Ex.

No: 1
Date :

MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF CONNECTING ROD

AIM:

To find the mass moment of inertia of a given connecting rod

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Test stand, knife edge, connecting rod, stopwatch

FORMULA:
1. I = mk2 kgm2
I = Mass Moment of inertia of connecting rod

m = mass of the connecting rod = 1.915 kg

k = radius of gyration in m
For a simple pendulum undergoing simple harmonic motion

We know time period, tp = 2π√(L/g) sec

Length of simple pendulum L= (KG2 + l2) / l, KG2 = l (L-l)
Applying it to the connecting rod,

tpS = 2π tpB = 2π where

L1 is Length of equivalent simple pendulum when suspended from small

end bearing.
L2 is Length of equivalent simple pendulum when suspended from big
end bearing.
tpS is Time taken for one oscillation when suspended from small end
bearing.

tpB is Time taken for one oscillation when suspended from big end
bearing.

1
TABULAR COLUMN:

Time for 20
Point of oscillations (t sec) t avg Time period
S.No
suspension t1 t2 t3 (sec) (sec)

1 Small end

2 Big end

2
 When connecting rod is suspended from small end bearing, K2 = l1 (L1-l1)
When connecting rod is suspended from big end bearing, K2 = l2 (L2-l2)

l1= Distance of centre of gravity, G from the point of suspension when the
connecting rod is suspended from the small end
l2= Distance of centre of gravity, G from the point of suspension when the
connecting rod is suspended from the big end
But, Length of the connecting rod, l= l1+l2 = 0.285 m

DESCRIPTION:
A knife edge is fixed on a tall test stand and the connecting rod is made to
hang on the knife edge. Care is taken to ensure the point of suspension is
directly above the centre of small & big end of connecting rod

PROCEDURE:
1. Connecting rod is hung vertically by means of knife edge. Allow the
connecting rod to oscillate through a small angle with knife edge passing
through for 20 oscillations with a stopwatch
2. Find the time period and enter the values in the tabular column. Repeat
the same procedure by suspending the connecting rod from the big end.

3
CONNECTING ROD

4
RESULT:

The mass moment of inertia of connecting rod, I is found to be --------kgm2

Ex. No : 2
5
Date :
STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF HARTNELL
GOVERNOR
AIM:
To study the characteristics of Hartnell Governor and to find the
relationship between
1. Speed and displacement
2. Force and radius of rotation
Also find the sensitivity and effort of governor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Governor apparatus, Tachometer

FORMULAE:
1. r = r0 + x (a/b)
Where, r is radius of rotation at any point

a is the length of vertical arm of ball crank lever = ----------------cm

b is the length of horizontal arm of ball crank lever = ----------------cm
r0 is the initial radius of rotation = ---------------cm
x = sleeve displacement in cm

ω= rad/s

2. Sensitivity =

Where N is mean speed =

N1 and N2 are the Minimum equilibrium speed and Maximum

equilibrium speed respectively.

6
TABULAR COLUMN:

Speed Sleeve displacement Radius of rotation Centrifugal force

S.No ‘N’ ‘x’ ‘r’ ‘F’
(rpm) (cm) (cm) (Newton)

Hartnell Governor

3. Effort =

7
 S1 is the spring force at min speed= 2FC1 (a/b) in N
S2 is the spring force at max speed= 2FC2 (a/b) in N

Centrifugal force at N1, FC1 = mω12r1 in N

Centrifugal force at N2, FC2 = mω22r2 in N
‘m’ is the mass of each ball in kg

PROCEDURE:
1. The central unit is switched on
2. The speed control knob is slowly rotated thereby increasing governor
speed
3. This is repeated until the centre sleeve rise of lower stop and stabilizes at
any division

4. Sleeve position and speed are recorded in the table

5. Speed is measured using tachometer
6. Speed is raised to give suitable sleeve movement
7. Readings are recorded for different speeds

GRAPH:
Speed Vs Displacement
Force Vs Radius of rotation

RESULT:
Thus the experiment on characteristics of Hartnell governor was
conducted and graphs were also plotted.

