The Development of Philippine Literature: Journey from Pre-Colonial to Contemporary Times

I. Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1521)

The Pre-Colonial Period in the Philippines was a crucial time for the development of Philippine
literature. Here are some important facts about this period:
Oral Tradition: Literature during this time was primarily oral in nature. Stories, myths, legends,
and epics were passed down through generations orally, as there was no writing system in place.
Baybayin Script: The Baybayin script was the indigenous writing system used by some Filipino
ethnic groups before Spanish colonization. While it was not widely adopted, it did exist and was
used for inscriptions.
Diversity of Languages: The Philippines is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups, each with its
own languages and literary traditions. This diversity contributed to a rich tapestry of oral
literature.
Folk Epics: Notable literary works from this period include epics like "Hinilawod" of the Visayas
and "Biag ni Lam-ang" of the Ilocanos. These epic narratives were recited or chanted and
showcased the heroes and culture of various Filipino communities.
Role of Oral Bards: Oral bards or "bayanis" played a significant role in preserving and transmitting
the oral literature of their respective communities. They were responsible for memorizing and
performing epic poems and stories.
Importance of Nature and Ancestors: Pre-Colonial literature often celebrated nature and
ancestral spirits. Many myths and legends revolved around the relationship between humans and
the natural world.
Social and Moral Values: These oral narratives also conveyed important social and moral values,
teaching lessons about bravery, heroism, love, and respect for elders.
Influence on Colonial Literature: While Spanish colonization introduced written literature to the
Philippines, some elements of Pre-Colonial literature, such as themes and storytelling techniques,
continued to influence later Filipino literary works.
Ongoing Preservation: Efforts have been made to preserve and document the oral literature of
the Pre-Colonial period, ensuring that these valuable cultural treasures are not lost to history.
Summary: The Pre-Colonial Period in the Philippines laid the foundation for the rich literary
tradition that continues to evolve and thrive in the country today.

II. Spanish Period (1521-1898)

The Spanish Period in the Philippines, which lasted for over three centuries, had a profound
impact on the development of Philippine literature. Here are some important facts about this
period:
Introduction of Writing: Spanish colonization brought the introduction of the Roman alphabet
and writing system to the Philippines. The friars played a significant role in teaching the natives to
read and write in Spanish.
Religious Influence: Much of the early literature during this period was religious in nature. The
Spanish friars used literature to propagate Christianity, with works like "Doctrina Christiana" being
among the earliest printed books in the Philippines.
 Florante at Laura: Francisco Balagtas, a prominent poet during this period, wrote "Florante at
Laura." This epic poem is considered one of the most important literary works of the era and is
still studied in Filipino literature today.
Moro-Moro: Moro-Moro plays, also known as "comedia," were popular theatrical performances
that blended Christian themes with indigenous elements and featured battles between Christians
and Moros (Muslims). These plays influenced early Philippine drama.
Folk Songs and Corridos: Spanish influence can be seen in various folk songs and corridos
(narrative songs) that were composed during this period. These songs often conveyed tales of
love, heroism, and tragedy.
Impact on Language: Spanish greatly influenced the Filipino language, resulting in the
incorporation of many Spanish loanwords into Tagalog and other native languages.
Colonial Themes: Literature of this period often explored themes related to colonial oppression,
social injustice, and the plight of the natives under Spanish rule.
Secular Literature: As the period progressed, secular literature began to emerge, addressing not
only religious themes but also social and political issues. Jose Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere"
and "El Filibusterismo," are notable examples.
Patriotic Writings: Filipino intellectuals and writers began to express nationalistic sentiments
through their works. This period laid the groundwork for the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule.
Legacy: The Spanish Period left a lasting legacy on Philippine literature, as it marked the beginning
of a written literary tradition in the country. It also set the stage for the development of modern
Filipino literature, which continued to evolve in the subsequent American and contemporary
periods.
Summary: The Spanish Period was a pivotal time in Philippine literary history, marking the fusion
of Spanish and indigenous influences and setting the stage for the emergence of a unique Filipino
literary identity.

