Appendix C

Conversion Factors & Equivalents

This appendix contains conversion factors for most quantities encountered

in fan engineering. To locate the desired factor, refer to the list on page C-2,
which is arranged in groups of common dimensions.
The various tables contain both U.S. customary and metric units. The
base units in the International System (SI) are indicated by an asterisk * and
derived units in SI are indicated by a dagger †.
Except for the table of gc values, each table contains a matrix of values
with unity on the diagonal. To use a table, enter the column containing the
unit of the known measure, proceed down to the unity value, and read the
conversion factor also in that row but in the column headed by the unit of the
converted measure. To obtain the converted measure, multiply the known
measure by the conversion factor. For example, to convert 4 weeks to hours,
enter the table on page C-3 in the wk column, proceed to 1, and read 168
under hr. The converted value is 4 × 168 = 672 hr.
Some tables have equations below them. The numbers in these equations
can be used as conversion factors. For example, in the table on page C-5, if
the known measure is 8 Imperial gallons, the converted measure is
8 × 1.20095 = 9.61 U.S. gallons or 8 × 4.5461 = 36.37 liters.
Whenever the conversion factor is an exact integer value, the value is
shown without a decimal point and its reciprocal is shown as a fraction. All
other values are given with a decimal point and four or five significant
figures. Inferior numerals indicate the number of zeros to be inserted between
the decimal point and the adjacent numeral. For example, the conversion
factor for weeks to seconds is listed as 60482. which should be interpreted as
604800. Some conversion factors with exact decimal values are 25.4 mm/in.,
0.3048 m/ft, 1852 m/nautical mile, 0.9144 m/yd, 4.1868 J/cal, 9.80665 N/kp,
0.45359237 kg/lbm, and 1055.05585262 J/Btu.
The units of Btu, cal, and kcal that appear in the tables are based on
International Steam Table values. See the discussion on heat in Chapter 1,
regarding other values.

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-2 FAN ENGINEERING

Dimensions Quantity Page

T time C-3
- angular measure C-3
1/T rotational frequency and frequency C-3

L length C-4
L2 area C-4
L3 volume C-5

L4 second moment of area C-6

L/T velocity or speed C-6
L/T2 acceleration C-6

L3/T volume flow rate C-7

F/L2 pressure or stress C-7

F force C-8
FL moment or torque C-8
F/L surface tension C-8

LF (H) work or energy or heat C-9

LF/T (H/T) power or heat flow rate C-9

L2/T kinematic viscosity or diffusivity C-10

FT/L2 (M/LT) dynamic or absolute viscosity C-10
M/TF permeance C-10

M mass C-11
M/T mass flow rate C-11
M/TL2 mass velocity C-11

M/L mass per unit length C-12

M/L2 mass per unit area C-12
M/L3 density C-12

ML2 moment of inertia C-13

ML/T momentum C-13
ML2/T moment of momentum C-13

ML/T2 (F) weight C-14

ML/FT2 gravitational conversion factor C-14

H/M (LF/M) specific enthalpy or specific energy C-15

H/M Θ (LF/M Θ ) specific heat or specific entropy C-15
H/M Θ (LF/M Θ ) gas constant C-15

H/T (LF/T) heat flux or power C-16

H/TL2 (F/TL) heat flux density C-16
H/L2 (F/L) heat density C-16

H/TL2 Θ (F/TL Θ ) heat transfer coefficient C-17

HL/TL2 Θ (F/T Θ ) thermal conductivity C-17
Θ L2T/H ( Θ LT/F) thermal resistance C-17

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-3

T Time Units T
Mean Solar Mean Calendar
s* min hr da wk mo yr lyr

1 1/60 1/3600 .41157 .5l653 .63805 .73171 .73162

60 1 1/60 1/1440 .49921 .42283 .51903 .51897
3600 60 1 1/24 1/168 .21370 .31142 .31138
86400 1440 24 1 1/7 .03288 .22740 .22732

60482. 10080 168 7 1 .23014 .01918 .01913

26283. 43800 730 30.417 4.3452 1 1/12 1/12
31544. 52562. 8760 365 52.143 12 1 -
31624. 52702. 8784 366 52.286 12 - 1

1 sidereal second =.99727 mean solar sec 1 lunar month = 29.532 mean solar day
1 sidereal day = 86164 mean solar sec 1 sidereal year = 365.256 mean solar day

The SI unit of time is defined in nuclear terms but is substantially equal to the mean solar
second.

