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    (2-5) (MS) Use of Laminated Mechanical Joints

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    Materials and Structures (2018)S1:16 bps: org/10. 161751 1527-018-1207-y ® ‘CrossMark ORIGINAL ARTICLE Use of laminated mechanical joints with metal and concrete plates for precast concrete columns J. D. Nzabonimpa + Won-Kee Hong Received: 15 December 2017 / Accepted: 6 June 2018 © RILEM 2018 Abstract This study investigated the structural behavior of a mechanical joint with laminated con- crete and metal plates for moment connections which can be used for the rapid erection of reinforced concrete precast columns. A concrete filler plate was placed between the metal column plates to transfer loads and protect nuts threaded with rebars. Nonlinear numerical finite element analyses considering con- crete damaged plasticity was also performed to evaluate the load-displacement relationship, plate deformation of the joints with concrete filler plates, and rates of strain increase of the structural compo- nents. The influence of the column and concrete filler plates on the rate of strain increase of the structural components attached to the column plates was explored to determine how concrete, rebars, and steel sections, were activated relative to the stiffness of the ‘metal plates. The strain values of structural elements that were attached to plates with sufficient stiffness values were found to be higher than those of the structural elements that were attached to plates with smaller stiffness values. These strains were evident in the nonlinear finite element analyses and experimental investigations. It can be inferred that laminated mechanical plates consisting of metal and concrete J.D, Nzabonimpa - W.-K. Hong (02) Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea e-mail: hongwk@kbuac kr Published online: 13 June 2018, plates can be implemented and used to replace conventional precast connections Keywords Column to column connection - Steel concrete composite precast frames - Moment connection - Concrete filler plate - Concrete damaged plasticity - Nonlinear finite element analysis 1 Introduction 1.1 Previous studies Numerous studies on steel frames have been previ- ously conducted to investigate bolted column connec- tions that were fabricated to transfer moments and axial loads either by direct bearing through the end- plates, or by tension and compression of the cover plates, These connections consist of two steel column parts that are connected using either end-plates or cover plates. They can act as rigid or pinned connec- tions [1, 2]. Rigid connections in which rotations between the connected members are not allowed transfer both moments and axial forces. Nonetheless, some of these connections demonstrate semirigid behavior [3-5], and it is recommended that their designs should be carefully investigated to understand their structural performance. In recent years, owing (0 their good ductility and ability to dissipate energy, extended end-plate connections have been extensively a 76 Page 2 of 18 Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 recommended for use in special moment-resisting frames that are subjected to lateral loads. Experimental and analytical studies were carried ‘out to investigate the structural performance of two large-bolted, stecl_moment-resisting connections 6, 7]. Popov and Takhirov [7] concluded that the separations between the T-stub and column flanges were caused by (1) the flexural deformation in the ‘T-stub flanges, and (2) the inelastic deformation in the bolts. Wang and Chen [8] tested four specimens to uncover both the failure modes and the effect of end- plate thickness on the flexural capacity of concrete- filled steel tubular columns. Their findings demon- strated that thick plates were required to provide ‘enough structural strength for the extended end-plate connections. Another study conducted by Kim et al. [9] evaluated the structural performance of plate- reinforced steel moment connections. It was reported that the tested specimens did not fail in a brite manner. Instead, the strength of each connection degraded because of the presence of local buckling of beam webs and flanges. Parametric studies were carried out to study the failure modes of bolted end- plates subjected to seismic loadings [10, 11, 14] Mashaly et al. [10] found out that bolt failure depended on the thickness of the end-plates that controlled the magnitude of the bending effect. In their analytical investigation, end-plates underwent large deformations that were