Grammar

Ayunda - e – Roshan Education center
10 months Ayunda-e- Roshan English language system

Eight months (parts of speech)
Parts of speech
Speech
The act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience.
Speech is the language. Dialect of a nation or region or the act or the capacity of speaking in a
language.
Parts of speech. They are (8) in numbers, but in some grammar books they are nine by adding
articles.
Noun
Noun is used as the name of person, a place, a thing or an idea.
E.g: shoib , Afghanistan, book, Islam and etc.
Kind of noun
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
Kinds of common noun
1. Collective noun
2. Abstract noun
3. Concrete noun
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Prepared & capitalize by: Ayunda - e- Roshan English Department
4. Material noun
5. Compound noun
Pronoun
Pronoun is a word that functions as a substitute for a noun and avoids a noun from its
repetition.
E.g: peter is a student; he is a very smart boy.
Subject pronoun
Or a words that is used instead a more precise noun or noun phrase is called pronoun.
The word (pronoun) can also be used for a determiner when it includes the meaning of
following noun that has been left out.
E.g: waiter: which bottle would you like?
Customer: I will take both.
Note: the word (both) stands for both bottles therefore, it functions as a pronoun.
Kind of pronoun
1. Personal pronouns
2. Demonstrative pronouns
3. Distributive pronouns
4. Indefinite pronouns
5. Intensive pronouns
6. Interrogative pronouns
7. Possessive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
9. Reflexive pronouns
10. Relative pronouns
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Adjective
Adjective is a word that modifies, elaborates or describes people, things, and events or gives
further information about a noun or a pronoun is called adjective.
Or (a word that expresses an attribute of something).
E.g: Edison is an outstanding supervisor.
Adjective
Note: outstanding = Adjective
Parts of adjective
1. Cases of adjective
2. Kinds of adjective
3. Comparisons adjectives
Adverb
Adverb is a word which is used to modify a verb , an adjective , another adverb or adverbial
phrase , or a word , which is used to say , when , where and how something happens.
1. (verb + adverb) = to modify a verb.
E.g.: she dances beautifully.
Verb adverb
2. ( adverb + adjective) = to modify an adjective.
E.g: it is terribly hot today.
ADV. ADJ
3. (adverb + adverb) = to modify an adverb
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E.g: he speaks quite fast.
ADV ADV
4. ( Adverb + adverbial) = to modify an adverbial phrase.

E.g: he was madly in love with her.
ADV ADV-PHRASE
Adverbial
Adj: of or relating to or functioning as an adverb.
Noun: a word or group of words functions as an adverb.
Adverbial: is a group of words that does the same job an adverb.
Kinds of adverb
1- Adverb of affirmation and negation

2- Adverbs of agreement
3- Adverb of cause and effect or conjunctive adverb
4- Adverbs are degree or quantity
5- Adverb of frequency
6- Interrogative adverbs
7- Adverb of manner
8- Adverb of place
9- Relative adverbs
10- Adverbs of time
Verb
Verb is a word which is used to show or express an action, existence or state, possession
and condition.
Verbs are divided into two categories
1- Auxiliary verbs ( helping verb)
2- Ordinary verbs
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Conjunction
Conjunction is a word which is used to join two or more words, phrase, clauses, ideas or
sentences.
Conjunction are (and, for, also, or, still, that, else, for, because, after, if, though, till, unless,
while, then, when)
Kinds of conjunction
1- Coordinating conjunctions:
2- Subordinating conjunctions:
3- Correlative / paired conjunctions:
4- Conjunction adverbs
Interjection
Interjection is a word that is used to express high, sudden feelings or strong emotion.
Interjection are (Alas, hurrah, huzza, oh, oh-no, oops, ouch, what, wow)
To express sadness:
E.g. Alas! /oh! He is assassinated!
To express success, joy or happiness:
E.g. hurrah! / Huzza! They conquer it!
To express dislike:
E.g. Oops! Today is Sunday!
To express disappointed, fear or surprise:
E.g. oh-no! He lost the game!
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Preposition
Preposition is a word that is used to relate a noun or a pronoun or to show the relation of the
subject with the rest of the sentence.
A preposition is a word that relates noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence.
E.g. the dog sat under the tree”
Kinds of preposition
1- Simple prepositions
2- Compound prepositions
3- Double prepositions
4- Phrase prepositions
5- Particular prepositions
Adverb vs. prepositions