1/T Frequency Units 1/T

cps Hz† cpm

1 1 60
1 1 60
1/60 1/60 1

- Angular Measure -
sec min deg rad* rev

1 1/60 1/3600 .54848 .67716

60 1 1/60 .32909 .44630
3600 60 1 .01745 1/360
20632. 3437.8 57.296 1 .15915
64802. 10800 180 π .5
12963. 21600 360 2π 1

1/T Rotational Frequency Units 1/T

rps rad/s† rpm

1 2π 60
.15915 1 9.5493
1/60 .10472 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-4 FAN ENGINEERING

L Length Units L
U.S. System Metric System
mil in. ft yd mi Å µm mm m* km

1 .001 .48333 .42778 .71578 25402. 25.400 .02540 .42540 .72540

1000 1 1/12 1/36 .41578 25405. 25400 25.400 .02540 .42540
12000 12 1 1/3 1/5280 30486. 30482. 304.80 .30480 .33048
36000 36 3 1 1/1760 91446. 91442. 914.40 .91440 .39144
63364. 63360 5280 1760 1 160910. 16096. 16093. 1609.3 1.6093

.53937 .83937 .93281 .91094 .13621 1 .0001 l0-7 10-10 10-13

.03937 .43937 .53281 .51094 .96214 10000 1 .001 10-6 10-9
39.370 .03937 .23281 .21094 .66214 107 1000 1 .001 10-6
39370 39.370 3.2808 1.0936 .36214 1010 106 1000 1 .001
39374. 39370 3280.8 1093.6 .62137 1013 109 106 1000 1

1 hand = 4 in. = 10.160 cm

1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.8288 m
1 rod = 5.5 yd = 5.0292 m
1 furlong = 220 yd = 201.17 m
1 naut. mile = 1.1508 mi = 1.8520 km
1 league = 3 mi = 4.8280 km
1 light year = 5.8785 x 1012 mi = 9.4606 x 1012 km

L2 Area Units L2
U.S. System Metric System
in.2 ft2 yd2 acres mi2 µm2 mm2 m2† ares km2

1 1/144 1/1296 .61594 .92491 64525. 645.16 .36452 .56452 .96452

144 1 1/9 .42296 .73587 92907. 92903 .09290 .39290 .79290
1296 9 1 .32066 .63228 83618. 83612. .83613 .28361 .68361
62733. 43560 4840 1 1/640 40513. 40476. 4046.9 40.469 .24047
40146. 27884. 30983. 640 1 25916. 25909. 25903. 25900 2.5900

.81550 .10108 .11120 .15247 .18386 1 10-6 10-12 10-14 10-18

.21550 .41076 .51196 .92471 .12386 106 1 10-6 10-8 10-12
1550 10.764 1.1960 .32471 .63861 1012 106 1 .01 10-6
15502. 1076.4 119.60 .02471 .43861 1014 108 100 1 .0001
15506. 10764. 11963. 247.10 .38610 1018 1012 106 10000 1

1 square mil = 10-6 in2 = 646.162 µm2

1 circular mil = 0.78540 mil2 = 506.71 µm2
1 square rod = 30.25 yd2 = 25.293 m2

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-5

L3 Volume Units (Dry Measure) L3

U.S. System Metric System
pt qt pk bu bbl in.3 ft3 cm3 dm3 m3†

1 1/2 1/16 1/64 1/210 33.600 .01944 550.61 .55061 .35506

2 1 1/8 1/32 1/105 67.200 .03889 1101.2 1.1012 .21101
16 8 1 1/4 .07619 537.60 .31111 8809.7 8.8097 .28810
64 32 4 1 .30479 2150.4 1.2444 35239 35.239 .03524
210 105 13.125 3.281 1 7056 4.0833 11562. 115.63 .11563

.02976 .01488 .21860 .34650 .31417 1 1/1728 16.387 .01639 .41639

51.428 25.714 3.2143 .80356 .24490 1728 1 28317 28.317 .02832

.21816 .39081 .31135 .42838 .58648 .06102 .43531 1 .001 10-6

1.8162 .90809 .11351 .02838 .28648 61.025 .03532 1000 1 .001
1816.2 908.09 113.51 28.378 8.6484 61024 35.315 106 1000 1

1 board foot = 144 in.3 = 2359.7 cm3

1 acre foot = 43560 ft2 = 1233.5 m3
1 stere = 1 m3

L3 Volume Units (Liquid Measure) L3

U.S. System Metric System
oz gi pt qt gal in3 ft3 mL L3 m3†

1 1/4 1/16 1/32 1/128 1.8047 .21044 29.574 .02957 .42957

4 1 1/4 1/8 1/32 7.2188 .24177 118.29 .11829 .31183
16 4 1 1/2 1/8 28.875 .01671 473.18 .47318 .34732
32 8 2 1 1/4 57.75 .03342 946.35 .94635 .39463
128 32 8 4 1 231 .13368 3785.4 3.7854 .23785

