A JOURNAL READING ABOUT COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

A Journal Reading Presented to

Lendell Kelly B. Ytac, RN
Faculty, FNAHS BSN-Program
Davao Oriental State University

__________________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for
NCM 113
Community Health Nursing 2
(Population,Groups and Community as Clients )

By

Regine L. Pudpud
Student Nurse,BSN-3B

September 4,, 2023

 Title: Cornerstones of public health nursing
Authors: Linda Olson Keller Susan Strohschein, Marjorie A Schaffer
Date Published:

Summary:

The values and principles that guide the practice of public health nursing, a
synthesis of public health and nursing, are described in the "Cornerstones of
Public Health Nursing". The need to promote public health nursing programs,
roles, and financing served as the catalyst for the creation of the Cornerstone
structure. Their creation involved members of the public health nursing
community at every stage and was grounded in practice. Over the past ten
years, educators have utilized the Cornerstone framework to teach public health
nursing, and administrators in municipal and state health agencies have used it
for orientation and continuing education. The Cornerstones have been made
available both domestically and abroad. The Cornerstones framework was
created and disseminated by public health nurses in Minnesota, according to
this publication which also includes.
Despite there being an overall agreement that public health nursing practice is a
synthesis of the public health and nursing disciplines, that synthesis has not
been spelled out in detail. Identification of the values and beliefs that each
contributor to the synthesis has contributed is necessary the underlying
academic fields. The need for a clear articulation of that synthesis developed
forcefully in the health care reform attempts of the 1990s. The "Cornerstones of
public health nursing" provide a cogent synthesis of these values and beliefs as
well as an underlying structure for the practice of public health nursing. The
public health nursing field was forced by cost-cutting measures to define its job
precisely or face drastic budget reductions. Public health nurses (PHNs) were
reducing or eliminating nursing employment at Minnesota's municipal health
departments.
The Cornerstones framework evolved in three distinct phases over a 9-year
period a much longer process than anticipated. This process began with 10
PHN consultants in a state health department. The consultants’ job descriptions
were to provide policy and programmatic liaison between the state and multiple
local health departments in a region on topics such as disease prevention and
control, health promotion, maternal and child health, and services for the ill and
disabled. Eight of the PHN consultants possessed master’s degrees in public
health nursing the group represented 242 years of public health nursing
experience, ranging from 15 to 30 years. Later, practicing PHNs and PHN
directors in local health departments were included in the development
process.A grid was created to categorize the documents' thematic content for
study. For instance, the APHA definition and function statement, public health
principles, and state statutory requirements for PHN certification all featured a
focus on populations as part of their representations of the topic of "focus on
populations." We compared and contrasted the substance and commonality of
themes across papers after identifying the themes from each source. As an
illustration, the Institute of Medicine report stated that the core purpose of
assurance is to "ensure that services necessary to achieve agreed upon goals are
provided, either by encouraging actions by other entities (private or public
sector), by requiring such action through regulation, or by providing services
directly" (Institute of Medicine 1988).In actions that others are unable or
unwilling to perform (Minnesota Administrative Rules, 1978). Although the
wording varies, the assurance job is described in both of these texts. After
reviewing and critiquing several iterations of the themes, the PHN consultants
confirmed a thorough list of similar themes.
The values and principles that guide PHNs' work were reflected in the final,
synthesized list of Cornerstones. The Cornerstone framework has been applied
in education and practice in many different ways since its creation. Five
''connecting projects'' were developed as a result of the ''linking grant,'' which
was financed by the Division of Nursing, and included PHNs from 14
baccalaureate nursing schools, 2 tribal health agencies, and 33 local health
departments. The Public Health Intervention Wheel and the Cornerstones of
Public Health Nursing gave the linking project's participants a shared frame of
reference as they worked to restructure the state's public health nursing student
clinical experience. Numerous magnets showcasing the modernized
Cornerstone framework were given to all nursing schools and hospitals as part
of the funding.
PHNs concentrate on a population's overall health. According to Williams
(1977), a population is a group of people who share one or more environmental
or personal traits. Populations can be classified as a population of interest or a
population at risk. Examples of populations include older adults at risk for falls,
everyone who drinks water from private wells, children who are not
immunized, adolescents at risk for suicide, people who use tobacco, and
construction workers at risk for hearing loss. A population-at-risk has a known
risk factor that endangers health, while a population-of-interest is generally
healthy but could enhance factors that protect health ..A focus on the health of
entire populations includes an emphasis on addressing the determinants of
health, which include biology and genetic makeup, personal health practices
and coping skills, early child development, social support networks, education,
employment and working conditions, a safe and clean physical environment,
and health services (The Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002b). The
population health template is a valuable tool for assessing how much attention
programs pay to population health (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002a).
Example of practice: Pregnancy-free club. Public health nurses from a city
health department and teachers from an alternative high school worked together
to target a population at risk: female adolescents who are pregnant. The
pregnancy-free club was created by PHNs and school staff to decrease
recurring pregnancies among adolescent female parents enrolled in the school
Participants in this population-focused, evidence-based program experienced a
drop in their likelihood of repeat pregnancies from 25% to 7.2%. Reflects
community goals and needs. The PHNs employed population health ideas that
enhanced health and decreased future social and economic inequities for
adolescent moms and their children. The high infant mortality and infectious
diseases among new immigrants to the country in the 1920s; the threats posed
by tuberculosis and polio in the 1950s; the need for care for elderly and
disabled people in their homes in the 1960s; the emergence of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in the 1980s; and the growing uninsured homeless population in the
1990s were all issues that PHNs addressed. PHNs are heavily involved in
setting up the public health infrastructure to deal with infectious diseases,
terrorism, and natural disasters in the twenty-first century. The creation of
programs and services takes into account a number of variables, including the
problem's relevance and urgency, staffing levels, money availability,
legitimacy in the eyes of the law, political will, and community resources and
support. PHNs collaborate with others and use needs assessment techniques
like focus groups, geographic data, and community-based action research.
Collaboration with population representatives, other professionals, and
organizations to influence health care planning to promote health is a
significant part of public health nursing (PHN) practice (American Nurses
Association [ANA], 1999; Collaboration ''commits two or more persons or
organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one
or more of the members to promote and protect health). PHNs bring
community partners to the table and form partnerships to to the health goals. In
their role with official governmental agencies such as health departments, PHN
may force people to comply with out their consent in order to protect the health
of the entire population. They may be involved in enforcing immunization
laws, deeming a private residence a public health nuisance, mandating contact
notification by persons infected with a sexually transmitted disease, reporting
child abuse, or initiating quarantine to control infectious disease.
Reflection:

The Foundational Principles of Public Health Nursing thousands of PHNs and

public health professionals student nurses. The observations indicate that the
the character and attraction of the cornerstone framework inspiring and
motivating public health nursing spirit demanding exercise. The Cornerstones
control the flow of understanding of PHNs, which empowers them to speak out
and helps individuals discover the strength to speak up for themselves and their
self-control. The cornerstones consist of Over time and space, labor has
persisted and will continue to give future generations guidance the PHNs.

I agree to this this learning program is designed to help you deliver culturally
and linguistically competent care. Cultural and linguistic competency is the
capacity for individuals and organizations to work and communicate
effectively in cross-cultural situations. Cultural and linguistic competency can
help improve the quality of the care you deliver to patients from diverse
cultural backgrounds. In addition PHNs focus on the health of entire
populations. A population may be defined as a collection of individuals who
have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in
common..Examples of populations include older adults at risk for falls,
everyone who drinks water from private wells, children who are not
immunized, adolescents at risk for suicide, people who use tobacco,and
construction workers at risk of hearing loss.Populations can be categorized as a
population-of-interest or a population-at-risk. Apopulation-of interest is
essentially healthy but could improve factors that protect health, while a
population-at risk possesses an identified risk factor that threatens health A
focus on the health of entire populations includes an emphasis on addressing
the determinants of health, including income and social status, social support
networks, education, employment and working conditions, a safe and clean
physical environment, biology and genetic makeup, personal health practices
and coping skills, early child development, and health services A useful tool
for evaluating the degree to which programs focus on population health is the
population health template.

In conclusion the Cornerstones of public health nursing serve as a companion

framework to the Public Health Intervention. Together, the two frameworks are
used by educators for teaching public health nursing, by administrators and
supervisors in health departments for orientation and continuing education, and
by the public health nursing community as a decision making framework. The
Cornerstones framework identifies the unique contributions of PHNs and may
be used with policymakers to advocate for PHN positions and funding. The
framework could also be utilized as part of a marketing strategy to draw
students and nurses who share those values and beliefs into the discipline. The
Cornerstones framework is also useful in describing the public health nursing
specialty to other public health disciplines and identifying where the disciplines
intersect to maximize the effectiveness of interdisciplinary teams.The
engagement, interest, and inquiry from the public health nursing community
were evident through each stage of this process. PHNs who adopt the
Cornerstone are able to more clearly articulate what they do and why they do it,
which generates energy and motivation for their practice.