III. American Period (1898-1946)

The American Period in the Philippines, which lasted from 1898 to 1946, significantly influenced
the development of Philippine literature. Here are some important facts about this period:
Introduction of English: The American colonial administration introduced English as the medium
of instruction in schools and as the official language of government and business. This had a
profound impact on Philippine literature, as it led to the emergence of a body of work in English.
Transition from Spanish: The shift from Spanish to English marked a significant change in the
language of Philippine literature. While Spanish-language works continued to be produced,
English began to dominate as the literary medium.
Colonial Themes: Literature during this period often explored themes related to colonialism,
imperialism, and the impact of American rule on Filipino society. Writers grappled with issues of
identity and cultural assimilation.
Influence of American Literature: American literature, including the works of writers like Mark
Twain and Walt Whitman, influenced Filipino writers during this period. This influence can be seen
in the themes and writing styles of Filipino authors.
 Early Filipino Novelists: Prominent Filipino novelists emerged during the American Period. Some
notable examples include Zoilo Galang, whose novel "A Child of Sorrow" is considered the first
Philippine novel in English, and Manuel Arguilla, known for his short stories.
Literary Journals and Publications: Various literary journals and magazines, such as the Philippine
Education Magazine and The Independent, provided platforms for Filipino writers to publish their
works and engage in literary discourse.
Period of Experimentation: Filipino writers in English experimented with different literary forms
and styles, contributing to the development of a unique Filipino literary voice.
Emergence of Filipino Poetry: Poetry also flourished during this period, with poets like Jose Garcia
Villa gaining recognition for their innovative and modernist approaches to verse.
Nationalistic Literature: The American Period saw the continuation of nationalistic literature, as
writers like Jose Rizal continued to be celebrated for their contributions to Philippine letters and
their call for social and political change.
Impact on Education: The emphasis on English-language education expanded literary
opportunities for Filipinos. Many Filipino authors received formal education in English literature,
which furthered the development of their craft.
Summary: The American Period played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of Philippine
literature by introducing English as a literary medium and fostering a diverse range of literary
works that reflected the socio-political and cultural context of the time. It laid the groundwork for
the modern Filipino literary tradition that continues to evolve today.

IV. Japanese Period (1942-1945)

The Japanese Period in the Philippines, which occurred during World War II from 1942 to 1945,
had a significant impact on the development of Philippine literature. Here are some important
facts about this period:
Censorship and Control: The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was marked by strict
censorship and control over media, including literature. Many publications were closely
monitored, and writers had to adhere to Japanese propaganda guidelines.
Suppression of Free Expression: The Japanese authorities suppressed freedom of expression,
leading to a climate of fear among writers and artists. This period saw a decline in the production
of literature that openly criticized the occupation.
Resistance Literature: Despite the censorship and risks, some Filipino writers engaged in
resistance literature. They used subtle allegory, symbolism, and coded language to convey their
opposition to Japanese rule while evading censorship.
Underground Publications: Underground publications and clandestine literary circles emerged
during this period, serving as platforms for anti-Japanese sentiments. These writings were
distributed secretly among like-minded individuals.
Preservation of Culture: Some writers and artists focused on preserving Filipino culture and
heritage in the face of foreign occupation. They documented folklore, traditions, and indigenous
stories as a form of cultural resistance.
Role of Theater: Theater continued to be a powerful medium for conveying messages during the
Japanese Period. Zarzuelas and plays often contained veiled critiques of the occupation.
 Aftermath: The end of World War II and the liberation of the Philippines in 1945 marked the
conclusion of the Japanese Period. Filipino writers and artists then had more freedom to openly
express themselves, leading to a resurgence in Philippine literature.
Summary: The Japanese Period in Philippine history was a challenging time for literature due to
censorship and suppression. However, it also highlighted the resilience of Filipino writers and
their commitment to preserving culture and expressing resistance in creative ways. This period
laid the groundwork for the post-war era of Philippine literature.

V. Post-War and Contemporary Period (1946-Present)

The post-war and contemporary period in Philippine literature spans from the end of World War II
in 1945 to the present day. It has seen significant developments in both content and style. Here
are some important facts about this period:
Rebirth of Literature: After the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese occupation, there was
a resurgence of literature. Writers and artists enjoyed newfound freedom of expression and
began to rebuild the literary scene.
Social Realism: The post-war period saw the emergence of social realist literature, which
addressed social issues, inequality, and the struggles of the common people. Writers like Nick
Joaquin and Carlos Bulosan explored these themes.
Influence of American Literature: American literature continued to influence Filipino writers
during this period. Writers like F. Sionil Jose and Jose Dalisay adopted modernist and post-
modernist styles reminiscent of American literature.
Vernacular Literature: While English remained a dominant literary language, there was a
resurgence of vernacular literature. Regional languages, such as Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano,
were used to capture the unique voices and experiences of different regions.
New Forms and Styles: Contemporary Filipino literature introduced new forms and styles,
including experimental fiction, magic realism, and post-colonial narratives. This diversity reflects
the evolving nature of Filipino identity.
Feminist Literature: The contemporary period witnessed the rise of feminist literature in the
Philippines. Writers like Lualhati Bautista and Jessica Hagedorn explored women's issues and
experiences.
Diaspora Literature: The Filipino diaspora resulted in the emergence of diaspora literature.
Authors like Mia Alvar and Bino Realuyo explored the experiences of Filipinos living abroad.
Literary Awards and Recognition: Filipino writers gained international recognition during this
period, winning prestigious awards such as the Palanca Awards and international literary prizes.
Themes of Identity and Migration: Contemporary Filipino literature often addresses themes of
identity, migration, and the complex interplay between Filipino culture and the globalized world.
Continuing Evolution: Philippine literature continues to evolve, reflecting the changing socio-
political landscape and the integration of new technologies and media platforms.
Summary: The post-war and contemporary period in Philippine literature is marked by its
dynamism, diversity, and adaptability. Writers have explored a wide range of themes and forms,
making significant contributions to both Philippine and global literature.
 Overall, the development of Philippine literature is marked by a rich blend of indigenous, Spanish,
American, and global influences, reflecting the country's complex history and cultural diversity. It
continues to evolve and thrive in the contemporary era.