.55411 .13853 .03463 .01732 1/231 1 1/1728 16.387 .01639 .41639

957.51 239.38 59.844 29.922 7.4805 1728 1 28317. 28.317 .02832

.03381 .28454 .22113 .21057 .32642 .06102 .43531 1 .001 10-6

33.814 8.4535 2.1134 1.0567 .26417 61.024 .03531 1000 1 .001
33814. 8453.5 2113.4 1056.7 264.17 61024. 35.31 106 1000 1

1 gallon (imp.) = 1.20095 gal (U.S.) = 4.5461L

1 barrel (U.S.) = 31.5 gal (U.S.) = 119.24 L
1 barrel (oil) = 42 gal (U.S.) = 158.99 L
1 hogshead = 63 gal (U.S.) = 238.48 L
1 acre foot = 325851 gal (U.S.) = 1233489 L

Apothecaries' fluid measure for drugs, etc.

1 minim = 1 drop = .06161 mL
1 dram = 60 minims = 3.6966 mL
1 ounce = 8 drams = .02957 L

1 liter = vol. of 1 kg H2O @ 4°C = 1000.028 cm3,

1 new liter = 1000 cm3
1 cu ft = vol. of 62.427 lb H2O @ 4°C

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-6 FAN ENGINEERING

L4 Second Moment of Area Units L4

U.S. System Metric System
in.4 ft4 mm4 cm4 m4†

1 .44823 41622. 41.623 .64162

20736 1 86316. 86312. .28631

.52403 .91159 1 10-4 10-12

.02403 .51159 104 1 10-8
24033. 115.87 1012 108 1

L/T Velocity Units L/T

U.S. System Metric System
fpm in./sec fps mph knots cm/s m/min km/hr m/s† Ma

1 1/5 1/60 1/88 .29875 .50800 .30480 .01829 .25080 .41492

5 1 1/12 .05682 .04937 2.5400 1.5240 .09144 .02540 .47461
60 12 1 .68182 .59247 30.480 18.288 1.0973 .30480 .38953
88 17.600 1.4667 1 .86896 44.704 26.822 1.6093 .44704 .21313
101.27 20.254 1.6878 1.1508 1 51.444 30.867 1.8520 .51444 .21511

1.9685 .39370 .03281 .02237 .01944 1 .6 .036 .01 .42938

3.2808 .65617 .05468 .03728 .03240 1/.6 1 .06 1/60 .44896
54.681 10.936 .91134 .62137 .53996 1/.036 1/.06 1 1/3.6 .28160
196.85 39.370 3.2808 2.2369 1.9438 100 60 3.6 1 .22938

67014. 13403. 1116.9 761.52 661.73 34043. 20426. 1225.6 1340.43 1

Ma at standard conditions

L/T2 Acceleration Units L/T2

U.S. System Metric System Gravity
ft/min2 in./s2 ft/s2 mph/s m/min2 cm/s2 km/hr-s m/s2† g's

1 1/300 1/3600 1/5280 .30480 .28467 .33048 .48467 .58636

300 1 1/12 .05682 91.440 2.5400 .09144 .02540 .22590
3600 12 1 .68182 1097.3 30.480 1.0973 .30480 .03108
5280 17.600 1.4667 1 1609 44.704 1.609 .44704 .04559

3.2808 .01094 .39113 .36214 1 .02778 .001 .32778 .42833

118.11 .39370 .03281 .02237 36 1 .036 .01 .2l020
3280.8 10.936 .91134 .62137 1000 27.778 1 .27778 .02833
11811. 39.370 3.2808 2.2369 3600 100 3.6 1 .10197

11582. 386.09 32.174 21.937 35304 980.67 35.304 9.8067 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-7

L3/T Volume Flow Rate Units L3/T

U.S. System Metric System
cfh gpm cfm gps cfs cm3/s m3/hr L/s m3/min m/s†

1 .12468 1/60 .22078 1/3600 7.8658 .02832 .27866 .34719 .57866

8.0208 1 .13368 1/60 .22228 63.091 .22712 .06309 .23785 .46309
60 7.4805 1 .12468 1/60 471.95 1.6990 .47195 .02832 .34719
481.25 60 8.0208 1 .13368 3785.4 13.627 3.7854 .22712 .23785
3600 448.83 60 7.4805 1 28317 101.94 28.317 1.6990 .02832