Words that are sometimes prepositions can act as adverbs. A preposition requires an
object. An adverb does not.
A single word acting as an adverb answers where, when, how or to what degree about the
verb.
If you want to see the eclipse, you will need to go outside.
 Outside tells you where YOU WILL NEED TO GO.
o Note: without an object OUTSIDE is an adverb.
When the same word is a preposition, the entire prepositional phrase acts as an adverb
modifying the verb.
Dorothy colors outside the lines.
OUTSIDE THE LINES is an adverbial phrase and OUTSIDE is a preposition.
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Note: LINES is the object of the preposition.
Tense or time
Tense is a grammatical term. It means time.
Time is a conversational word.
E.g.
Azan ate lunch yesterday,
Tense
A set of verb forms that indicate when the action happens i.e. pas, present. Future
OR
Verb form that shows when the action takes place.
Examples:
He studies English at AREC.
He studied English at AREC.
He will studied English at AREC.
English grammar tenses

Past tense present tense future tense
 Simple past  Simple present  Simple future
tense tense tense
 Past progressive  Present  Future
Tense progressive progressive
tense tense
 Past perfect  Present perfect  Future perfect
 Past perfect  Present perfect  Future perfect
Progressive progressive progressive
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Simple present tense

Structure
A.F: sub + verb (s/es) +complement.

Q.F: Do/does + sub + verb + complement?
N.F: sub + don’t / doesn’t + verb + complement.
Usages
It expresses an action that happens:
o Repeatedly
 E.g. Khalil often visits his family.
o Regularly
 E.g. I receives bank statement from my bank every month.
o Habitually
 E.g. Ali drinks water before he goes to bed.
o Everyday
 E.g. Mohammad goes to his office every day.
o General facts:
 E.g. I am a boy.
 E.g. we are in the class.
o Universal facts:
 E.g. Allah is one.
o Headlines ( meaning past)
 E.g. President Hamid Karzai comes to Kabul.
o Game commentary
 Labia goes for the second run.
 Sahil catches the ball.
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Final ( s ) or ( es )
o Verbs that take s/es become singular.
Examples: visit--------- visits answer---------answers
Speak------ speaks write------------writes
o Verbs that are used for third person singular in simple present tense take final
s/es.
o Add es with ch/sh/ss/x/z/o
Examples: catch---- catches pass----passes buzz------buzzes
Wash---- washes fix------fixes
o Add ies with Verbs ending in y, followed by consonant, removing y.
Examples: study----------studies try------tries
o Add s with verbs ending in y, followed by vowel.
Examples: pay --------pays buy-----buys
Dynamic verbs vs. stative verbs
o Dynamic verbs show action. They can be used in progressive tenses.

o E.g. I am operating the computer.
o Stative verbs show state rather than action. They cannot be used in
progressive tenses.
o E.g. I like my class.
Note: categories of stative verbs:
1. Mental activity
2. Possession and being
3. attitude
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Present progressive tense
Structure
Past present future
A.F: sub + be + verb,ing + com?

Q.F: be + sub + verb, ing +com.
N.f: sub + be + not+ verb, ing + com.
Usages
o Shows an action or activity that is happening right now.
E.g. Khalid is plowing (ploughing) the fields.
o Present continues shows an action happening now, at the time of speaking.
E.g. she is sitting. They are reading their books.
o Longer actions in progress now
It is used to talk about actions happening in a period around now.
E.g. you are practicing a lot today. They are enjoying much this weekend.
o Continuous actions not at time of speaking
It is used to show continuous actions which may not happen at the time of speaking.
E.g. I am studying to become an engineer. They are going to the park to enjoy.
o Changes happening around now
It is used to talk about changes happening around now.
E.g. your language skill is getting better. The population of china is rising.
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o Near future
It is used to indicate that something will or will not happen in the future.
E.g. I am meeting after the class. She is not coming tomorrow.
Spelling of ( ING )
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
1. Verbs ending in (e):

