battle, the Prophet sought his advice
regarding the fate of the captives. Sa'd proposed that the prisoners should
be treated with kindness and given food and clothing, in accordance with
their human rights, rather than being enslaved or mistreated. The Prophet
accepted his recommendation, demonstrating the importance of
upholding the rights of prisoners of war and treating them justly.
5. The Story of Uthman ibn Affan and the Disbeliever: Uthman ibn Affan,
another companion of the Prophet, encountered a disbeliever who was
abusing him with harsh words. Despite the provocation, Uthman
remained patient and kind in his response. He informed the person that he
had the right to practice his own religion and hold his own beliefs,
highlighting the Islamic principle of respecting freedom of religion and
protecting the rights of individuals to hold different faiths or beliefs.