Sensitivity of the governor =

Effort of the governor =
Ex. No : 3
Date :
STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTER
GOVERNOR
8
AIM:
To study the characteristics of Porter Governor and to find the
relationship between
1. Force Vs Radius of rotation
2. Speed Vs Displacement

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Porter Governor
2. Tachometer
FORMULAE:
1. Fc = mrω2
Fc=centrifugal force acting on ball in ‘N’
m is mass of the ball in ‘kg’
r is radius of rotation in ‘cm’
2. h = h0 - ( )
h is the height of governor in ‘cm’
h0 is the Initial height of governor in ‘cm’
x is Sleeve displacement in ‘cm’

3. cos α = h / l
α =cos-1(h / l)

‘l’ is length of arm in ‘cm’

4. r = 0.05+ l sinα
r is the radius of rotation in ‘cm’

9
TABULAR COLUMN:

S. Speed Sleeve Height of α= cos-1 (h/l) r= Controlling

No ‘N’ displacement governor (0.05+l Force
(rpm) ‘x’ h =h0- sinα) Fc= mrω2
(cm) (cm) (cm) (N)

PORTER GOVERNOR
10
 5. Sensitivity=

6. Effort = C (M + m) g
Where m is mass of dead weight in kg
C is % increase in speed
C = (N2 – N1) / N1
7. Power = Effort ( x)

PROCEDURE:
The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating
weights and spring, where applicable, and inserted into the drive unit. The
control unit is switched on and the speed control knob is slowly turned to
increase the governor speed until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and
aligns with some divisions on the graduated scale. The sleeve position and
speed are then recorded. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give
suitable sleeve movements and readings are recorded at each stage throughout
the range of sleeve movement possible. The radius of rotation for corresponding
sleeve displacement is measured directly by switching off the electronic control
unit.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady
2. See that at higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper
sleeve of the governor
3. While closing the test bring the pointer to zero position and then switch
off the motor
RESULT:

Thus a experiment has been conducted to study and plot Characteristics of

porter governor are studied
Sensitivity of porter governor = ----------

Effort of porter governor = ---------- N

Power of porter governor = ---------- Nm

11
Ex. No : 4
Date :
LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION OF HELICAL SPRING

AIM:
To study the longitudinal vibrations of a helical spring and to determine
the property of period of vibration

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Helical spring, weights, platform to carry weights and stopwatch

FORMULAE:

Theoretical time period, tthe =2π √(m / km.g) sec

Mean stiffness of spring, km= (k1+ k2+ k3+ k4 +k5) / 5 kg/m

Stiffness, k = m/δ kg/m

Theoretical frequency, fthe = 1/tthe Hz

Experimental time period, texp= tavg /n sec

Where

tavg is the average time in sec

n is no of oscillations

δ is the deflection in m
m is the mass added to platform in kg

Experimental frequency, fexp=1/texp Hz

12
TABULAR COLUMN:

Time taken for 20 Observed Deflection Stiffness, tthe texp fthe fexp
Weight Oscillations Length (cm) k (sec) (sec) (Hz) (Hz)
S. No. attached (sec) (cm) (kg/m)
(kg)
t1 t2 t3 tavg

13
 HELICAL SPRING

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the actual length of the spring before the addition of the weight

2. Then increase the weights in increment of 2kg

3. Calculate the time for 20 oscillations using stopwatch

4. Take three trails for each loading and consider the average time for
finding time period

5. The readings are tabulated

6. The theoretical time period and frequency are calculated using formula

RESULT:
The characteristics of longitudinal vibrations of a helical spring were
studied and the properties of period of vibration were determined.

14
Ex. No : 5
Date :
TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF A SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM:
To study the characteristics of torsional vibration of a single rotor shaft
system
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Shaft

2. Spanner
3. Chuck key
4. Measuring tape

5. Stop watch
6. Weights
DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP:
One end of the shaft is gripped in the chuck and heavy disc is free to
rotate in ball bearing at the other end of the shaft. The bracket with fixed end of
shaft can be clamped at any convenient position along the beam. Thus length of
the shaft can be varied during the experiment. Specially designed chuck is used
for clamping the end of the shaft. The ball bearing support to the flywheel
provides negligible damping during experiment. The bearing housing is fixed to
side member of the main frame.