Remove (e) and add (ing)
E.g. smile – smiling
2. Verbs ending in double consonant: (c + c)
Add (ing)
E.g. help – helping
3. Verbs ending in single consonant followed by double vowels.
Add only (ing)
E.g. rain – rain + ing
4. Verbs ending in (y) followed by a vowel
Add only (ing)
E.g. play – playing
Followed by a consonant change y – to – I only (ing)
E.g. cry – crying
5. Verbs ending (IE): just add (d), change ie-y nd add (ing)
E.g. die – dying
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Present perfect tense
Structure
A.F: sub + have/has + 3rd (verb) + complement.

Q.F: have/has + sub + 3rd (verb) + complement?
N.F: sub+ have/has (not) + 3rd (verb) + complement.
Usages
We use present perfect in the following situations:
 To show an action that happened or did not happen at unclear time in the
past.
E.g. I have seen this car somewhere.
 To show an action that has happened repeatedly in the past.

E.g. I have visited London twice.
I have sent him two letters.
 Talks about an action that started in the past, still in progress, may or may
not go to the future.
E.g. he has thought English since 2001.
He has taught English for the past 7 years.
Since & for

 Since: it shows starting point it can function as a:
Preposition: it’s used before noun (exact time).
E.g. I have lived in khair-khana since 2001.
Conjunction: it’s used before a past tense clause.
E.g. I have lived in khair-khana since H.K become the president.
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Adverb: it’s used alone to represent the time mentioned before.

E.g. we came to khair-khana in 2001. We have lived there since.
 For: its shows duration. It can function as a
Preposition: of time and indirect object.
E.g. I have lived in khair-khana for 6 years.
Conjunction: in formal English, which means (because)?
E.g. I couldn’t see my family, for I was so busy.
Present perfect progressive tense
A.F: sub + have/has + been +v(ing) + complement.

Q.F: have/has + sub+ been + v(ing) + complement?
N.F: sub + have / has + not + been + v(ing) + complement.
Usage
It emphasizes on duration of an action that started in the past, continues to present without
interruption and may progress to future.
We must use (since /for).
Present perfect vs. present perfect progressive

Present perfect tense Present perfect progressive
 It can show repetition  It cannot show repetition
 It emphasizes on completion  It emphasizes on duration
 The action is mostly interrupted  The action is continuously in progress
  Its only used with dynamic verbs
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Simple past tense
Structure
A.F: sub+2nd (v) + complement.

Q.F: did + sub + verb + complement?
N.F: sun + did (not) + verb + complement.
E.g.: Hamid went to university at 8:00am.
Did Hamid go to university at 8:00?
Hamid didn’t go to university at 8:00am.
Usages
 It shows an action or state that began and ended at a clear time in the past.
 It shows a past fact.
E.g. John ate lunch at 1:00.
I was a student of school 10 years ago.
The principle parts of the verb

In English grammar, a verb has four principle forms.
1. Simple form (speak)
2. Simple past (spoke)
3. Past participle (spoken)
4. Present participle (speaking)
 Simple form: words that are found in a dictionary and used in simple present tense.
 Simple past: used in simple past tense.
 Past participle: used in perfect tenses a passive voice.
 Present participle: used in progressive tenses.
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Regular verbs vs. irregular verbs

1. Verbs that d/ed for their past and past participle forms.
E.g. cook, work, stress, walk
Cooked, worked, stressed, walked
Cooked, worked, stressed, walked, pounded
2. Verbs that do not take d/ed for their2nd and 3rd forms.
Eat, ate, eaten.
Break, broke, broken.
Speak, spoke, spoken.
Spelling of (ING) and (ED) forms

1. Verbs ending in (e):
- Add only (d) e.g. smile smiled
- Remove (e) and add(ing) e.g. smile smiling
2. Verbs ending in double consonant: ( C + C)
- Add (ed) e.g. help helped
- Add (ing) e.g. help helping
3. Verbs ending in single consonant followed by double vowels.
- Add (ed) e.g. rain rain+ed
Regular verbs: pronunciation of - Ed
 Final – ed is pronounced /t/ after the following sounds.