concentrated around the ten- sion flange [12]. The current design practice of bolted cend-plate connections was revised in a recent study conducted by Bai et al. [13]. They suggested useful design guidelines and equations for the flexural moment in bolts and end-plates. In the current literature, studies that investigated the application and structural performance of bolted end-plate con- nections to precast concrete columns have been overlooked. Most of the previous studies investigated the seismic behavior of bolted end-plates that were primarily designed for steel moment frames, as suggested by the American Institute of Steel Con- struction (AISC [15)). Itis noticeable that bolted end- plates were not used to create rigid joints for precast cconerete column units Numerous connections for precast frames have been developed during the last few decades. Choi et al. [16] proposed the use of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) using high-performance, fiber- reinforced, cement composite, for the joints. Steel a connectors, consisting of bolting steel tubes and steel plates were used for the joints of the precast frames. ‘This connection improved the constructability of the joint to efficiently transfer stress between discontinued precast members. Embedded plates, and clip angles with slots and holes, were used to accommodate the tolerances and dimensional variations between the precast concrete components for the assembly of the precast connections. The National Precast Concrete Association [17] introduced diverse column-to-col- umn connections using plate shims, which was the most common and typical connection used in the erection of precast concrete. However, the shim spaces between precast units ought to be grouted. Parastesh et al. [18] proposed a new ductile moment-resisting connection for precast concrete frames in seismic regions. The prefabricated concrete columns were continually cast atthe joint for the connection of beam, units. Diagonal bars were used in the precast joints to provide adequate strength and stability during the installation process. Metelli et al. [19] presented the results of an experimental study concerning the cyclic behavior of a particular beam-column “dry” connec tion for precast concrete elements. The joint system consisted of the “Z-shaped” steel plate with four upper and two lower bushes to connect the threaded bars to the column. Their joint has shown significant potential for use in the design of seismic. precast frames. In addition, Metelli et al. [20] conducted experimental investigations on the structural behavior of column-to-foundation connection for concrete members. In their work, two specimens were loaded cyclically, and their damages were localized at their column bases, indicating that the tested connections can allow a simple retrofit after seismic event. Another study of precast concrete connections was conducted by Brunesi and Nascimbene [21]. The authors [21] investigated the seismic response of lightly reinforced precast concrete shear walls subjected to pseudostatic cyclic loadings. Their experimental results were used to develop a numerical model designed for analyzing large scale seismic fragility of precast terraced struc- tures. These conventional precast frames, however, required cast-in-place conerete at the joints to com- plete the connection of precast frames. Shim plates, embedded plates, clip angles with slots, or oversized holes, were installed, and were responsible for the cost and delays in schedule. Hu et al. [22] proposed the use of dry mechanical joints for fully or partially Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Page 3 of 18 76 restrained moment connections of concrete column- to-column components consisting of column plates. In their work, metal plates were proposed—similar to the plates used in the steel column connections—in which the experimental investigation of the dry mechanical joints with filler plates was briefly introduced. The ‘metal plates were interconnected using high-strength bolts and were designed based on either the bearing type or slip-critical type. In this regard, the authors proposed mechanical connections using laminated plates in their earlier studies [22]. Their mechanical connections provided a fast construction for precast concrete members. The use of concrete and metal filler plates between the two laminated metal plates used for precast column connections were briefly reported to offer a rapid assembly similar to that of stee! frames. However, extensive theoretical and numerical analy- ses for the understanding of the structural behavior of the proposed joints for practical applications were not presented in their earlier study. In the present study, in- depth numerical investigations, based on nonlinear finite element analyses were performed, considering the damaged concrete plasticity in an effort to explore the structural behavior of the laminated mechanical joint with concrete filler plates for column-to-column connections. The rate of degradation was controlled based on the degradation parameter for the concrete filler plates introduced in the present study. 