TABULAR COLUMN:

15
S.No Length of Time for 10 Torsion Period of Frequency of
the Shaft, Oscillations al Vibration vibration
L (sec) stiffness (sec) (Hz)
(cm) kt
t1 t2 t3 tavg (Nm) texp tthe fexp fthe

16
 SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM
FORMULAE:

1. Torsional stiffness, kt

We know, T/Ip = Gθ / L
T/θ = G.Ip/L

Where T/θ is the torsional stiffness usually represented as kt

Kt = T/θ = G.Ip/L
G is modulus of rigidity. For steel, G =0.86x1011N/m2
Ip is the polar moment of inertia = πd4/32 m4

Where d is the diameter of shaft = 3.2 mm

L is the length of shaft subjected to torsional vibration in ‘m’
2. Theoretical time period

tthe = 2π√I/Kt sec

I is mass moment of inertia of flywheel in kg-m2

I = w.d2/8 kg.m2
w is the weight of flywheel=3.03kg

17
 d is the diameter of flywheel=0.22m
3. Theoretical frequency

fthe=1/tthe (Hz)
4. Experimental time period

texp = tavg /no of oscillations (sec)

5. Experimental frequency

fexp =1/ texp (Hz)

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix one end of the shaft in the chuck attached with the flywheel

2. Fix the bracket at a convenient position and tighten the chuck

3. Twist the rotor through some angle and release
4. Note the time taken for 10 oscillations

5. Repeat the procedure for different lengths and enter the values in tabular
column

RESULT:
The experimental and theoretical frequencies of torsional vibrations for
different length of shaft are found and tabulated.

Ex. No : 6
Date :
STUDY OF DAMPED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS
18
AIM:
To study the damped torsional vibration of single rotor system

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Measuring tape, sketch pen, thin mineral oil

PROCEDURE:
1. Put thin mineral oil in the drum and note the depth of immersion
2. Put the sketch pen in the Dipper

3. Allow the flywheel to vibrate

4. Allow the pen to descend and see that it is in contact with paper
5. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop watch

6. Determine amplitude (x1) at any position and amplitude (x2) after

successive time interval.
FORMULAE:

Let x1 and x2 be amplitudes at successive time intervals t1 and t2

Then logarithmic decrement, δ =loge (x1/x2)

As damping is very small (λ <<1)

δ = 2πλ
Where λ is the damping factor
Determine λ from δ

Plot the graph of δ vs Depth of immersion

Also plot the graph of δ vs λ

TABULAR COLUMN:

19
S. Length of Depth of Amplitude Amplitude
No. shaft immersion of X1 X2
(m) shaft
(m)

20
GRAPH:
Logarithmic decrement vs Depth of immersion
Logarithmic decrement vs damping factor

RESULT:
Thus the damped vibration of single rotor system is studied and corresponding
graphs are plotted.

21
Ex. No : 7
Date :
TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF A TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM:

To study the characteristics of torsional vibration of a two rotor system

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Discs, Weights, Arm, Stopwatch, and Meter scale etc.

FORMULAE USED:

1. IALA=IBLB, where IA and IB are the mass moment of inertia of discs A and
B respectively.
L= LA+LB =1.09 m, where L is length of the shaft
Mass moment of inertia of disc A, IA= (MAdA2/8) +2(m1d12/8) kg m2
Where MA is the mass of the disc A = 2.75kg.
dA is the diameter of the disc A = 200mm
Mass moment of inertia of disc B, IB= (MBdB2/8) +2(m1d12/8) kg m2
Where MB is the mass of the disc B; MB =3.03kg.
dB is the diameter of the disc B = 220mm
Two equal masses of magnitude m1= 55 gms are added to the disc A and B.
d1 is the diameter of the arm at which the masses m1 are added.
Equivalent mass moment of inertia, Ieq = (IA.IB) / (IA+IB) kg.m2
Torsional stiffness, kt = G.IP/L N.m
G is the Modulus of rigidity= 0.86x1011 N/m2
Polar moment of inertia, Ip= π d4/32 m4
d is the diameter of shaft =3.2 mm=3.2x10-3 m
L is the length of the shaft =LA+LB=1.09 m

22
 TABULAR COLUMN:

S. Location IA IB No of Time taken Texp fexp Tthe fthe

No. of Mass (kgm2) (kgm2) Oscillati for 10
sec Hz (sec) (Hz)
oscillations
added ons
t
(sec)

23
 TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

2. Theoretical time period, Tthe=2π√Ieq / kt

Theoretical frequency, fthe=1/Tthe
Experimental time period, Texp= t/n
Experimental frequency, fexp =1/Texp
In the present experimental set up, two locations are provided on the arm to add
the masses.
Inner diameter of the arm = 252 mm = 0.252 m
Outer diameter of the arm = 352 mm =0.352 m

PROCEDURE

24
 1. Fix both end of the shaft in the chuck attached with the flywheel.
2. Twist the rotor to some angle and release it.
3. Note the time taken for 10 oscillations.
4. Repeat the procedure by fitting masses of 55gm at the inner radius and
then at the outer radius of the fly wheel.
5. Tabulate all the readings.

