Benchmark Units 7 & 8

Affluence - the state of having a lot of money or owning many things.

What we are seeing increasingly is a society of private affluence and public squalor.

Dostatek, zamożność

Apart from - except for or not considering.

She's done all the important Shakespearean roles apart from Lady Macbeth.

Pomijając, poza

Burgeoning - developing quickly.

The company hoped to profit from the burgeoning communications industry.

Rozkwitający, rodzący się

Compete with - to try to be more successful than someone or something else, to take part in a race
or competition.

The company lacks the marketing muscle to compete with drug giants.

Konkurować, rywalizować

Competition - a situation in which someone is trying to win something or be more successful than
someone else.

There's a lot of competition between computer companies.

Konkurencja, rywalizacja

Competitiveness - the fact of being able to compete successfully with other companies, countries,
organizations, etc.

It is not true there is a crisis in the country's scientific or technological competitiveness.

Duch rywalizacji, konkurencyjność

Competitor - a person who takes part in a sporting contest.

As a result, Harvard is tens of times wealthier and more famous than its nearest competitor.

Konkurent
Cut-throat market – market, which is involving the use of ruthless measures.

Fact number two: national governments are deterring the people Europe needs if we are to compete
– indeed, to survive – in a cut-throat global market.

Bezwzględnie konkurencyjny rynek

Deepen penetration - Market penetration is a measure of how much a product or service is being
used by customers compared to the total estimated market for that product or service.

[…] facilitate coordination of services to corporate customers, enabling deeper penetration of the
Polish and foreign markets.

Pogłębiona penetracja

Demand for - a strong request.

The government is unlikely to agree to the rebels' demands for independence.

Żądanie, wymóg

Disposable income - money that someone has left to spend after paying taxes.

This means they have more disposable income to save for retirement.

Dochód rozporządzalny

Diversification - the process of starting to include more different types or things.

The policy may also offer improved energy security through diversification of energy sources.

Różnorodność, zróżnicowanie

Diversify - If a business diversifies, it starts making new products or offering new services.

Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture.

Poszerzyć, urozmaicić

Domestic brand/market - form of geographical branding used to differentiate a product or service by

using a defined, local region to add authenticity to the brand's positioning.

Manufacturers are looking increasingly to the domestic market for opportunities, where growth
remains strong.

Marka krajowa
Down payment - an amount of money that you pay at the time that you buy something but is only a
part of the total cost of that thing. You usually pay the rest of the cost over a period of time.

I made/put a down payment on a new smart TV.

Zaliczka

Downmarket - low in quality and cheap in price; relating to or intended for people who are poor or
not educated.

This catalogue has gone downmarket since the last time I bought something from it.

Tandetny, lichy

Drive sales - a special effort to sell more than usual.

Their main sales drive is through a growing network of specialist outdoor sports shops.

Napędzać sprzedaż

Embedded - fixed into the surface of something.

The thorn was embedded in her thumb.

Wbudowany

Extend/widen one’s product range - the addition of a product or service with different features,
sizes, prices, etc., to an existing range of products.

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen we are constantly trying to extend our product range; in connection with
the above we are developing new gaming table designs.

Poszerzyć swój asortyment

Fragmented - consisting of several separate parts.

In this increasingly fragmented society, a sense of community is a thing of the past.

Niekompletny

In turn - because of that.

Stress causes your body to release chemicals, which in turn boost blood pressure.

Z kolei, po kolei
Input - something such as energy, money, or information that is put into a system, organization, or
machine so that it can operate.

The power input will come largely from hydroelectricity.

Wkład, nakład, dopływ

Market share - the number of things that a company sells compared with the number of things of the
same type that other companies sell.

The company has increased its market share.

Udział w rynku

Niche - interesting to, aimed at, or affecting only a small number of people.

Cars with classic black or grey are easy to resell, but those with red or green interiors are more niche.

Niszowy

Outlay - an amount of money spent for a particular purpose, especially as a first investment in
something.

For an initial outlay of $2,000 to buy the equipment, you can earn up to $500 a month if the product
sells well.

Nakład, wydatek

Output - an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country.

Last year manufacturing output fell by 14 percent.

Wydajność, produkcja

Payroll - a list of the people employed by a company showing how much each one earns.

The company is growing fast, adding another 100 employees to its payroll over the last year.

Lista płac

Per-capita - If you express an amount per capita, you mean that amount for each person.

France and Germany invest far more per capita in public transport than Britain.

Na głowę
Reduce one’s tax exposure - Make efforts to avoid tax burdens.

[…] deduction, an undervaluation by reference to the normal market value reduces their exposure to
irrecoverable input tax.

Zmniejszać ekspozycje podatkową

Rival - a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area.

The companies produce rival versions of the toy.

Rywal

Rivalry - a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing.

There's such rivalry among/between my three sons.

Rywalizacja

Saturated - completely filled with something so that no more can be added.

The airwaves are saturated with advertising.

Przesiąknięty, nasycony

Storage - the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future.

We've had to build some cupboards to give us more storage space.

Przechowywanie, magazynowanie

Tailor a product - made or fitted especially to a particular use or purpose.

The more you know about your customer, the better you can tailor your product to them and the
more likely they are to stay with you.

Dostosowanie produktu

Uncompetitive - not involving or encouraging competition.

We want to make sure they are not allowed to employ uncompetitive practices when they are bidding
against us.

Niekonkurencyjny
Upmarket - Upmarket goods and products are of very high quality and intended to be bought by
people who are quite rich.

Many garment exporters want to move upmarket.

Ekskluzywny, z gornej polki