1.2 Research significance ‘The nonlinear structural behavior of the mechanical joint constructed with concrete filler plates was verified. The present study explored the structural behavior of the mechanical connection for two- column components with concrete fill plates. The bearing capacity of the conerete filler plates was also ensured to transfer loads at joints, and to protect nuts that were threaded on the rebar end, Extensive ‘numerical investigation was performed and compared with the observed test data to verify that the concrete filler plates offered advantages similar to those obtained by metaliller plates. The behavior of the connections fabricated between two-column compo- nents, including conerete filler plates, was verified by the tested results. The influence of the stiffness of the column plates on the design parameters was also numerically evaluated. The design parameters included the rebar grade, and the sizes of the steel and concrete sections of the column. In the present study, in-depth numerical investigations based on nonlinear finite element analyses that considered the damaged concrete plasticity were performed to explore the structural behavior of the laminated mechanical joint with concrete filler plates for column-to-column connections. In the finite element model proposed in this study, the degradation vari- ables for concrete filler plates were implemented to explore the rate of degradation, and its influence on the overall degradation of the mechanical joint. 2 Experimental investigation 2.1 Design of concrete filler plates Concrete filler plates described in Table I [22] were inserted between the metal column plates to transfer axial loads from and to the laminated metal plates, and protect the nuts threaded on the rebar end. Wire- ‘meshes were inserted into the filler plates to provide support to better sustain compressive loads. Concrete filler plates (with a thickness of 44 mm) were used to provide bearing strength to support the compressive bearing loads, which were exerted by a combination of vertical and overturning loads during the application of lateral loads. 2.2 Test setup and descriptions of the mechanical joints with concrete filler plates Figure 1a [22] demonstrates the column specimens connected by the column metal plates and concrete filler plate, The column with mechanical joints that consists of plates to which rebars with threaded ends and steel sections were attached is shown in Fig. 1a [22]. A foundation was installed to provide fixed boundary conditions to the specimen, A full-scale finite element (FE) model of Specimen C1 is shown in Fig. 1b. Figure 2a presents the locations of gauges and the linear variable differential transformers (LVDTS) to measure strains and displacements caused by the loading protocol exhibited in Fig. 2b [22]. Table 1 [22] shows the material properties, including the thicknesses of concrete filler plates. Specimens C1 and C2 were manufactured with filler plates with a thickness of 44mm, however, the metal column plates had different thicknesses. Specimen C1 was a ‘Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 76 Page 4 of 18 LOLaTEW LOLAZEN 1OLeTEW LOLEZEW 000°902 000°907 (000°907 00°97 001 IN 0001 001 001 ob (001 * 002 00's07 (aw) a see IN vin iN WN cea) ‘Y (un pp essouyonn) arya VIN VN vn 0 sr (004 * 004 00 * 004 00's02 00's07 sue VIN ste caw) Sf sound somoypioddy) IMG % OST X OSH PIXG OST XOSTH —FIX6 X OST OSTH PIX X 0ST X OSTH Pmpuess 2215 00's02 00's02 00°02 00°80 caw) a see see see see caw) pas. scar star scar sear scar prpunig 00°92 00°902 000'907 (000°907 000°907 (aw) a os 005 00s 00s 0s caw) (00s * 00s (00s * 00s (008 * 005 008 * 005 ‘008 * 005 orsz ors'tz ors'tz ors'tz ors'tz ira ia id 1% fra s1asowey ssaiouremed ufisop pue sanuadoxd jeuoreyy TOW uauipadg ——_(uauuisads anyouoW) 7 uawIDadg £9 woumsodg 9 wounsads To wupadg —_sonsumoemy [cel somid say aso ahr mem ore MAY Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Page 5 of 1876 Column section: Concrete (500 x 500, unit: mam) Stel (H-250 x 