Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ORG
IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME
GLOBAL
POLITICS HL
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME GLOBAL POLITICS HL
Structural Realism:
Nation- states pursue power because of the structure
1. Power, Sovereignty and of the international system
Anarchy:
International Relations An ordering principle
There is no central authority that governs all the
1.1. Power countries
As a result of the anarchic nature of the international
Power is the ability to influence or control the behaviour system (no central authority governing all countries),
and decisions of people nations pursue power in order to ensure their own
Power accompanied with legitimacy is referred to as survival
‘authority’ 5 key assumptions of Structural Realism:
The concept of power is present is social relations as well All states operate in an anarchic system
IB’s definition of power: All states possess offensive capability to a certain
The ability to induce change through influence and extent
control The intention of other states can never truly be
An aspect of relations among people functioning confirmed
within a social construct Survival is the primary goal of every state
Contested relations between (groups) of people States are rational actors
dominate politics; increased especially due to How states consolidate/ increase power:
globalisation; resulting in the need to consolidate Military: increased military prowess in terms of
power development of modern weapons ( eg. development
Types of power: of nuclear weapons), spending on defense as well as a
Hard Power:the use of military force or economic large military force
influence in order establish control Latent power: the wealth that the country possesses
Soft Power: the use of a country’s attractive aspects as well as the size of the population
(such as language, education or culture) in order to Offensive Structural Realism (Theory by John
influence another nation- state’s population Mearshimer):
The soft power theory was first coined by the States that its rational for countries to pursue as much
political scientist Joseph Nye power as possible
Balance of Power: All states try to ensure survival by States must pursue absolute power in the
preventing a single state from consolidating excessive international system(hegemony) as much as possible
military or economic power which in turn could be used to Defensive Realism: (Theory by Kenneth Waltz)
dominate other states Unwise for states to overtly maximise their power
Balance of Power is achieved through: considering the international system is likely to
Increasing the country’s military or economic retaliate (balance of power)
capabilities or The pursuit to absolute hegemony is irrational and
By forming economic or military alliances with other cost ineffective
countries in the region Anarchy: the absence of certain authority
The theory of structural realism suggests that the
international system is in a state of ‘anarchy’, meaning
1.2. Realism there is no higher authority that governs all the states
The opposite of anarchy is known as “hierarchy”, the a
A global political theory that suggests that all nations are
system where an authoritative figure/ authoritative
motivated by national interests in order to consolidate
figures are present (eg. national governmental
power and influence
systems)
States are concerned of how much power they hold in
Every state has the ability and liberty to inflict harm upon
comparison to other states
another state in an anarchic global system; albeit at
Four types of Realism:
differing capacities.
Classical Realism
States ultimately want to discern whether other states in
Structural Realism
the system are:
Offensive Realism
Revisionist states: willing to use force to alter the
Defensive Realism
balance of power in the region/ world
Classical Realism:
Status Quo States: Satisfied with the current position
Presumption that the longing for power and influence
and the state of affairs, with no desire to use force.
is an innate human desire
It is almost impossible to discern another state’s
Nation- states are led by individuals who share the
intentions with a high degree of certainty
desire to dominate the global political system
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Unlike Military capabilities, intentions cannot be The ideology of nationalism is all about self-determination
objectively verified as they are in the minds of the , which means the occupied will ultimately rise against the
decision-makers occupier
Survival is the primary goal of every state (Although Realism summary
states pursue ulterior goals as national well- being, it's more rational for states to pursue power
prosperity and the protection of human rights) Offensive and defensive realist's beendet disagree on
States are assumed to be capable of coming up with how much power is enough
sensible strategies in order to maximise the prospects for Global political system is characterised by power
survival Dominated 20th century thinking about global politics-
They may miscalculate from time to time considering they most other theoretical perspectives are reactions to
operate with imperfect information or criticisms of realism.