K, S, Ch, Sh,
Talk talked talk/t/
Stop stopped stop/t/
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Hiss hiss hissed/t/
Watch watched watch/t/
Wash washed washed/t/
 Final-Ed is pronounced /id/ after the following sound.
T and d.
Wait waited wait/id/
Need needed need/id/
 Final-Ed is pronounced /d/ after other sounds.
Call called call/d/
Rain rained rain/d/
Live lived live/d/
Rob robbed rob/d/
Stay stayed stay/d/
Past progressive tense
A.F: sub + was/were +v (ing) + complement.

Q.F: was/were + sub + v(ing) + complement?
E.g.: Freshta was cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock.
Was freshta cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock?
Freshta was not cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock.
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Usages
 Shows an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.
E.g. I was waiting for you at 7:00pm yesterday.
 Shows two actions that were in progress in the past and did not interrupt each other.
E.g. while I was cooking, Masood was making salad.
 Shows that one action was in progress when the second action occurred interrupt the
first action.
E.g. when Ali came, the teacher was teaching.
While the teacher was teaching, Ali came.
Time clause
 A clause is a group of related words that has subject and verb.

When/while/before/after + sub + verb
*when the time clause comes first, we use comma before main clause.
E.g. John escaped when the police came.
When the police came, John escaped.
Past perfect tense
A.F: sub + had + 3rd (v) + com.

Q.F: had + sub + 3rd (v) + com?
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N.F: sub + had(not) + 3rd (v) + com.
E.g: I had played cricket.
He I had played cricket?
I had not played cricket.
Usages
 It shows an action or state that was completed before another action or time in the
past.
E.g. Khalil had finished school before he joined Kardan.
Past perfect vs. past progressive
 Past perfect shows an action that was completed before another action, but
e.g. I had eaten when Ali came.
 Past progressive shows an action that was in progress when the second action
happened.
e.g. I was eating when Ali came.
Past perfect progressive tense
Structure
A.F: sub + had + been + v.ing + com.

Q.F: had + sub +been + v,ing + com?
N.F: sub + had (not) + been + v.ing + com.
E.g.: I had been watching TV.
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Had I been watching TV?
I had not been watching TV.
Usages
 To express an action or emphasize the duration of an activity that had been in
progress before another past action in the past.
E.g. Michael had been living abroad for more than 5 years before he grow up.
 To express an activity in progress recent to another activity in the past.

E.g. the streets were wet because it had been raining.
Simple future tense
Structure
A.F: sub + will + (v) + complement.

Q.F: will + sub + verb + complement?
N.F: sub (not) + verb + complement.
Jamil will buy a car from Herat next year.
Will Jamil buy a car from Herat next year?
Jamil will not (won’t) buy a car from Herat next.
Usages
 It shows an action that will take place in future. Or
 It shows an action that will take happen in coming time.
E.g. Kabir will study BBA after two years.
I am going to see you tomorrow.
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Probably with will

Probably is an adverb. It shows possibility.
o In negative, it comes before will.
E.g. Mansoor probably won’t join us today.
E.g. Mansoor will probably not us today.
o In positive, it comes after will.
E.g. Mansoor will probably join us tomorrow.
Ways to express
1. Will
2. Shall
3. Be going to
4. May/might
5. Simple present tense
6. Present continuous tense
7. Intend / plan /hope
8. Be about to
Will vs. be going
Will Be going to
Prediction (with no evidence) Prediction ( with evidence)
Immediate plans Pre-plan activities
Willingness intentions
Promise
Polite request
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Using future time clause
If/before/after/when/as soon as + sub + verb + main clause

Time clause----------------------------------------- main clause
Simple present tense will/be going to
E.g. when Khalil comes, we will go to the party.
If Khalil comes, we are going to go to the party.
Parallel verbs
When a subject has two verbs connected by (and). We call it parallel verbs.
E.g. I will go home and pack my clothes.
Present continuous tense

(Meaning future)
By adding a future time expression to present continuous tense, it shows future.

