ae Took Bh Compeatton f Indian Sect ‘Rural and Urban Society, Menning and their characteristics, Rura-Urban Linkage, Segre! determination, Social souiication and its traditional basi, 3, eet Remy: meaning, charatriieg merit and demerits, ‘heres, merits end demerits and recent changes inthe Caste System, Caste and clas in India — Model Paper 2020 int family system? Explain its merits and demerits. #gw fare ee on ah de & aren Fit! QS Explais the recent changes in the caste system. SRS et x stereo wad ser S rye wet we Retest oT fie whe (Q¢ Short noes: © SS see F ser ee Differentiate between caste and class © extrers? Weta Features of urban society. Qi. Throw light on the feanre of villege-community ‘The Rural Community |Socia! Life of man has undergone different stages of development. The earliest human ‘were perhaps the loosely organized aggregations of a few families who carried on ‘Gterdependient activities in gathering food and defending themselves against their yprmtive bands were migratory. Gradually, man acquired skill and knowledge in began the settled life of man. With the development of agriculture and the ‘of the source of food, human communities became more permanent. came to be known as Village Communities. The village is the oldest ‘man society has been cradled in the rural group”.Rural society or the village community consists of people living im a lim ‘have common interests and common ways of satisfying them Psychological bonds gly ax important part in the rural community. Physical locality contributes to the integration and stability of the village community. Such proximity had developed 2 sociability and had encouraged solidarity and mutuality. ‘The Rural Community, a rural community consists of people living on dispersed farmstead and ina hamlet or village which forms the centre of their common activities. In India alone more than 50 crores of people live in villages. More than 70 per cent of Indians live in more than five lakh villages in India. The urban life still depends on the fam and what produces, Characteristics 1, The Social Homogeneity. The rural community is largely homofeneous. The nw! social life is simple and smooth-going. Unity and uniformity in social Lie are largely vise. We find similarity in the ways of thinking, behaving, dressing, action and living. 2. Dominance of Primary Relations. The rural community is characterised by he somery relations. There exist face-to-face relations among people. Every person Knows every other and hence everyone is interested in the welfare of all The village community is relatively small in size. The members frequently meet and maintain regular contacts. 3. Informal Social Control. Social control, that is, the control of social bebaviow of people is relatively simpler and less problematic. Predominance of face-to-face celationsiip bas made the task of regulating relations a simple one. Customs, taditioas, group stmiiands and morals are themselves effective as social pressures. 4, Occupations. The rural community is marked by 2 predominant type of occupation, Set | is, agriculture, Agriculture is associated with different crafts lke pottery, basketmaking, "hides, washing clothes, barbering, building houses and repairing, ol gndiag, Ep the rural women engage themselves in indoor activities, but offen they ily is the smallest unit and not the individual. Individual interests are:6. Role of Neighbourhood. ‘Neighbourhood’ is a community in miniature. It is similar to a community, but it is a smaller area in which relationships tend to be primary, or more or less intimate. The neighbourhood is a part of the village, town or city, in which live a ‘number of families among whom close relationships exist. in a village the neighbourhood is of great importance. Neighbours share the joys and jorows together. They have the spirit of comradeship. There is not enough of individuality and speed in the life of the village to disregard the feeling, interests and Sxpectations of the neighbours. They participate in all common ceremonies, functions and festivals. They assist one another in all important matters, 7- Faith in religion. The rural people are mostly religious in th faith in religion, in God. They have awe and reverence and more than that fear of God. Zheir main occupation is agriculture which mainly depends on the mercy of Nature, & Conservatism and Dogmatism. The rural people we said te be highly conservative, traditional and dogmatic in their approach, It ig true that then social attitudes and behaviour pattems are dictated by traditions. They do not accept policies, plans, ere EeareaiS: Principles, projects, doctrines, etc. that the majority disapproached. They are basically sceptical in their attitude, -Q2 what do you understand by joint family system? Explain its merits and demerits Ans A Study of Joint Family with Reference to India ‘The joint famil ‘undivided family’. The Joint Family in India The Joint family, ly is also known as the caste system and the village indu social edifice is built. The The definition given by Smt. Iravati Karve, “a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, and who Participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some Particular type of kindred.” Types of Joint Family _ The joint family may assume two forms: 1. Patriarchal joint family and -Matriarchal joint family. r utes father-centred and the matriarchal joint family is mo mples: The patriarchal joint families are found among the Nambud of Chhotanagpur and the Angami Nagas of Assam, The Nam described as “Illom”. The matriarchal joint families are foundNairs of Malabar, the Khasis and Garos livi id eee kak Tawa Saving on the Garo hills of Assam. The Nair joint family Characteristics of the Joint Family 1, Depth of Generations. The joint family consists of including at least grandparents, parents and children. me oe SS ei of the joint family normally reside together under the same household. to the searcity of accommodation or due to educational and employment problems, members of the joint family may reside separately. 3. Common Kitchen. Members eat the food Prepared jointly at the common kitchen, Normally, the eldest female member of the family supervises the work at the kitchen. 4. Common Workship. Every family may have its own deity of ‘Kula devata’ and its own religious tradition. Members of the family take part in common worship, ceremonies. . Common Property. The members hold a common property. The head of the family manages the family property like a trustee. Asranged Marriages. In the joint family, the head considers it as his privilege to arrange the marriages of the members. Self-sufficiency. There was a time when the joint family was mostly self-sufficient. It used to meet the economic, recreational, medical, educational and other needs of the members. The rural agricultural joint families were mostly self-reliant, oint Famil Stable and Durable. The joint family is more stable and durable than the single unit family or the nuclear family. It contributes much to the continuation of the cultural tradition. Ensures Economic Progress. The joint family meets the basic needs of its members — sod, clothing and shelter — a first condition of economic progress. the Advantage of Division of Labour. Here the work is distributed among the ers on the basis of age and sex. Members co-operate with one another since they he property in common. Especially for agricultural tasks, the joint family is better people of three or more generations rites and Security. The joint family gives social security to the weak, aged, sick, bled, the disabled and such other needy persons. ‘ ‘Control. The joint family by exercising control over the behavior of its agency of social control. ” : i cal Security. The joint family provides psychological security to its a harmonious atmosphere in the family, it contributes to the oF takin oe a— sibilities and the younger ones are ake up too many respon: cic. the elder ones ti overprotected. i iat rise. Any new enterprise or adventure on the pea cata ee ae the head of the family. This adversely affects the individuality, originality and creativity of the young members. 3, Narrows Down Loyalties 4. The Centre of Quarrels ” Denies Privacy. Since the joint family is always overcrowded, privacy is denied to the newly wedded couple Affects Socialisation of Children. Due to the lack of intimacy and privacy between the husband and wife, the socialization of children is affected very badly. The Parents cannot always give personal attention to the upbringing of their children, Undermines the Status of Women. In patriarchal joint families, women have only secondary role. They are not given sufficient freedom to express and to develop their Personality. Their inner feelings are never recognized, 8. Limits Social Mobility. Members are more concerned with safeguarding their statuses rather than with changing them. Hence social mobility is very much limited here. a Q3 Explain the recent changes in the caste system Meaning of caste Caste system is very closely related with the Hindu philosophy of Religion belief system, ‘customs and traditions. It has also been treated as one of the oldest and deeply rooted social institution for years, ipanish word, ““casta’? ‘The word caste also si ‘kind’. In Hindu, the Most in Jati. As a matter of fact the caste in India owes its own origin to the Vama System. It is believed Present caste system is a degenerated for of the original Varma System, In India at least 3000 Castes and sub castes are seen with different culture religion, way of working etc . Therefore India is also called UNITY IN DIVERSITY, ‘“ on of is itis complex OWever various soci phenomenon, quite difficult to ologists have defined the casteWhereas KELKAR, has marked that ‘‘as caste is a group of having two characteristics ie Bembership is confined to those two are the boon of the members and include all persons diy the members are forbidden by an in exaura life social law to mai individual assumes his sition by virtue of his birth and which impose certaii code of conduct upon his member in regard to matrimonial relations . Features of caste system by N.K. Dutta and G.S.Ghruye NK Dutta— © Members of the caste cannot merely outside their group . In most cases