Hegemony: Control exerted by a single country upon
other nations in the international system. 1.3. Liberalism
Balance of Power: theory which states the inevitable
retaliation by states against a hegemon in order to Liberalism in Global Politics: (John Locke)
maintain a ‘balance of power’ (or influence) in the Apart from realism, liberalism is a more widely
international system; avoids potential threats and accepted alternative perspective on comprehending
conflicts. global politics
Offensive structural Realism (John Mearsheimer) Other theoretical perspectives include idealism, neo -
It makes sense for states to pursue as much power as Marxism, constructivism and feminism.
possible International liberalism is different from domestic
states should pursue hegemony where possible liberalism
Defensive Structural Realism (Kenneth Waltz): In International relations, liberalism refers to the
Unwise for slates to maximise their share of power as emphasis on interdependence between states
the global political system is likely to retaliate Realism stresses on continuity of international systems,
Pursuit of hegemony is irrational liberalism stresses on change.
Hegemony : Offensive Realism Key Principles:
Offensive realists argue that states should always be Societies and states have become extremely
looking for opportunities to gain power and should do Interdependent over the 20th century
so whenever it seems feasible, therefore it is easier for states to relate with each
States should maximise power with their ultimate goal other
being their establishment as a hegemon, because that Interdependence:
is the way to guarantee their survival in the the idea that states and their fortunes are connected
international system to each other
Hegemony: Defensive Realism what happens in one state can have effects on
While defensive realists recognize that the another state
international system creates strong incentives to gain relations between two states can greatly affect the
additional increments of power, they maintain the relations between other states
stance that it is irrational, at a strategic level, to Complex interdependence: a kind of interdependence
pursue hegemony. (aside from the tradiſional form) established after the
States should not maximise power but should instead second world war.
strive for what Waltz labels “ an appropriate amount of Components of complex interdependence
power”. Multiple channels
Defensive realists emphasize that if any state Multiple issues
becomes too powerful, balancing will occur Decline in the use of effective military force
There is an offence-defence balance, which indicates how Realism sees states as the only significant actors, and
easy or difficult it is to conquer a territory or defeat a therefore is confined to state-to-state relations
defender in battle Liberalism does not deny the importance of State-to-state
The Offence-defence battle is almost always in the relation; but also proposes that states aren't the only
defender's favour important actors in global politics.
Any state in pursuit of conquest is likely to lose a lot of Non-state actors in global politics :
resources. Transnational corporations
Aims in Offensive position are limited as the state would Non-governmental organisations
strive to retain its position simultaneously Intergovernmental organisations
Even when conquest is feasible, it does not pay: the costs Liberalism underlines all these non-state actors as
outweigh the benefits important components across national borders.
Because of the existence of nationalism, it's difficult for Substate actors are also important:
the conqueror to subdue the conquered
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Example: Failed “War on Terror” campaign (US :2001) Establishing preferences: getting the other state to
Military power is often measured by the size of a state's want the same goal as your state
military or its military spending. One state can use its (relational) influence to change the
It is also useful to assess how effective a state?s military is behavior of another state using hard, soft and smart
in the conflicts it engages in power.
Just as military power is measuredó economic power too Social and Cultural power:
can be measured through multiple parameters: Globalization has a huge impact on this
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): measures merely the Gives advantage to brands from country of Origin (soft
size of the domestic output, for example in billions of power)
dollars. Eg: Simpsons, facebook, BBC etc.
GDP per capita. Measures the size of an economy as a Cyber powers
proportion of the total population eg. Wikileaks (2016)
Economic growth : measures the annual or quarterly Governments of nations west heavily in cyberspace
percentage by which a state's economy has grown or A lot of countries also use cyber attacks against
declined. countries
A lot of nation's choose to rely solely on economic power The Internet has empowered new groups at both state
(example: Germany / Japan) and individual level.