2509 x 14, unit: mm) Rebar: 4-HD2: eat || re Foundation (25 mm of diameter) rent re Upper column plate: PREM (thickness: 20 mm) Concrete filer plate: (thickness: 44 mm) Lower column plate: “thickness: 20 mm) 1000 2000 x $005 unit: mm) f@) Laer 02 isplacemeat Foundation Size: 2000 1000 $00, Unit: mn ) mmo reoree Upper pate corte ler iste Lowe plate CConstesined ea (2 i details wit once Fig. 1 Test set-up and numerical model for Specimen Cl. a Test setup for Specimen Cl [22]. b Three dimensional FE model for specimen C1 ‘manufactured with a metal plate with a thickness of 20 mm, and Specimen C2 with a metal plate with a thickness of 16 mm, thereby establishing the connec tions of the two specimens in partally-retrained joints. ‘The concrete filler plates (with a thickness of 44 mm) with a wire mesh layer were used to efficiently transfer vertical loads, Figure 1a (22] also shows the test setup for Specimen Cl with the accompanying instrumen- tation shown in Fig. 2a, Specimen C3 was the specimen manufactured with metal column plates with a thickness of 45mm, and did not contain concrete filler plates. The high-yield strength bolts connecting the column plates were secured in the counterbores of the plates. The structural performance a 76 Page 6 of 18 ‘Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Top View Bes emer wes) TY) om iew Seale) asta festtoton) Sra 36ee Gatw) reas) Front wera (a) 4 Loading protocol for column specimen (height: 1700 mm) setcaah | aeteanent | ofece i ts ‘ano | as | 6 : ans | 7 zy i Gere om [3 2 om | st 2 eos | 2 ons | as 2 on || 2 ow | | 2 om | 3 | 2 amber ofeyetes «| =m [2 Diplacementqmm) 63mm —-$Smm_— 12 75mm YFMMPSSMM, sym gene 34mm 68inm (b) Fig. 2 Instrumentation and loading protocol. a. Locations of gauges and linear variable differential wansformers (LVDT). b Loading protocol [22] of the control monolithic Specimen C4 comprised a performance of concrete filler plates was also evalu- fully restrained joint was compared with the partially ated. Material properties of precast concrete based restrained column specimens. ‘The structural mechanical joints for fully and partially restrained a Materials and Structures (2018)S1:76 Page 7 of 18 76 ‘moment connections are presented in Table 1 (22). ‘The axial loads and moments exerted on the column plates were transferred via a pair of steel plates connected by high strength bolts. The stiffness of the column plates for Specimens C1 and C2 was deter- mined to establish the partially restrained moment connections of the joints. 2.3 Failure modes The test results are summarized in Table 2 [22], and highlight the deformations of column plates. Figure 8a depicts a definition of the plate deformation, in which large deformations were observed with Specimens CL and C2 whereas no noticeable deformation was found with Specimens C3. A deformation range spanning 12-18 mm was measured on the upper plate, while the ower plate demonstrated a deformation range that spanned 15-23 mm for Specimen Cl. This specimen was fabricated with column plates (with a thickness of 20 mm), and a concrete filler plate (with a thickness of 44 mm) between the metal column plates. Larger deformations were observed with Specimen C2, and the upper and lower plates demonstrated deformations of 15-20 and 17-25 mm, respectively. Specimen C2 was also fabricated with column plates (with a thickness of 16 mm), and a concrete filler plate (with a thickness of 44 mm) between the metal column plates. The flexural resisting capacities of column Table 2. Test summary [22] Specimens C1 and C2 were also attained, as depicted in Fig. 3a, b. The test results for the precast column connections with concrete filler plates are summarized in Table 2 [22]. It is shown in Table 2 [22] that Specimen C3 that comprised metal column plates (with a thickness of 45 mm), exhibited no noticeable plate deformations. Specimen C3 demonstrated a maximum load of 382 KN at a stroke of 102 mm (382 KN, 102 mm). The maximum load was followed by crushing failure of the concrete owing to compres- sion. Specimen C4, which was fabricated with rebars with a diameter of 25 mm, was a conventional cast-in- place monolithic specimen without column plates Specimen C4 demonstrated a maximum load capacity of 394 kNat a stroke of 68 mm (390 KN, 51 mm). The displacement reached by the monolithic specimen was 119 mm, and was smaller than the displacements of the specimens with mechanical joints. This was because the mechanical joints with metal plates rotated during the application of the lateral loads, thereby reaching larger displacements. 