THEORY
Torsional vibration is an angular vibration of an object commonly a shaft
along its axis of rotation. In a double rotor system, both the ends of the shaft are
twisted and the corresponding frequencies are found. It is often used in power
transmission systems.

RESULT:
Thus the torsional vibrations of a two rotor system were studied and
frequencies are compared.
When Mass added at outer radius, fexp= -------------Hz
fthe = -------------Hz
When Mass added at inner radius, fexp = -------------Hz
fthe= --------------Hz

Ex. No : 8
Date :

25
 STUDY OF WHIRL PHENOMENON OF SHAFT

AIM:
To study the whirl phenomenon of shaft and to find the critical speed of
shaft for different end conditions
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Supports for End conditions of shafts, Sliding blocks and tachometer

FORMULA USED:
L is length of rod = 1 m
E is modulus of elasticity of steel = 2x1011 N/m2

D is Density of the material = 7850 kg/m3

A is cross sectional area of shaft= π d2/4 m2
W is the weight of rod in kg.

I is the moment of inertia= π d4/64 m4

Ncr(the) = fn = c √(gEI/wl4 ) rps

Ncr(the) = fn = c √(gEI/mgl4) =c √(EI/ml4) rps = c/l2 √(EI/Aρ) rps,

Where m is mass per unit length

Ncr (exp) = N/60 rps

C is Natural frequency constants for beams to be selected from design data book
based on the end conditions of beam. (page.No.6.14)

TABULAR COLUMN:
26
 End Speed fth fact
S. No. Shaft Dia Mode
Conditions (rpm) (Hz) (Hz)

Fixed-
1
Fixed

Fixed
2.
Hinged

End Conditions 1st Node K ‘m’ 20 d Node K ‘m’

2.45 7.96
Fixed - Hinged

3.58 9.82
Fixed - Fixed

27
 WHIRL PHENOMENON OF SHAFT
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix anyone of the shafts say 4mm diameter in the experimental setup.

2. Increase the speed of rotation of the shaft till the first mode is obtained.
Using tachometer note down the speed of rotation of shaft for that
particular condition.

3. Again increases the speed of the shaft until next mode occurs and note the
corresponding speed of rotation.
4. Repeat the procedure for various end conditions and various shaft
diameters
5. Using the formula actual and theoretical frequencies are calculated and
compared.

THEORY:
A rotating shaft carries different mountings and accessories in the form of
gears, pulley, etc., When the gears of the pulley are fixed on the shaft and when
shaft is stationary this mass that the centre of gravity of the pulley are gears at a
certain distance from the end of a rotating shaft.

RESULT:
Thus the whirl phenomenon of shaft for different end conditions is
studied and the theoretical and experimental frequencies are compared.

28
Ex. No : 9
Date :

STUDY OF GYROSCOPIC EFFECT

AIM:
To study the gyroscopic effect of rotating masses and to verify the
gyroscopic relationship

INTRODUCTION:
Axis of Spin
If a body is revolving about an axis, latter is known as axis of spin.

Precession
It means the rotation about third axis oz , which is perpendicular to both
the axis of spin ox and that of couple oy.

Axis of Precession
The third axis oz perpendicular to both the axis of spin ox and that of
couple oy is known as axis of precession.
Gyroscope

It is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in either

direction under the action of external forces.
Examples: locomotion, automobile and aeroplane making a turn.
In certain cases the gyroscopic forces are undesirable whereas in other
cases the gyroscopic effect may be utilized in developing desirable.
Gyroscopic Effect
To a body revolving (or spinning) about an axis say ox, if a couple
represented by a vector OY perpendicular to ox is applied, then the body tries to
process about an axis ox which is perpendicular both to ox and oy. Thus the
plane of spin, plane of precession and plane of gyroscopic couple are mutually

29
 perpendicular. The above combined effect is known as precession or gyroscopic
effect.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Angle of Time taken Angular Observed