It shows strong intentions/plans.
E.g. I am meeting the director at 8:00am tomorrow.
Note: with some verbs, it is recommended to use present continuous tense instead of be
going to.
I .e. go/comes/stay/arrive/leave/drive/ ride/ take/ fly/ walk
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Simple present tense

(Meaning future)
It shows events that are on definite schedule or timetable.

Mostly used with the following verbs:
Arrive, leave, start, begin, end, finish, open, close, be.
E.g. our semester ends in 4 months.
Present plans for future

activities
We use plan/intend/hope to express our present plans for future.

Hop/ intend / plan + to + verb + complement.
Hope /intend/plan (ing) + to + verb + complement.
E.g. I intend to get the first position this time.
I am intending to get the first position this time.
Be about to
It shows immediate / near future.
E.g. the plane is about to take off.
Ahmad is about to leave for Peshawar.
Future perfect progressive tense
Structure
A.f: sub + will/shall + have + been + v(ing) + com.

Q.F: will/shall + sub + have + been + v(ing) + com?
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N.F: sub + will/shall + have(not) + been + v(ing) + com.
E.g. she will have been training for ten years.
Will she have been training for ten years?
She will not have been training for ten years.
Usages
To express an action that will be in progress before another future action in the future or an
action emphasizing the length of time that has occurred before a specific time in the future.
E.g. she will have been training for ten years when she skates in Olympics. By the year 2005 I
will have been teaching E.S.L……… for 7years.
Future progressive tense
A.F: sub + will/shall + be + v(ing) + com.

Q.F: will/shall + sub + be + v(ing) + com?
N.F: sub + will/shall + be (not) + v(ing) + com.
E.g.: he will be watching TV.
Will he be watching TV?
He will be not watching TV.
Usages
 To express an activity that will be in progress at the specific time in the future.
E.g. the professor is going to be presenting a lecture at 7:00.
 To express future arrangements, or expectations.
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(Plural / singular subject pronouns and subject nouns + will + be + verb-ing)
E.g.: john and Tom will be serving lunch by the time bob wakes up.
 To indicate future actions or plans that has already been decided.
Future perfect tense
Structure
A.F: sub + will + have + 3rd verb + com

Q.F: will + sub + have + 3rd verb + com?
N.F: sub + will + have (not) + 3rd verb + com.
E.g:I will have prepared everything.
Will I have prepared everything?
I will have not prepared everything.
Usages
 To express an action that will be completed before another particular future action in
the future.
E.g. by the year 2007 scientists will have made many new inventions.
 To express an action that is used in simple present tense with the conjunctions (after,
before) to give future perfect meaning)
 E.g : after Lisa conducts the meeting , I will provide some refreshment.
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Active sentences and passive sentences

a- Active: Hamid mailed the package. (a) And (b) have the same
b- Passive: the package was mailed by meaning.
Hamid.
S v o
c- Hamid mailed The package In (c) the object of an active sentence
becomes the subject of a passive
sentence.
S v “by phrase”
The package Was mailed by Hamid.
S v o In (d) : the subject of an active sentence is

the object of by in the “by-phrase” in a
d- KBob mailed the package. passive sentence.
S v by phrase
The package was mailedBy Bob
e- Active: the teacher corrects our Form of all passive verbs:

homework. Be + past participle
f- Passive: our homework is Be can be in any of its forms: am, is , are,
corrected by the teacher. was, were, has been, have been, will be,
etc.
Past participle means 3rd form of the verb.
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Tenses forms of passive verbs
Notice that all the passive verbs are formed with be + past participle
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present The news surprises me. I am surprised by the news.
The news surprises Sam. Sam is surprised by the
The news surprises us. news.
We are surprised by the
news.
Simple past The news surprised me. I was surprised by the
The news surprised us. news.
We were surprised by the
news.
Present perfect Baseer has mailed the The letter has been mailed
letter. by baser.
Baseer has mailed the The letters have been
letter. mailed by baser.
future Mansoor will mail the The letter will be mailed by
letter. bob.
Mansoor is going to mail The letter is going to be
the letter. mailed by mansoor.
Transitive and intransitive verbs