.12713 .01585 .22119 .32642 .43531 1 .0036 .001- .00006 10-6

35.315 4.4029 .58858 .07338 .29810 277.78 1 1/3.6 1/60 1/3600
127.13 15.850 2.1189 .26417 .03531 1000+ 3.6 1 .06 .001
2118.9 264.17 35.315 4.403 .58858 16667 60 1/.06 1 1/60
12712. 15850 2118.9 264.17 35.315 106 3600 1000 60 1

F/L2 Pressure or Stress Units F/L2

U.S. System MetricSystem
psf in. wg ft wg in. Hg psi dy/cm2 Pa† mm wg mm Hg atm

1 .19255 .01605 .01414 1/144 478.80 47.880 4.8908 .35913 .34725

5.1934 1 1/12 .07343 .03607 2486.6 248.66 25.400 1.8651 .22454
62.320 12 1 .88115 .43278 29839. 2983.9 304.80 22.381 .02945
70.726 13.619 1.1349 1 .49115 33864. 3386.4 345.91 25.400 .03342
144 27.728 2.3106 2.0360 1 68948. 6894.8 704.28 51.715 .06805

.22089 .34022 .43351 .42953 .41450 1 0.1 .76131 .37501 .69869

.02089 .24022 .33351 .32953 .31450 10 1 .10215 .27501 .59869
.20446 .03937 .23281 .22891 .21420 1.3135 9.7898 1 .07343 .49662
2.7845 .53616 .04468 .03937 .01934 1333.2 133.32 13.619 1 .21316

2116.2 407.48 33.957 29.921 14.696 10133. 10132. 10350 760.00 .1

wg @ 68°F or 20°C Hg @ 32°F or 0°C

wg @ 62.3205 lbm/ft3 or 998.279 kg/m3 Hg @ 848.714 lbm/ft3 or 13595.1 kg/m3

1 ata = 1 kg/cm2 = 98.0665 kPa

1 bar = 106 dy/cm2
2
1 kp/m = 1 mm wg @ 4°C = 9.80665 Pa
1 ksi = 1000 psi = 6.8947 MPa
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 torr = 1 mm Hg

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-8 FAN ENGINEERING

F Force Units F
U.S. System Metric System
pdl lb kip dy N† kp

1 .03108 .43108 13826 .13826 .01410

32.174 1 0.001 44482. 4.4482 .45359
32174 1000 1 44485. 4448.2 453.59

.47233 .52248 .82248 1 l0-5 .51020

7.2330 .22481 .32248 l05 1 .10197
70.932 2.2046 .22205 98072. 9.8067 1

FL Moment or Torque Units FL

U.S. System Metric System
oz-in. lb-in. lb-ft dy-cm N-m† kp-m

1 1/16 1/192 70616 .27062 .37201

16 1 1/12 11303. .11298 .01152
192 12 1 13564. 1.3558 .13825

.41416 .68851 .77376 1 l0-7 .71020

141.61 8.8507 .73756 107 1 .10197
1388.7 86.796 7.2330 98074. 9.8067 1

F/L Surface Tension Units F/L

U.S. System MetricSystem
lb/ft lb/in. dy/cm N/m†

1 1/12 14594. 14.594

12 1 17512. 175.13

.46852 .55710 1 10-3

.06852 .25710 103 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-9

LF Work, Energy, and Heat Units H

U.S. System Metric System
ft-pdl ft-lb Btu hp-hr dy-cm gf-cm J† cal kcal kW-hr

1 .03108 .43994 .71570 42142. 429.70 .04214 .01006 .41006 .71171

32.174 1 .21285 .65050 13564. 13825 1.3558 .32383 .33238 .63766
25037 778.17 1 .33930 10557. 10764. 1055.1 252.00 .25200 .32931
63704. 19803. 2544.4 1 268510. 27377. 26853. 64122. 641.19 .74570

.52373 .47376 .10948 .13373 1 .21020 10-7 .72389 .102389 .13278

.22327 .47233 .79295 .10365 980.67 1 .49807 .42342 .72342 .10273
23.730 .73756 .39478 .63725 107 10197 1 .23885 .32389 .62778
99.354 3.0880 .23968 .51560 41874. 42693 4.1868 1 .001 .51163
99354 3088.0 3.9683 .21560 41877. 42694. 4186.8 1000 1 .21163
85424. 26553. 3412.1 1.3410 36011. 36717. 36003. 85982. 859.85 1