Applied precession For velocity velocity of Cth = Cact = I ω
S.
load Degree precession for rotor precession ωxL ωp
No.
(kg) dθ dt ω ωp (Nm) (Nm)
(degree) (sec) (rad/sec) (rad/sec)

DESCRIPTION AND WORKING INSTRUCTIONS:

30
 Schematic arrangement of gyroscope is as shown in the figure. The motor
is coupled to the disc rotor, which is balanced. The disc shaft rotates about XX
axis in two ball bearings housed in the frame. This frame can swing about YY
axis in bearings provided in the yoke type

Frame no.2. In steady position on, frame no.1 is balanced. The yoke
frame is free to rotate about vertical axis ZZ. Thus freedom of rotation about
three perpendicular axes is given to the rotor.

FORMULA USED:

Tactual = I.ω.ωP N.m, where

I is the moment of inertia of disc in kg.m2

ω is the angular velocity of precession of disc in rad/sec = 2πN/60 rad/sec,

where N is the speed of the disc

ωP is the angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical in rad/sec

= (dθ/dt) × (π/180) rad/sec

Tthe = W.L N.m, where W is the weight added and L is the distance of the
weight.

31
TECHNICAL DATA:

1) Weight of rotor : 5.850 kg.

32
2) Rotor diameter : 300 mm.
3) Rotor thickness : 10 mm.

4) Moment of inertia of the disc, coupling and motor rotor about central axis,
I = mr2/2 kg.m2
5) Distance of bolt of weight pan from disc centre= 19cm

6) Motor : AC/DC fractional H.P., single phase, 6000 rpm

RULE NUMBER 1:

The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which

tends to make axis of spin coincides with that of the precession.

PROCEDURE TO VERIFY RULE 1:

To study the first mentioned behaviour, the following procedure is adopted
1. Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor frames no1.
2. Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the autotransformer and
wait until it attains constant speed.
3. Precess the yoke frame no 2. about vertical axis by applying necessary
force by hand to the same. (in the clock wise sense seen from above).

4. It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the horizontal axis
YY. Motor side is seen coming upward and the weight pan side going
downwards.

5. Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anti clockwise direction seen free
above and observe that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense (as
compared to that in previous case following the above rule)

RULE NUMBER 2:
The spinning body processes in such a way as to make the axis of spin
coincide with that of the couple applied through 90° turn axis.

33
PROCEDURE TO VERIFY RULE 2:

1. Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.

2. Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the autotransformer and
wait till the disc attains constant speed.

3. Put weight (0.1 kg, 0.2kg or 0.5kg) in the weight pan and start the stop
watch to note the time in seconds required for precession, through
90° or 180° etc.,

4. The vertical yoke processes about OZ as per the rule no 2.

5. Speed may be measured by the tachometer.
6. Enter the observations in table.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment on the effect of gyroscope on rotating disc was

conducted and the equation Tactual = I.ω.ωP was verified.
Ex. No : 10
Date :

DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA USING TURN TABLE

APPARATUS
34
AIM:
To determine the moment of inertia of a part under rotational motion
using turn table apparatus
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Parts, weight, turn table apparatus.
SPECIFICATION:
Radius of the Drum, r₁ = 50 mm
Diameter of the Disc, D₁ = 350 mm
Outer Diameter of the Ring = 350 mm
Inner Diameter of the Ring = 250 mm
Mass of the disc, M = 17.5 kg
Mass of ring, m = 7.5 kg
FORMULA:
Linear Acceleration, a = 2s/t2 m/s²
Angular acceleration, α = a/r1 rad/s2
Torque due to tension in cord, Tc = m (g-a) r₁
Torque due to friction forces in mechanical system, Tf = mgr [(h1-h2) / (h1+h2)]
Moment of inertia, Iexp= (Tc – Tf)/α kgm2

Where, S is the vertical path travelled by weight

‘a’ is the linear acceleration, ‘r1’ is radius of drum = 0.05m

‘M’ is the mass attached to cord
For disc, Ithe = MR²/2 kgm2

For ring, Ithe = M (R1² + R2²) kgm2

TABULAR COLUMN:

35
S. Test Mass Travel Time h1 h2 Iexp Ith
No. pieces m’ s t (cm) (cm) (kgm ) (kgm2)
2

(kg) (cm) (sec)

1 Disc

Disc +
2
Ring

PROCEDURE:
Attach a cord to the drum and cover the pulley. It can allow a long path for the
descending weight. The primary data for determination of inertia is the time for
descent of weight over a specified vertical path. Damp the base of turn table to
bend, allowing room for rotation of turn table. Attach a load of mass ‘m’ of
36
sufficient size to cause the system to accelerate with a smooth motion and
measure the time to descent of particular length from initial rest position.