However it is unlikely that if a country is not a major key infrastructures such as banking, water, transport
economic power; they will have a strong military and tele depend on cyber security.
considering the fact that a larger portion of that country's The relatively new social, cultural and cyber powers have
GDP would be spent on perfecting the military. varying effectiveness. Cultural power may do little for
States tend to also usé economic power as hard power ( nations whereas cyber power has empowered many
sanctions, for instance) groups, states and individuals.
States also build an economic relationship among each Measuring Power
other (mainly through trade) that helps aid any strengths measuring power as resources : this is done by
or weaknesses the country might require calculating the size of the amies, economies and
Economic power can be measured in different ways. It can populations
be used as a method of hard power- in the form of Although the most obvious forms of measuring power,
sanctions - and is needed 'If states wish to be strong it is argued, that these cannot be considered accurate
military powers. as states may not use these resources effectively.
Structural Power: Furthermore, it is possible that states may misuse or use
Structural powers is when states influence the political these powers ineffectively against their opponents.
ideas, structure and framework of 'global politics Measuring power as behavioural outcomesë measuring
Example: Capitalism vs communism (ideological the practical effect that states have when they use their
warfare): power resources
2011: Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq; use of Military power This usually involves judgement regarding objectives such
by US as air strikes or sanctions being levied effectively
Arab Spring (2011): Mass public demonstrations Distribution of power; understanding whether the word
Ideological: relating to political principles and structures system is unipolar, bipolar or multipolar.
for ordering government and society Unipolar: when one state is more powerful than all
Structural power is the means by which states affect Multipolar: when power is distributed amongst all
global politics, usually by promoting a model of politics states
that they favour , such as democracy or capitalism. Bipolar: is when power is available majorly only
Relational power: this is when a state has a relationship between 2 (perhaps rival states)
with another state and uses this relationship to influence
the other state to change its behavior. A state may use 1.5. Sovereignty
military, economic, hard, soft, smart power, or a
combination of these to achieve its aims and goal Sovereignty: A state with sovereignty has complete
In order to be successful, the state must know the other control over its own government and it has external
state's strengths' and weaknesses and know both what sovereignty when it allows other states control over what
would be a convincing threat and what would be an happens within their borders.
attractive reward. Factors:
Joseph Nye’s 3 types of relational powers: permanent population
Threats and rewards that are likely to encourage the defined territory and borders
state to a desired goal. effective government
Controlling the agenda: 'limiting the choices of the the capacity and legitimacy to enter into relations with
other state to reach a desired goou. other states.
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Human Rights are divided into positive and negative rights Political Civil/ Social Economic
that determine action and inaction respectively. Article 11 Article 18
Positive Rights: An obligation by others (primarily the
Article 16 Article 19
authority) to provide to a person. Eg. Right to Education,
Food, Housing, Employment Article 21 Article 20
Negative Right: These call for the prevention of activities Article 24
by others that may infringe upon the human rights one Article 26
possesses; often consisting of social and political rights. Article 27
Eg. Freedom of expression, speech, privacy, fair trial,
Article 28
religion etc.
History of Human Rights Charters: Article 29
The Cyrus Cylinder- 539 BC Article 30
Magna Carta- 1215 CE
Petition of Rights- 1628 CE 2.3. Multilateralism Vs Bilateralism
United States’ Declaration of Independence- 1776
US Constitution- 1787 Theories of International Relations in Human Rights:
Declaration of Rights of the Man and of the Citizen- Multilateralism: The alliance of multiple countries
1789 pursuing a common objective
US Bill of Rights- 1791 Multilateral implementation of human rights helps
The First Geneva Convention- 1864 increase nations’ sense of responsibility and
Three Generations of Human Rights: facilitate national compliance towards the
First Generation: Focus primarily on Civil (rights protection of human rights by inculcating public
possessed by the citizens of a country) and Political scrutiny.