1 J = 1 W-s = 1 N-m
1 erg = 1 dy-cm
1 therm = 105 Btu

LF/T Power and Heat Flow Rate Units H/T

U.S. System Metric System
ft-lb/min Btu/hr ft-lb/s Btu/min hp erg/s kcal/s W† kcal/min kW

1 .07710 1/60 .21285 .43030 22602. .55397 .02260 .33238 .42260

12.969 1 .21616 1/60 .33930 29313. .47000 .29307 .24200 .32931
60 4.6262 1 .07710 1/550 13564. .33238 1.3558 .01943 .21356
778.17 60 12.969 1 .02358 17585. .24200 17.584 .25200 .01758
33000 2544.4 550 42.407 1 74576. .17811 745.70 10.686 .74570

.54425 .63412 .7737.6 .85687 .91341 1 .102388 10-7 .81433 10-10

18532. 14286 3088.0 238.10 5.6146 41877. 1 4186.8 60 4.1868
44.254 3.4121 .73756 .05687 .00134 107 .32388 1 .01433 .001
3088.0 238.10 51.467 3.9683 .09358 69785. 1/60 69.780 1 .06978
44254 3412.1 737.56 56.869 1.3410 1010 .23885 1000 14.331 1

1 ton refrigeration = 12000 Btu/hr

1 metric hp = 75 kgf-m/s = .98632 U.S. hp
1 boiler hp = 33471 Btu/hr = 9.8095 kW
1 W =1 J/s

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-10 FAN ENGINEERING

L2/T Kinematic Viscosity and Diffusivity Units L2/T

U.S. System Metric System
ft2/hr ft2/s cSt m2/hr m2/s†

1 1/3600 25.806 .09290 .42581

3600 1 92903 334.45 .09290

.03875 .410764 1 .00360 10-6

10.764 .229900 277.78 1 1/3600
38751. 10.764 l06 3600 1

1 St =100 cSt = 1 cm2/s =1 P-cm3/g

FT/L2 Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity Units M/LT

U.S. System Metric System
lbm/ft-hr lbm/ft-s lb-s/ft2 cP Pa-s†

1 1/3600 .58634 .41338 .34134

3600 1 .03108 1488.2 1.4882

11582. 32.174 1 47880 47.880

2.4191 .36720 .42089 1 .001
2419.1 .67197 .02089 1000 1

1 lbm/ft-s = 1 pdl-s/ft
1 lb-s/ft2 = 1 slug/ft-s
1 P= 100 cP = 1 g/cm-s = 1 dy-s/cm2
1 Pa-s = 1 N-s/m 2= 1/rhe

M/TF Permeance Units M/TF

U.S. System Metric System
grm/hr-ft2-in. Hg lbm/hr-ft2-in. Hg g/s-cm2-mm Hg kg/s-m2-Pa†

1 1/7000 .976279 .105721

7000 1 .55339 .64005-

13116. 18732. 1 .07501

17487. 24973. 13.332 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-11

M Mass Units M
U.S. System Metric System
lbm slugs g kg*

1 .03108 453.59 .45359

32.174 1 14594 14.594

.22205 .46852 1 .001

2.2046 .06852 1000 1

M/T Mass Flow Rate Units M/T

U.S. System Metric System
lbm/hr lbm/min lbm/s g/s kg/s†

1 1/60 1/3600 .12600 .31260

60 1 1/60 7.5599 .27560
3600 60 1 453.59 .45359

7.9366 .13228 .22205 1 l0-3

7936.6 132.28 2.2046 l03 1

M/TL2 Mass Velocity Units M/TL2

U.S. System Metric System
lbm/hr-ft2 lbm/s-ft2 kg/hr-m2 kg/s-m2† g/s-cm2

1 1/3600 4.8824 .21356 .3l3562

3600 1 17577 4.8824 .48824

.20482 .45689 1 1/3600 1/36000

737.34 .20482 3600 1 0.1
7373.4 2.0482 36000 10 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-12 FAN ENGINEERING

M/L Mass per Unit Length Units M/L

U.S. System Metric System
lbm/ft lbm/in. slugs/ft g/cm kg/m†

1 1/12 .03108 14.882 1.4882

12 1 .37297 178.58 17.858
32.174 2.6812 1 478.80 47.880

.06720 .25600 .22089 1 0.1

.67197 .05600 .02089 10 1

1 denier = .61111 kg/m

M/L2 Mass per Unit Area Units M/L2

U.S. System Metric System
lb/ft2 slugs/ft2 lbm/in.2 kg/m2† g/mm2

1 .03108 1/144 4.8824 .24882

32.174 1 .22343 157.09 .15709
144 4.4757 1 703.07 .70307

.20482 .26366 .21422 1 10-3

204.82 6.3659 1.4223 103 1

M/L3 Density Units M/L3

U.S. System Metric System
gr/ft3 lbm/ft3 slug/ft3 lbm/in.3 g/m3 g/L g/cm3 g/mL kg/L kg/m3†