there is a fixed occupation for a particular . Every caste has certain restriction upon all the member in respect of food , drink , and marriage . © There is a hierarchical gradation of caste . © Birth decides men's position in caste . © The prestige of the Brahmin caste is a comer stone of whole organization . Prof. G.S.Ghurye says that a caste is characterized by the segmentation of the society into various heirarchy ,or restriction on marriage and lastly diaability and privilege . Features of caste system -by G.S.Ghurye (1) Segmental division of society - Important characteristic of caste is that It divides Hindu Society in segments such as Brahmin Ksharrriya , Vaishya , Sudra etc their social status , ition , function .place of every member of every segment are determined according to caste . ‘G.S.Ghurye says about that In caste society quantity of community feeling is limited and the lity of its member is more towards their caste than total community” rehy - Under caste system in these segmental division the position of caste of the ‘not similar rather there is found rating of high and low . In this hierarchy Brahmin t place then comes the member of kshatriyas then vaishya and sudra come . caste between Brahmin and Sudra .In caste system and hierarchy change is not he basis of money status. Prof. Majumdar and Madan have rightly said that "Caste d proper to take food or similar castethis system the occupa i ion - According to jed_ ch of tion - / “ak predetermi Different caste accepted upen different caste were ined if ¢ 2 aide tradition . or religion that is why Probit 's work is done by Brak did dirty work - mem of 2 case oer (© Restriction on marriage - Marriage are solemnized among the member eee ce own caste only . He is expelled from the caste or brotherhood , if he marries ous caste so caste is an endogamous group . {7) Respect pattern -In caste system every caste follows the norms ‘according to social position . In old Samirites these rule s ascertained | is worth worshipping by even by the aged persons of other castes 2) Brahmin ,3- - Brahmin child can be guest to all , but the , to Brahmin. respect - expression Braborin ck Q4 short notes A Difference between caste and class. Caste and class represent two main forms of social stratification. Th stratification can be more easily defined as follows: | DUniversal: the class semi Peculiarities is unique to india. It is peculiar | in nature. It is found in almost =] the to india and hence it is not universal. | modern complex societies. origin: the caste system is 2. Secular-The class sie Bc) dito have has adivine origin. Itis | has nothing to do with religion thes been | Serociated with the Hindu tradition. | given no religious explanation | | i Class Peculiar: the caste system with alli ; 3.Less social distance The is less Saad distance between different classes. 4 greater distance being kept | catses.Closed system:Caste is a closed system. | it restrcts social mobility ic, the movement of peoplr from one social status to that ofthe other. 6 Open system: Class is an open system. It | provides for social mobility. Individuals can move from the lower class to the upper class. 7 Purity and Impurity: The idea of purity and impurity is associated with the caste, Some castes are called ‘pure’ while others are regarded as ‘impure’. Impure castes are regarded as untouchables, 7 Feeling of disparity: There is a feeling of disparity on the part of members of a class. The question of purity nad impurity does not arise. Hence there is no practice of untouchability. 8.Complexity: The caste system is a complex system. The very fact that more than 800 castes and sub-catses are found in India,makes it evident how complex itis. ‘$.Simplicity: The class system is known for its simplicity. Broadly speaking,there are only three classes-the upper,middle and the Jlower,hence the network of relations is also simple. 9,ConservativerThe catse ridden system tends to become conservative,orthodox and reactionary. Caste become, in course of time,water-tight compartments. 9.Progressive:The class laden system is, regarded as more progressive. Classes give more freedom to the members. Class permits greater social mobility. Features of urban society. Urban Society 1. The urban society is heterogeneous. It is known for its diversity and complexity. . It is dominated by secondary relations. It is not united. 2. 3. The urban people are known for their artificiality, narrow 4 \indedness and selfishness. |. Formal means of social control such as law, legislation, police, court, etc. are needed in addition to the informal means for regulating the behaviour of the people. 5. It is an ‘open’ society. It provides more chances for social mobility. Here status is ‘achieved’. 6. Here, the family is said to be unstable. conflicts often paralyse the city life, Urban community consists of a big number of people. _ Urban community is a "Complex multigroup society." , More than the family, individual is given importance. Joint families are comparatively less in number. 1. Chances are greater for people to become rich. People are more class-conscious, Class