a- Transitive verbs Only transitive verbs can be used in the
Active: Ahmad mailed the letter. passive.
Passive: the letter was mailed by A transitive verb is a verb that is followed
Ahmad. by an object.
b- Intransitive verbs S v o
Active: an accident happened. Bob mailed the letter.
Passive: (not possible) Mr. lee signed the check.
c- Incorrect: an accident was A cat killed the bird.
happened A transitive verb is a verb that is not
followed by an object. Example:
S v
An accident happened
John come to our house.
I slept well last night.
An intransitive verb cannot be used in the
passive.
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Using the “by – phrase”
a- This sweater was made by my aunt. The “by –phrase” is used in passive
sentences when it is important to know
who performs an action. In (a): by my
aunt is important information.
b- That sweater was made in Unusually there is no “by-phrase” in
korea.(by someone) passive sentence. The passive is used
c- Spanish is spoken in Colombia. (by when it is not known or not important to
people) know exactly who performs an action. In
d- That house was built in 1940.(by (b): the exact person (or people) who
someone) made the sweater is not known and is not
e- Rice is grown in many countries.(by important to know, so there Is no “by-
people) phrase) in the passive sentence.
The passive forms of the present and past progressive

Active Passive form of the present progressive:
The secretary is copying some letters.
Am
Passive Is + being + past participle
Some letters are being copied by the Are
secretary.
Active
Someone is building a new hospital.
Passive
A new hospital is being built.
Active Passive form of the past progressive:
The secretary was copying some letters. Was
Passive Were + being +past + past participle.
Some letters were being copied by the
secretary.
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Passive modal auxiliaries
Active modal auxiliaries Passive modal auxiliaries( Modal auxiliaries are often
modal +be + past participle) used in the passive.
Hamid will mail it. It will be mailed by Hamid. From: modal +be + past
Hamid can mail it. It can be mailed by Hamid. participle
Hamid should mail it. It should be mailed by
Hamid ought to mail it. Hamid.
Hamid must mail it. It ought to be mailed by
Hamid has to mail it. Hamid.
Hamid might mail it. It must be mailed by
Hamid.
It has to be mailed by
Hamid.
It might be mailed by
Hamid.
Quoted speech and reported speech
Quoted speech
Sometimes we want to quote a speaker’s words-to write speaker’s exact words. Exact
quotations are used in many kinds of writing, such as newspaper articles, stories and
novel, and academic papers. When we quote a speaker’s words, we use quotation
marks.
Speaker: speaker’s exact words Quoting the speaker’s words
Jane: cats are fun watch. A. Jane said, “cats are fun to watch”.
Mike: yes, I agree. They’re graceful and playful. b. mike said, “yes, I agree. They ‘re graceful
And Playful. Do you own a cat?’’
How to write Quotations:
1- Put a comma after said. Ahmad said,
2- Put the quotation marks. Ahmad said,
3- Capitalize the first word of the quotation. Ahmad said, “ C
4- Write the quotation . put a final period. Ahmad said, “ Cats are fun to
watch.
5- Put quotation marks after the period. Ahmad said, “ cats are fun to
watch.”
6- When there two (or more) Mike said, “yes, I agree. They’re
sentence in a quotation, put the graceful and playful. Do you own a
quotation marks at the beginning cat?”
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and end of the whole quote. Do Incorrect: mike said, “ yes, I agree.”
not put your quotation marks They’re graceful and playful.” “Do
around each sentence. you own a cat?”
7- As with a period, put the quotation
marks after a question mark at the
end of a quote.
8- Be sure to put quotation marks above the line, not on the line.
Incorrect: Ahmad said, “I play cricket.”
Correct: Ahmad said that he played cricket.
Quoted speech vs. reported speech

Quoted speech: quoted speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words.
Quotation marks are used.
Reported speech: reported speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s
words. Not all of the exact words are used: verb forms and pronouns may change.
Quotation marks are not used.
Quoted speech reported speech

a. Ann said, “I am hungry.” Note: in the
b. Tom said, “I need my pen.” examples the verb
c. Ann said that she was hungry. forms and pronouns
d. Tom said that he needed his pen. change from quoted
speech to reported
speech.
Using say vs. tell

a. Ann told me that she was hungry. Tell is not followed immediately by a noun
b. Ann told us that she was hungry. clause tell is followed immediately by a
c. Ann told john that she was hungry. pronoun object.
d. Ann told someone that she was (e.g., me, us, John, someone) and then by
hungry. a noun clause.
Incorrect: Ann told that she hungry.
29
Verb form usage in reported speech formal sequences of tenses
Formal: if the main verb of the sentence is in the part (e.g., said), the verb in the noun
clause is usually also in a part form. Notice the verb form change in the examples below.
Quoted speech reported speech