1 1/7000 .54440 .78267 2.2884 .22288 .52288 .52288 .52288 .22288

7000 1 .03108 1/1728 16018 16.018 .01602 .01602 .01602 16.018
22522. 32.174 1 .01862 51542. 515.38 .51538 51538 .51538 515.38
12104. 1728 53.708 1 27684. 27680 27.680 .27.680 27.680 27680

.43700 .46243 .51940 .73613 1 .001 10-6 10-6 10-6 .001

437.00 .06243 .21940 .43613 1000 1 .001 .001 .001 1
43702. 62.428 1.9403 .03613 106 1000 1 1 1 1000
43702. 62.428 1.9403 .03613 106 1000 1 1 1 1000
43702. 62.428 1.9403 .03613 106 1000 1 1 1 1000
437.00 .06243 .21940 .43613 1000 1 .001 .001 .001 1

1 gr/ft3 = 2288400. µg/m3

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-13

ML2 Moment of Inertia Units ML2

U.S. System Metric System
lbm-in.2 lbm-ft2 g-cm2 kg-m2†

1 1/144 2926.4 .32926

144 1 42142. .04214

.33417 .52373 1 10-7

3417.2 23.730 107 1

ML/T Momentum Units ML/T

U.S. System Metric System
lbm-ft/s slug-ft/s g-cm/s kg-m/s†

1 .03108 13825 .13825

32.174 1 44482. 4.4482

.47233 .52248 1 10-5

7.2330 .22481 105 1

ML2/T Moment of Momentum Units ML2/T

U.S. System Metric System
lbm-in.2/s lbm-ft2/s g-cm2/s kg-m2/s†

1 1/144 2926.4 .32926

144 1 42142. .04214

.33417 .52373 1 10-7

3417.2 23.730 107 l

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-14 FAN ENGINEERING

F Weight Units* ML/T2

U.S. Avoirdupois System Metric System
gr dr oz lb ton l. ton mp p kp m. ton

1 .03657 .22286 1/7000 .77143 .76378 64.799 .06480 .46480 .76480

27.344 1 1/16 1/256 .5l953 .51744 1771.8 1.7718 .21772 .51772
437.5 16 1 1/16 .43125 .42790 28350 28.350 .02835 .42835
7000 256 16 1 1/2000 1/2240 45362. 453.59 .45359 .34536
14004. 51202. 32000 2000 1 .89286 90725. 90722. 907.18 .90718
15684. 17342. 35840 2240 1.1200 1 10166. 10163. 1016.0 1.0160

.01543 .35644 .43527 .52205 .81102 .99842 1 .001 10-6 10-9

15.432 .56438 .03527 .22205 .51102 .69842 1000 1 .001 10-6
15432 564.38 35.274 2.2046 .21102 .39842 106 1000 1 .001
15434. 56442. 35274 2204.6 1.1023 .98421 109 106 1000 1

Avoirdupois weight used for ordinary materials.

Troy weight used for jewels and precious metals.

1 grain (troy) = 1 gr (avoir.) = 64.799 mg
1 carat (troy) = 3.086 gr = 200 mg
1 pennyweight (troy) = 24 gr = 1.555 g
1 ounce (troy) = 20 pennyweight = 31.1035 g
1 pound (troy) = 12 oz (troy) = 373.24 g

Apothecaries' weight used for drugs,etc.

1 grain (ap.)= 1 gr (avoir.) = 64.799 mg
1 scruple (ap.) = 20 gr = 1.296 g
1 dram (ap.) = 3 s (ap.) = 3.8879 g
1 ounce (ap.) = 8 dr (ap.) = 31.1035 g
1 pound (ap.) = 12 oz (ap.) = 373.24 g

*Assuming standard gravitational acceleration

ML/FT2 Gravitational Conversion Factor gc ML/FT2

U.S. ENGINEERING SYSTEM

32.174 ft-lbm/lb-s2
386.09 in -lbm/lb-s2
115826 ft-lbm/lb-min2
416970000 ft-lbm/lb-hr2

U.S. PHYSICAL SYSTEM

1.0 ft-lbm/pdl-s2
1.0 ft-slug/lb-s2

METRIC ENGINEERING SYSTEM

980.665 cm-g/gf-s2
9.80665 m-kg/kp-s2

METRIC PHYSICAL SYSTEM

1.0 cm-g/dy-s2

SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL D'UNITES (SI)