(right to participate in the politics of the country) Concrete multilateralism can result in
rights. Primarily negative rights. consequences to the violation human rights, but
Second Generation: Focus on Social and Economic does not necessarily guarantee positive
rights; eg. The right to safe working conditions, wages, implementation
equal pay, education etc. These are a combination of Bilateralism: The conduct of political, economical or
positive and negative rights. social relations between two sovereign states
Third Generation: Rights relating to individual and
The allocation of resources through bilateral
collective identities (culture). Eg. the right to pursue means is a lot more efficient compared to
one’s belief, practice any religion, protection against multilateral
any form of discrimination etc. These are primarily Unilateral actions can also help prevent
positive rights. consequences that affect a state in the long-run
Multiple foreign policies often restrict national
2.2. Universal Declaration of Human interests and use a narrow, partisan perspective
whilst implementing HR; while bilateral
Rights (UDHR)
agreements tend to be more specific.
Perspectives on Human Rights:
The UDHR is a foundational document of international
Liberal
human rights law, consisting of a range of civil, political
Realist
and economic rights possessed by people regardless of
Social Constructivist
their differences; adopted by the member states of the
Critical
UN in 1948.
Link to the simplified version of the declaration:
https://www.amnestyusa.org/wp- 2.4. Non-Governmental Politics of
content/uploads/2017/11/Simplified-UDHR.pdf Human Rights
Segregation of the rights mentioned in the UDHR:
Non-state actors also have a significant effect on human
Political Civil/ Social Economic
rights and diplomacy- primarily non-governmental
Article 1 Article 3 Article 17 (advocacy) organisations
Article 2 Article 4 Article 22 Civil Society: public political space that is neither the
Article 6 Article 5 Article 23 market nor the state
Article 7 Article 12 Article 25 Civil societies operate nationally and transnationally
Strategies and resources of NGOs/ Civil societies:
Article 8 Article 13
Resources include the information and the human
Article 9 Article 14 capital that NGOs/ CS possess
Article 10 Article 16
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Strategies include the creation of public pressure and humanity, taking into account the humanitarian crisis
accountability on authorities through of Darfur.
press/journalism, campaigns or protests Uganda (2005): Indicted Ugandan Rebel Leader Joseph
Civil Society advocacy exists at a systematic level in Kony for war crimes, although not convicted.
democratic, sovereign states Libya (2011): saif Al-Islam Gaddafi indicted for crimes
The implementation of human/civil rights lies with state against humanity during the Libyan revolution; yet to
authority, this NGOs/ CS must act through the state to be convicted.
achieve their objectives The primary criticism the ICC has received over the years
International NGOs operate on a multilateral level to is that it primarily targets African nations for investigating
increase international accountability among state actors human rights crimes; claiming bias.
Drawbacks of NGOs:
Ineffective expression despite good intention 2.6. Claims on Human Rights
Lack of financial and political stability
Lack the influence/ authority that state actors possess (Indigenous Peoples)
Power of public opinion is limited
However, NGOs/ INGOs are often more eligible to carry Indigenous people: Socio-cultural groups that share ties
out Human Rights’ initiatives as they do not have any with the region’s ancestral lands and natural resources
vested interests where they reside, occupy or have been displaced from.
Many have developed reputations of accuracy and Characteristics of indegenous people:
impartiality over the years; Eg. Amnesty International, Al Smaller population, relative to the dominant
Jazeera population of their country
People in need to HR assistance: They have (or had) a dialect or language of their own,
Refugees separate from national languages
Asylum Seekers Distinct cultural traditions and practices
Internally Displaced People (IDPs) Have their own land/ territory with ancestral integrity
Stateless persons Examples of indigenous people:
Inuit of the Arctic
Native Americans
2.5. International Criminal Court Hunter-Gatherers in Amazon
Maasai Tribe of East Africa
Placed in Hague, Netherlands and established in Rome,
Aboroginal people of Australia
Italy in the year 2002
The UN Declaration of Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
The ICC is the permanent international court established
(UNDRIP) was adopted by UN member states in the year
in order to investigate, prosecute and try individuals
2007. It outlines laws to protect the dignity and well-being
accused of committing crimes against humanity, war
of people belonging to indigenous communities.
crimes, crimes of aggression and genocide.