2.3.1 Specimen CI The failure modes of Specimen C1 were identified at stroke settings of 25.5, 68, 102, 119 mm, 153, 170 mm, and at the final deformation. These are shown in Fig. 3a, Loads increased until the maximum, oad capacity of 200 KN was reached at a stroke of Gacgory Specimen Cl (wo Specimen C2 (wo Specinen C3 (wo Specimen Cf Specimen MCI (wo Ducpact)” — \ermplus) damp) (ovale = pla) pec) Filer plate Cone filer plate Concrete ier plate No ile pate Monoliie Mel il pate Prae 12-1718 mm (op 15 = 20mm (op No deformations NA 3-4 mm (op plat) deformation plate) plate) “Fully restrained; 15-20 mm (bottom 15-22, 28mm 17 = 25 mm Goto No png aon ae) (Conon pac) pl) ‘arial retains Pail resin: Pally restaine with prying ation wih prying acon wid pig aon Fiiy ——Paallyreained Paral resaned Fly estrined—‘Fallysestined Partly estined Noted ure Nut sipege at Nat alipage stom alipnge Concrete enshing Nat slippage at inedes 19 mmorsuoke 187 mm of soke abe 7 min of Sooke Max. soke (4) 170 (4) 206 (iss wi ois remedy 4 om 19 epus Epis Max strength (+) 200 cs (oan 4 304 (ise a me © 164 om 30 206 a 76 Page 8 of 18 ‘Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Specimen C1: Lond-displacement curve ,.joag; 200 kW (102 mm) 250 Moment i (G40 KN-m) —> 200 ep —__Nut slippage —12.C1_FEA (dilation Angle=30, only fall damage at concrete filler 21 MPa, t contact stiftess: noalinesr) ‘Max, load: -208 KN (-136: hae daemeied! cemee | Displacement (mm) f@) Specimen C2: Load-displacement curve - Moment ‘Max. load: 148 KN (197 mu (255 iAlja | Sut suppaze | initiated z /Nut slippage 5 completed = ap a} [Nut slippage ‘completed: V4 ——| os Nut slippage! initiated & Max. fod: -1644N 202 ma) - Displacement (mm) ) 3 Load-displacement relationships. a. Load-displacement relationship compared with numerical evaluation for Specimen C1 (20 mm thick column plates) b Specimen C2 (16 mm thick column plates) (22] a Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Page 9 of 18 76 102 mm (208 KN, 136 mm). At this point, the nuts started to slip off the rebar threading. This was followed by a load reduction after a stroke of 115-120 mm (after reaching the maximum load) in the positive load direction. Load reduction was initiated at the interface between the column plate and concrete column at a stroke of 119 mm (Fig. 3a). This indicated that the nuts started being displaced, colliding with the concrete filler plate in the positive load direction. Near this stroke, the forces holding the rebars decreased, and thus caused a decrease in the load-resisting capacity. The interface between the column plate and concrete column continued to be further separated at a stroke of 153 mm. This was followed by a complete separation at a stroke of 170 mm, as shown in Fig. 4 [22], where one nut was found to be damaged in the direction along which the load reduction was observed. There was also a significant separation at the interface, which exposed the thread of the rebar. The test was terminated sudden decreases of the load values. In contrast, the ‘maximum load was maintained until the end of the test in the opposite direction, as observed in Fig. 3a, Load degradation was not observed in the load—displace- ment curve in the opposite direction of the loads, indicating that the two nuts were not damaged. These nuts resisted the loading relatively well. This effect contributed to the flexural capacity of the specimen until the end of the experiment. It is recommended to use nuts with a head length that is sufficiently extended Nut slippage completed Fig. 4 Specimen C1 (20mm thick column plates) [22]: separation between concrete and metal plate due to slipped puts at 170.0 mm stroke to prevent the threads from slipping off. It is also strongly recommended that nut holes are constructed with sufficient spacing so as to avoid beating against the filler plates. 2.3.2 Specimen C2 Specimen C2 exhibited a maximum load capacity of 148 KN at a stroke of 187 mm (164 KN, 202 mm), as depicted in Fig. 3b [22]. Plate deformations were initiated by the tension exerted by the rebars at the beginning of the test. Additionally, plate deformations were also persisted by the tension exerted by the steel sections welded to the plates up to the maximum load limit state. A constant load-bearing capacity within the stroke range of 110-180 mm was attained until the oad decreased at a stroke of 187 mm. At that instant, the nuts slipped off the threaded rebar end, and the fracture took place, as shown in Fig. 3b [22]. The structural degradation with energy dissipation was concentrated on the column plates. The upper and lower plates were