1.0 m-kg/N-s2

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-15

H/M Specific Enthalpy or Specific Energy Units LF/M

U.S. System Metric System
ft-lb/lbm Btu/lbm J/kg† cal/g

1 .21285 2.9891 .37139

778.17 1 2326.0 .55556

.33455 .34299 1 .32388

1400.7 1.8 4186.8 1

Θ
H/MΘ Specific Heat or Specific Entropy Units Θ
LF/MΘ
U.S. System Metric System
Btu/lbm-°F J/kg-K† cal/g-°C

1 4186.8 1

1/4186.8 1 1/4186.8

ΜΘ
H/ΜΘ Gas Constant Units Θ
LF/MΘ
U.S. System Metric System
ft-lb/lbm-°R Btu/lbm-°R J/kg-K† cal/g-K

1 .21285 5.3803 .21285

778.17 1 4186.8 1

.18586 1/4186.8 1 1/4186.8

778.17 1 4186.8 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-16 FAN ENGINEERING

H/T Heat Flux Units LF/T

U.S. System Metric System
Btu/hr W† cal/s

1 .29307 .07000

3.4121 1 .23885
14.286 4.1868 1

H/L2T Heat Flux Density Units F/LT

U.S. System Metric System
Btu/ft2-hr W/m2† cal/cm2-s

1 3.1546 .47535

.31700 1 .42388
13272. 41868. 1

1 J/m2-s = 1 W/m2

H/L2 Heat Density Units F/L

U.S. System Metric System
Btu/ft2 J/m2† cal/cm2

1 11357. .27125

.48806 1 .42388
3.6867 41868. 1

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-17

ΤLΘ
H/Τ Θ Thermal Conductivity Units Θ
F/TΘ
U.S. System Metric System
Btu-in./hr-ft2-°F Btu-ft/hr-ft2-°F W/m-K† cal-cm/s-cm2-°C

1 1/12 4423 .33445

12 1 1.7308 .24134

69335 .57779 1 .22388

2902.9 241.91 418.68 1

1 J-m/s-m2-K = 1 W/m-K

H/TL2Θ Heat Transfer Coefficient Units Θ

F/TLΘ
U.S. System Metric System
Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-K cal/s-cm2-°C

1 5.6783. .31356

.17611 1 .42388
7373.4 41868. 1

1 J/s-m2-K = 1 W/m2-K

ΘL2T/H Thermal Resistance Units ΘLT/F

U.S. System Metric System
°F-ft2-hr/Btu K-m2/W† °C-cm2-s/cal

1 .17611 7373. 4

5.6783 1 41868.
.31356 .42388 1

1 K-m2-s/J = 1 K-m2/W
1 Clo = 0.20037 K-m2/W

© 1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

C-18 FAN ENGINEERING

Tables for Temperature Levels

Fahrenheit Equivalents for Every 10ƒ Celsius

°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90

-200 -328 -346 -364 -382 -400 -418 -436 -454 - -
-100 148 -166 -184 -202 -220 -238 -256 -274 -292 -310
0 +32 +14 -4 -22 -40 -58 -76 -94 -112 -130

°C 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80 +90

0 32 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 176 194
100 212 230 248 266 284 302 320 338 356 374
200 392 410 428 446 464 482 500 518 536 554
300 570 590 608 626 644 662 680 698 716 734
400 752 770 788 806 824 842 860 878 896 914
500 932 950 968 986 1004 1022 1040 1058 1076 1094
600 1112 1130 1148 1166 1184 1202 1220 1238 1256 1274
700 1292 1310 1328 1346 1364 1382 1400 1418 1436 1454
800 1472 1490 1508 1526 1544 1562 1580 1598 1616 1634
900 1652 1670 1688 1706 1724 1742 1760 1778 1796 1814
1000 1832 1850 1868 1886 1904 1922 1940 1958 1976 1994
1100 2012 2030 2048 2066 2084 2102 2120 2138 2156 2174
1200 2192 2210 2228 2246 2264 2282 2300 2318 2336 2354
1300 2372 2390 2408 2426 2444 2462 2480 2498 2516 2534
1400 2552 2570 2588 2606 2624 2642 2660 2678 2696 2714
1500 2732 2750 2768 2786 2804 2822 2840 2858 2876 2894

Fahrenheit Equivalents for Each Degree Celsius

°C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
°F 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 9.0 10.8 12.6 14.4 16.2 18.0