Crimes against Humanity: acts of crime committed
against civilians systematically during times of war or 2.7. Individual V. Collective Rights
peace.
War Crimes: violation of the laws of war that holds an The argument of whether group rights (such as those of
individual accountable for the actions of combatants. the Indigenous people) is more efficient, or whether the
Eg Acts of sexual violence, killing of POWs etc rights of everyone can be better protected if implemented
Crime of aggression: where a state actor plans, at an individual level.
initiates and executes an act of using military force Classical Liberal approach:
against another nation; going against ‘Charter of UN’ Places emphasis on the rights of individual people
Genocide: Systematic killings of people belonging to a Driven by the notion that the guarantee for the rights
specific ethnicity, religion, or race. of individuals would lead to collective rights
The ICC has tried over 30 cases with 17 detainees over Human rights flow from the individual to the group
the years Despite the increased support towards individual rights
Examples of ICC’s cases: over the years, certain scenarios (such as ethic
Democratic Republic of Congo (2006): Former cleansings, mass genocides, refugee crises etc.) call for
Congolese leaders Thomas Lubanga, Germain the protection of collective rights.
Katanga and Jean- Pierre Bemba tried for war crimes
and crimes against humanity. 2.8. Universalism V. Cultural Relativism
Ivory Coast (2002): Former president Laurent Gbagdo
held responsible for crimes against humanity. Progressive Realisation: UN places emphasis on the
Sudan (2003 onwards): Arrests and detention of many recognition and propagation of second and third
Janjaweed militias for war crimes and crimes against generation rights in member states, recognizing that a
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lack of resources can hamper the progress thus only Interdependent: the protection of one right ensures
being able to attain these rights in the long run. the protection of others. Similarly, the denial of one
Natural Law (Theory): also contributes to the denial of other rights.
Theory that arises from values intrinsic to human
nature
Applied to Human Rights; it states that all humans 3. Development
have the capacity to understand and adhere to basic
moral and ethical obligations, thus adhering to the 3.1. Definition of Development
basic concept of Human Rights.
Human Rights propagates the idea of ‘Universalism’- a Development: The overall improvement in the social and
global political theory that calls for the implementation of economic well-being of a country. This includes the
laws and principles across cultures regardless of the improvement in the quality of life; in addition to monetary
differences. development, such as:
Cultural Relativism: The idea that one’s beliefs, practices Healthcare
and values should be understood from the perspective of Education
their own culture or belief system, as opposed to Mortality Rate
implementing universal values. Average life span
Cultural Relativism opposes the idea of Gender equality
‘Ethnocentrism’- the judging of other cultures/ beliefs Racial equality (etc.)
based on the standards set by one’s own ethnicity
Relativists also view Universalism (or any conventions,
declarations, or documents associated with the same)
3.2. Indicators of Development
as ‘Western Constructs’ or the blatant use of western
soft power to increase transnational influence on laws. Indicator Definition
The politicization of Human Rights: The use of Human Total value of the amount of
Rights laws for national/international political agendas goods and services produced
and motives in a country (measured in
Gross Domestic Product
dollars). This can also be
(GDP)/ per capita
2.9. Key Terms calculated per capita by
dividing total output by the
Justice: The idea of fairness, with individuals receiving total population.
what they deserve. Total amount of goods and
Liberty: Having freedom and/or autonomy to act services produced by a
according to their will. country’s residents (meaning
Gross National Product
Positive: Individuals acting as per their own will production occurring in
(GNP)/ per capita
Negative: Acting in reaction to external coercion another country is also
Equality: All humans, regardless of differences, are of the counted). Can be measured
same intrinsic value. Social equality is a strong per capita.