Repeat the measurement and take mean ‘t’. The motion of mass on end of cord
is given by mg. The average frictional torque is determined by allowing the
using to descend a distance ‘h1’ over a vertical path and using rotational energy
of system to rewind the cord and elevate the weight to lower final position ‘h2’
using α, Tc, Tf

Iexp= (Tc-Tf)/α kg m2

Repeat the procedure for ring frictional torque may depend on velocity and must
be determined in each case. Theoretical expressions of moment of inertia for a
disc and a ring are calculated. Find % of error for both disc and ring.

RESULT:
Thus Moment of Inertia of Disc and Ring is calculated and their errors
are observed.

Ex. No : 11
Date :
CAM ANALYSIS

AIM:
To draw the profile of the circular arc cam with flat face follower using the
given apparatus.
37
DESCRIPTION:
The machine is a motorized unit consisting of a cam shaft driven by a
AC/DC motor. The shaft runs in a ball bearing. At the free end of the cam shaft
a cam can be easily mounted. The follower is properly guided in gun metal
bushes. A graduated circular protractor is fitted co-axial with the shaft and a dial
gauge can be fitted to note the follower displacement for the angle of cam
rotation. A spring is used to provide controlling force to the follower system.
Weights on the follower rod can be adjusted as per the requirements. The
arrangement of speed regulation is provided.

The machine is particularly very useful for testing the cam performance
for jump phenomenon during operation. This machine clearly shows the effect
of change of forces on jump action of cam follower during operation. It is used
for testing various cam follower pairs, i.e., (a) Circular arc cam with flat
follower, (b) An eccentric cam with flat follower, (c) Sharp edged cam with flat
follower. The unit is provided with the push rod in the two bush bearings.
Should the unit be disassembled, for any, reason while assembling following
precautions should be taken: (a) The horizontality of the upper and lower glands
should be checked by a spirit level. (b) The supporting pillars should be
properly tightened with the lock nuts provided.

JUMP PHENOMENON:
The jump phenomenon occurs in case of cam operating under the action
of compression spring load. This is a transient coefficient that occurs only with
high speed, highly flexible cam follower systems. With jump, cam and the
follower separate owing to excessively unbalanced forces exceeding the spring
force during the period of negative acceleration. This is undesirable since the
fundamental function of the cam follower system, the constraint and control of
38
follower motion are not maintained. It is also related to the short life of the cam
flank surface, high noise, vibrations and poor action.

Follower lift = ------------- mm

TABULAR COLUMN:

Forward Nose’s well Return Base circles

Stroke Stroke Dwell

Angle of
action
covered in
each event
(degree)

Follower lift
or drop in
each event
(mm)

Result:
Thus the profile of the circular arc cam with flat face follower has been drawn.
Ex. No : 12
Date :
DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES
AIM:
To determine theoretically the mosses to be added in two reference planes
to balance the rotating masses in other two planes and to verity experimentally
the balancing of the system using dynamic balancing machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
39
 Dynamic balancing machine, Spanner, Measuring tape, Masses

DESCRIPTION:
The dynamic balancing machine is a vertically framed structures
suspended on two chains which are in turn connected to a main frame. The
frame carrying a shaft on two beams at the ends and carrying four adjustable
discs A,B,C and D as the four planes two of which the balancing masses are to
be added.

40
TABULAR COLUMN:

Distance from
Centrifugal
Mass Radius reference Couple
S. No. mass
( kg) (m) plane (kgm2)
(Kgm)
(m)

DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTARY MASSES

PROCEDURE:

41
 1. The given problem is graphically represented by a line diagram. In this
diagram the distance between the masses of the disc one represented

2. The couple polygon is drawn.

3. The force polygon is drawn and the masses are calculated.
4. The corresponding distances are calculated.

5. Disconnect the drive.

RESULT:
Thus the given shaft wad dynamically balanced with given masses.

42