Celsius Equivalents for Each Degree Fahrenheit

°F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
°C 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00 5.56
°F 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
°C 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.44 10.00

Examples for Temperature Levels

-75°C to °F +900°F to °C
read -94°F opposite -70°C read 480°C opposite 896°F
read 9°F opposite 5°C read 2.22°C .opposite 4°F
∴ −103°F = -75°C ∴ 482.22°C = 900°F

çæ äã
Formulae for Temperature Levels

tF =
9
5 å
t C + 32
â tC =
5
9
2t F − 327
t R = 459.67 + t F t K = 273.15 + t C

Formulae for Temperature Intervals

5 5 9 9
1° F = 1° R = ° C = K 1° C = 1K = °F = °R
9 9 5 5

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

 APPENDIX C – CONVERSION FACTORS C-19

Decimal Equivalents
Angular Linear
min deg sec deg inches inches inches inches mm
1/64 .015625 .397
0· .0000 0µ .0000 1/32 .03125 .794
1· .0167 1µ .0003 3/64 .046875 1.191
2' .0333 2" .0006 1/16 .0625 1.588
3' .05 3" .0008 5/64 .078125 1.984
4' .0667 4" .0011 3/32 .09375 2.381
5· .0833 5" .0014 7/64 .109375 2.778
6' .10 6" .0017 1/8 .125 3.175
7' .1167 7" .0019 9/64 .140625 3.572
8· .1333 8µ .0022 5/32 .15625 3.969
9· .15 9µ .0025 11/64 .171875 4.366
10· .1667 10µ .0028 3/16 .1875 4.763
11· .1833 11µ .0031 13/64 .203125 5.159
12' .2 12" .0033 7/32 .21875 5.556
13' .2167 13" .0036 15/64 .234375 5.953
14' .2333 14" .0039 1/4 .25 6.350
15' .25 15" .0042 17/64 .265625 6.747
16' .2667 16" .0044 9/32 .28125 7.144
17' .2833 17" .0047 19/64 .296875 7.541
18' .3 18" .005 5/16 .3125 7.938
19· .3167 19µ .0053 21/64 .328125 8.334
20' .3333 20" .0056 11/32 .34375 8.731
21' .35 21" .0058 . 23/64 .359375 9.128
22' .3667 22" .0061 3/8 .375 9.525
23' .3833 23" .0064 25/64 .390625 9.922
24' .4 24" .0067 13/32 .40625 10.319
25' .4167 25" .0069 27/64 .421875 10.716
26' .4333 26" .0072 7/16 .4375 11.113
27' .45 27" .0075 29/64 .453125 11.509
28' .4667 28" .0078 15/32 .46875 11.906
29' .4833 29" .0081 31/64 .484375 12.303
30' .5 30" .0083 1/2 .5 12.700
33/64 .515625 13.097
31' .5167 31" .0086 17/32 .53125 13.494
32' .5333 32" .0089 35/64 .546875 13.891
33' .55 33" .0092 9/16 .5625 14.288
34' .5667 34" .0094 37/64 .578125 14.684
35' .5833 35" .0097 19/32 .59375 15.081
36' .6 36" .01 39/64 .609375 15.478
37' .6167 37" .0103 5/8 .625 15,875
38' .6333 38" .0106 41/64 .640625 16.272
39' .65 39" .0108 21/32 .65625 16.669
40' .6667 40" .0111 43/64 .671875 17.066
41' .6833 41" .0114 9/16 .6875 17.463
42' .7 42" .0117 45/64 .703125 17.859
43' .7167 43" .0119 23/32 .71875 18.256
44' .7333 44" .0122 47/64 .734375 18.653
45' .75 45" .0125 3/4 .75 19.050
46' .7667 46" .0128 49/64 .765625 19.447
47' .7833 47" .0131 25/32 .78125 19.844
48' .8 48" .0133 51/64 .796875 20.241
49' .8167 49" .0136 13/16 .8125 20.638
50' .8333 50" .0139 53/64 .828125 21.034
51' .85 51" .0142 27/32 .84375 21.431
52' .8667 52" .0144 55/64 .859375 21.828
53' .8833 53" .0147 7/8 .875 22.225
54' .9 54" .015 57/64 .890625 22.622
55' .9167 55" .0153 29/32 .90625 23.019
56' .9333 56" .0156 59/64 .921875 23.416
57' .95 57" .0158 15/16 .9375 23.813
58' .9667 58" .0161 61/64 .953125 24.209
59' .9833 59" .0164 31/32 .96875 24.606
60' 1 60" .0167 63/64 .984375 25.003

‹#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.