determinant of the level of justice. Percentage of the population
Codification: The conversion of ideas into laws with the ability to read and
Literacy Rate
Crimes against Humanity: acts that violate human/ civil write (not restricted to
rights declarations eg. systematic murder, enslavement, english).
discrimination, deportation-committed against civilian Fundamental facilities and
populations. Infrastructure structures needed for the
Customary (international) law: verbal agreement that is functioning of an economy.
binding to all states
An index that measures key
Genocide: ethnic cleansing/ violent crimes committed
aspects of human life (such as
against a specific sector of a population
Human Development Index healthcare, education,
Humanitarian Intervention: Military intervention
(HDI) standard of living etc.) to
conducted uni/bi/multilaterally in light of protecting
determine the level of
national human rights
development.
Human Rights are:
Inalienable: they cannot be taken away from people
under any conditions.
Indivisible: all rights are of equal importance and
cannot be placed in a hierarchical structure. Every
human must possess all rights.
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Unipolar system: A single, dominant state (eg. US Non-Violent Crisis: when physical violence is being
hegemony post 1991 (dissolution of USSR), although shown implicitly or explicitly with a disregard towards
China is said to overtake them soon). the damage of property or people
Balance of power is a subset of the theory of realism Violent Crisis: When at least one actor uses force
What happens when a single state consolidates against another and causes harm to people
considerable power: Limited War: when at least one party involved uses
The state would use both military and economic significant force against the other (usually military)
exploits in order to dominate the weaker states and and inflicts severe damage on people and property
dictate its terms War: when the use of force against people and
In such a scenario, weaker states tend to form property is intentional and extensive, leading to grave
alliances with each other in order to effectively oppose consequences.
the hegemon Concept of Violence intensity:
Countering a threat:
Balancing: encompasses the actions that a state, or a Dispute Non-Violent Conflicts Low Intensity
group of states take in order to equalise the odds Non-Violent Crisis
against more powerful states: Violent Crisis Violent Conflicts Medium Intensity
Internal Balancing: This includes increasing
Limited War High Intensity
economic and military capabilities within the
country in order to compete with possible
War
hegemons
External Balancing: Involves the expansion and 4.4. Justifications against Humanitarian
strengthening of a country’s alliances in order to
increase their cumulative power
Intervention
Bandwagoning: A state joins forces with an already
State actors violate human rights within borders in a
strong power in hopes of increasing their own
multitude of ways:
influence
Governments stay in power without conducting
Buck-Passing: instead of taking the responsibility to
elections
balance a power in the region, states often pass it on
Implement policies that can induce violence and
to other states (known as “buck- catchers”) in the
internal conflict at a systematic level
region
Due to the concept of state sovereignty however (on of
Blood-letting: A situation where a state causes the
the most important principles of international relations),
buck-catcher and aggressor to engage in conflict while
external forces cannot easily intervene in the internal
retreating to the sidelines -> “Bait and Bleed”
affairs of a state to put an end to the injustice
(3rd Module) Mearshimer’s Strategies (of Buck-Passing)
Despite the existence of international human rights laws
Seeking good diplomatic relations with the aggressor
(such as the UDHR), their non-binding nature makes it
by shifting the focus to the buck catcher
difficult for states to carry out swift interventions
Still maintaining a neutral relationship with the buck-
catcher
Increasing military strength to deter the aggressor 4.5. The Just War Theory
and shift its focus to the buck-catcher
Facilitating growth in favour of the buck-catcher The theory specifies conditions for judging whether it is
“just” to go to war, and how the conditions of war should
be.
4.3. Conflict and Violence
There are three primary principles developed by Christian
Theologians that determine the level of justness involved
Violence: Physical psychological harm caused by external
in participating or instigating war:
entities
Taking human life is wrong
Direct Violence: Physical or mental harm caused to
States have a duty to defend citizens and provide
people such as assault, rape, murder etc.
justice
Indirect Violence: Comes from intangible sources
Protection of people’s rights and morals require the
Structural Violence: Violence that stems as a result of the
use of force on occasion
social structure; oppression being an example of the
Criteria for Just War:
same. This counts as ‘indirect violence’ as it is covert.