1- He said, “I work hard,” He said (that) he worked hard.
2- He said, “I am working hard,” He said (that) he was working hard.
3- He said, “I have worked hard.” He said (that) he had worked hard.
4- He said, “I worked hard.” He said (that) he had worked hard.
5- He said, “I am going to work hard.” He said (that) he was working hard.
6- He said, “I will work hard.” He said (that) he would work hard.
7- He said, “I can work hard.” He said(that) he could work hard.
8- He said, “I may work hard.” He said (that) he might work hard.
9- He said. “ I should work hard.” He said (that) he should work hard( no
change)
10- He said,” I ought to work hard.” He said (that) he ought to work hard(no
change)
Informal: sometimes especially in speaking, verb in the noun clause is not changed if the
speaker in reporting something immediately or soon after it was said.
Immediate reporting: A: what did Ann just say? I didn’t hear her.
B: she said (that) she is hungry.
Later reporting: what did Ann say when she got home last night?
B: she said (that) she was hungry.
If the main verb of the sentence is in the present (e.g. , says), no change is made in the
verb tense or modal in the noun clause.
He says, “I work hard.” He says (that) he works hard.
He says, “I am working hard.” He says (that) he was working hard.
He says, “I worked hard.” He says (that) he worked hard.
He says, “I will work hard.” He says (that) he will work hard.
30

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Ayunda - e – Roshan Education center

10 months Ayunda-e- Roshan English language system

Kinds of common noun

4. ( Adverb + adverbial) = to modify an adverbial phrase.

1- Adverb of affirmation and negation

Adverb vs. prepositions

English grammar tenses

Simple present tense

A.F: sub + verb (s/es) +complement.

Dynamic verbs vs. stative verbs

o Dynamic verbs show action. They can be used in progressive tenses.

Present progressive tense

A.F: sub + be + verb,ing + com?

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

1. Verbs ending in (e):

Present perfect tense

A.F: sub + have/has + 3rd (verb) + complement.

 To show an action that has happened repeatedly in the past.

Since & for

Adverb: it’s used alone to represent the time mentioned before.

Present perfect progressive tense

A.F: sub + have/has + been +v(ing) + complement.

Present perfect vs. present perfect progressive

Simple past tense

A.F: sub+2nd (v) + complement.

The principle parts of the verb

Regular verbs vs. irregular verbs

Spelling of (ING) and (ED) forms

Regular verbs: pronunciation of - Ed

 Final – ed is pronounced /t/ after the following sounds.

Past progressive tense

A.F: sub + was/were +v (ing) + complement.

 A clause is a group of related words that has subject and verb.

Past perfect tense

A.F: sub + had + 3rd (v) + com.

Past perfect vs. past progressive

Past perfect progressive tense

A.F: sub + had + been + v.ing + com.

 To express an activity in progress recent to another activity in the past.

Simple future tense

A.F: sub + will + (v) + complement.

Probably with will

Will vs. be going

Using future time clause

If/before/after/when/as soon as + sub + verb + main clause

Present continuous tense

By adding a future time expression to present continuous tense, it shows future.

Simple present tense

It shows events that are on definite schedule or timetable.

Present plans for future

We use plan/intend/hope to express our present plans for future.

Future perfect progressive tense

A.f: sub + will/shall + have + been + v(ing) + com.

Future progressive tense

A.F: sub + will/shall + be + v(ing) + com.

 To express future arrangements, or expectations.

 To indicate future actions or plans that has already been decided.

Future perfect tense

A.F: sub + will + have + 3rd verb + com

Active sentences and passive sentences

The package Was mailed by Hamid.

S v o In (d) : the subject of an active sentence is

The package was mailedBy Bob