gradually deformed by 9 and 14 mm, respectively, at a stroke of 187 mm. The deformation of the column plates measured at the end of the test was 15-20 and 17-25 mm at the upper and ower plates, as it can be seen in Table 2. The slippage of the nuts was initiated at a stroke of 187 mm, and ‘was accompanied by the separation of the interface between the column plate and the concrete column face. The nut fracture continued until the mut com- pletely slipped off the threaded end of the rebars at a stroke of 204mm. A sudden decrease of the load capacity occurred subsequently, as shown in Fig. 3b {22}, Finally, the rebars were unable to exert tension onto the metal column plate, thereby causing a decrease in the load-resisting capacity. The test was terminated with sudden drops in the loads shortly after the fracture of a nut ata stroke of 204 mm, as shown in Fig. 3b [22]. Significant separation between the inter- faces occurred that led to the exposed thread of the rebar. In contrast to the opposite direction, three nuts resisted the loading relatively well, thereby contribut- ing to the flexural capacity of the specimen until the end of the experiment. The nuts was undamaged at a stroke of 186.3 mm due to the low rebar strain level of ‘Specimen C2 (Legend 3 of Fig. 5 [22]) compared with that of Specimen Cl (Legend 2 of Fig. 5 [22)). The conerete filler plate of Specimen C2 showed the fracture modes similar to those in Specimen Cl. a 76 Page 10 of 18 ‘Materials and Structures (2018)51:76 Section 4 explores the rates of strain increase in Specimens C1 and C2 in order to evaluate the influences of the strength of the metal and concrete plates on the rates of strain increase of the rebars and steel sections when the over-turning moments increased. 3 Numerical analyses 3.1 Plasticity model of damaged concrete The three crack models for reinforced concrete elements, including the smeared crack concrete ‘model, brittle-crack concrete model, and the plasticity model of damaged concrete, are provided in the ABAQUS package [23]. In the present FEA model, the plasticity model of damaged concrete was used as this technique has the potential to represent the complete nonlinear and inelastic failure mechanisms of con- crete, based on tensile cracking and compressive crushing. The hardening behavior of conerete was also defined by inelastic compressive stresses and strains. ‘The first pair of the inelastic stress-strain relationship had to correspond to the onset of plasticity, as shown in Fig. 6 [23]. To facilitate the analyses conducted in this study, all the parameters relevant to the constitu- tive law in compression and tension are defined in Moment (Gio en my 40 stioes oss FE 20 mm ba ‘oad eat Genes 0002 0 Nut fracture Load (kN) Displacement (mm) Fig. 6 [23]. The onset of stiffness softening is represented by Point A corresponding to 0.40. and = 0.0005 for compression. The post-failure stress— strain relationship that existed between the microc- racks was also defined by the strain-stress constitutive Jaw for cracked concrete to facilitate the analyses of this study. The damage variables for compression and tension were defined by d. and d,, respectively, as depicted in Fig. 6 [23]. At these concrete plate strains, the strains of the concrete column were 0,00218 and 0.00234 (Fig. 7). The strains of the concrete filler plate increased rapidly after the strains of conerete column reached 0.003, 3.2. Material and mesh description for the finite clement analysis, Design based on nonlinear finite element model with concrete damaged plasticity is presented with ABA- QUS verified by the test data. The concrete damaged plasticity model is introduced for use in detachable precast concrete column joints for fully-restrained ‘moment connection using high-strength steel plates with the damage parameter for the concrete filler plates. This study explored the confining effect provided by steel section on the concrete based on the non-associated flow rule with dilatancy of the concrete using Drucker Prague model. However, Von — 1. Test data (column with metal plate, C3, 4245 mm; de= 20 mm) 2. Test data (column with metal plate, C1, 4220 mm, concrete filler plate; de= 20 mm) — 3. Test data (column with metal plate, C2, 4516 mm, concrete filler plate; de= 20 mm) — 4, Test data (column with metal plate, MCL, 1220 mm, metal filler plate; de= 20 mm) — 5. Test data (control column, C4; d= 25 mm) Fig. 5. Load-deflection relationships for monolithic column and columns with metal and conerete filler plates [22] a Materials and Structures (2018)S1:76 Page 11 of 1876 "Tension Fig. 