Jus ad Bellum (right to go to war)
Cultural Violence: Aspects of culture; such as religion,
Jus in Bello (right to conduct in war)
ideology, race etc. that lead to violence.
Jus Ad Bellum: cannot be solely for recapturing
Definitions of types of conflicts:
Just cause
Dispute: a political conflict is classified as a dispute
Comparative justice
when it meets all parameters of the basic concept
Injustice on one side must outweigh the other
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Overcomes the presumption of the use of force Retributive Justice: Based on punishment instead of
Competent authority: rehabilitation
Only duly constituted public authorities may wage
war
4.6. Causes of Conflict
Just war must be initiated by a justful political
system Generally it is a matter of ‘Greed’ VS ‘Grievance’
Right intention: Potential causes of conflict:
Force may be used only in a truly just cause Territorial control
Correcting a suffered wrong is considered right Material interest
intention, while economic motivation is not Scarcity of resources
Probability of success Ideological differences
Arms should not be used for a futile cause or Threatened identity and perception
In a situation where disproportionate measures
are required to achieve success
Last resort: Force may only be used if all other
4.7. Parties to Conflict
measures have been tried and exhausted
State and non-state actors are responsible for the
Proportionality: The anticipated benefit of waging war
instigation of modern conflicts
should exceed or be in proportion to its expected
Non-state actors include terrorist organisations (for
harm
example)
Imminence of danger
Security Dilemma: When a state, in order to strengthen its
Jus In Bello:
defense, forms military relations with other states or
Distinction:
increases its arms and ammunition. This in turn can lead
Just War Conduct should be governed by the
to other states imitating the action anticipating hostility,
principle of distinction
thus creating unwarranted tensions among states and
Acts of war should be directed towards
increasing the chances of conflict.
combatants and not non-combatants under
Systematic Conflict: International system (of structural
circumstances they aren’t responsible for
anarchy) is the primary contributor to modern
Proportionality:
international conflicts
Just War Conduct should be governed by the
Dyadic relations (at a bilateral or multilateral level) can
principle of proportionality
also be contributors to conflict
Combatants must make sure that the damage or
harm caused civilians or civilian property is not
excessive in relation to concrete and direct military 4.8. Interstate War
advantage
Military Necessity: Dyadic analysis: focus on the dyads of two states:
Just War Conduct should be governed by the Are pairs of democracies less likely to go to war?
principle of military necessity Are there certain pairs of states destined to be
An attack or action must be intended to help in the military rivals?
defeat of the enemy Should the blame for war be placed on the structure of
Fair treatment of Prisoners of War; international politics or the relationship between the
Enemy combatants who surrender/ are captured two states?
no longer pose a threat
It is therefore wrong to torture them or mistreat 4.9. Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and
them in any other manner
Malum in Se (No Means) Peacebuilding
Doing wrong or evil on purpose
Peacekeeping: Keeping people from attacking each other
Combatants may not use unethical (or “evil”)
by placing a barrier between them (often in the form of
methods of warfare such as rape, coercion of
enemy combatants, massacres, uncontrolled use neutral forces). Eg. UN Peacekeepers
Peacemaking: The process of arriving at a settlement with
of weapons etc.
possible assistance from a mediator. Negotiators are
Types of Justice
oftentimes diplomats, however citizens also tend to play
Restorative Justice: A personalised approach to justice
where the victims and offenders mediate an an important role in the peacemaking process
Peacebuilding: Process of normalizing relations and
agreement that satisfies both parties; often with the
involvement of the community. reconciling differences between all citizens of warring
factions
Transformative Justice: Uses the criminal act as an
learning opportunity for the victims and the
community affected
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME GLOBAL POLITICS HL
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME
Global Politics HL