6 Concrete damaged plasticity model [23] Fig.7 Suains ofconerete filler plate versus column = (O72 concrete for Specimen Cl Be based on FEA rests, 5 0018 a gam 2 § on E0009 & g 0008 $ 0.003 5 & 5 0 8 Mises is more accurately describe ductile materials in terms of ductile plastic deformation, such as the steel in which the dilatancy due to shear deformation is not significant, The non-linear parameters for the finite element analysis of this study are as follows; the concrete damaged plasticity model was chosen to simulate the behavior of the concrete in both com- pression and tension based on damage parameters of ° ‘0.0005 = Compression Point A 0,-8.4 MPa 41 -ddEo (0.00234, 0.008). Stroke: 16.2 mm Point 8) Stroke: 15.7mm (0.00218, 0.003) J" (Point A) (0.00215, 0.0022) 0.002 \ 0.0025 0.003 Stroke! 184mm, Compressive strain (concrete column) 0.001 0.0015 concrete filler plates. It should be noted that the selected model for concrete considers plastic tensile cracking and compressive crushing as the two major failure mechanisms, The inputs for material properties for concrete damaged plasticity of concrete included Young's modulus (E) of 21,540 MPa, a density of 2.354 ton/m’, a Poisson's ratio of 0.167, dilation angle of 30° with an eccentricity of 0.1. K, value of 0.6667 a 76 Page 12 of 18 Materials and Structures (2018)$1:76 (K, is the ratio of the second stress invariant on the tensile meridian to that on the compressive meridian), and a viscosity parameter of 0.001 were selected. The concrete compressive strength used in this analysis was 21 MPa. The embedded H-steel and reinforcing bars were modeled with yield strengths of 325 and 500 MPa, respectively (see Table | [22)). Steel material was modeled as elasto-hardening reaching the ultimate strength of 490 MPa in both compression and tension regions while the material behavior for reinforcing bars was assigned based on perfectly elasto-plastic rules. The Poisson’s ratio for steel was taken as 0.3 for both steel and reinforcing bars, and Young’s modulus for steel was taken as 205,000 MPa, hile that of the reinforcing bars was considered to be 206,000 MPa. A density of 2.354 ton/m® was assigned for both steel and reinforcing bars. The FE models presented in this study were developed based on continuum elements (8-node linear brick) of type C3DBR [23]. These elements are suitable for problem involving nonlinear contact behaviors between deformable bodies, and they demonstrate a good treatment of the nonlinear material properties. The proposed mechanical joint featured advanced treat- ‘ment of contact formulations between surfaces. The aforementioned contact properties were assigned between the following contact pairs: conerete-metal plate, metal plate-concrete filler plates, bolts-metal plates, bolts-concrete filler plates, bolt-metal filler plates, nuts-metal plates. A symmetric modeling technique (SXM = Ul = UR2=UR3=0, see Fig. 1b) was employed in this study to reduce the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs). A static load controlled by displacements (see loading protocol shown in Fig. 2b) was exerted at a height of 1700 mm above the foundation as it can be seen in Fig. 1a, b Boundary conditions (constraints #1 and #2) were assigned at the foundation to prevent any possible ‘movement of the foundation from occurring during the application of the lateral load. ‘The overall load~ deflection relationship obtained numerically was closely correlated with test data as shown in Fig. 3a. The stresses of the conerete filler plate were evaluated to be 20 MPa (Point A of Figs. 3a and 7) and 6 MPa (Point B of Figs. 32 and 7), respectively, at the stroke of 157 and 16.2 mm when the concrete strains of concrete plate reached 0,003 and 0.008. However, the concrete filler plate contributed to the structural a Fig. 8 Strains-stroke relationship for monolithic column and columns with meta/eonerete filler plates, a The activation of te- bars, stels and metal plates ata stroke of 50 mm based on FEA. results, b Strains-stroke relationships for rebars and column plates € Strains-stroke relationships for stel sections behavior of the proposed joints in a stable manner up to the strain of 0.003 for column. At these strains of conerete plate, the strains of concrete column were 0.00218 and 0.00234 (Fig. 7). The strains of concrete filler plate increased rapidly after the strains of concrete column reached 0.003. 4 Strains and the rate of strain increase Figure 5 (22] was generated from experimental data obtained from [22]. The envelopes of load-

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