Full Conversational English

Fluency and Proficiency
Conversational English
Anderson Romanhuk
PARTS OF SPEECH – COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
In the next few pages I am going to try and make activities in a communicative way to learn and master
all parts of speech in the English Language so you can become not only Fluent but also Proficient in the
language. Let´s have some fun then.
Foundational Knowledge – Exposure to the Foundation of the English Language in order to understand it.
Conceptual Understanding and Usage – Application of the Foundation in a meaningful way of practice.
Procedural Fluency – Actual

ctual usage of the language with Fluency and Proficiency.
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Copyright . Easy . All rights reserved Anderson Romanhuk
FLUENCY and PROFICIENCY
The term ‘fluent’ is a Latin word meaning “flowing”.
In language acquisition circles (at least originally) it refers to the speed or smoothness at which a
foreign language travels
ravels out of a person’s mouth.
‘Proficiency’ on the other hand refers to your skill level – how much you actually know and are able to
use.
So you might have an incredibly high level of language proficiency (large vocabulary, strong grasp of
grammar, advanced
nced reading level) yet have terrible fluency when you speak (you’re slow to produce speech
and get the words out or an impeded pronunciation).
Likewise, you may have encountered people who are quite fluent yet aren’t overly proficient.
Fluent
Like a nativee speaker, a fluent speaker of a language is very comfortable with the language — however,
it is not necessarily their first, native, or mother tongue. Although it’s difficult to achieve, fluency can be
attained through extended study and, usually, with ti me spent living in full linguistic immersion.
time
Webster defines the adjective “fluent” in reference to language as “capable of using a

Merriam-Webster
language easily and accurately.” It’s important to note that while a fluent speaker may be nearly perfect, they
may require more conscious concentration when speaking and may not have the same spontaneity as a native
speaker when it comes to idioms and similar terms and phrases.
Proficient
Turning back to the dictionary, “proficient” is defined as “well advanced in an occupation, art, or
branch of knowledge.”
In terms of language, the “proficient” label can therefore be seen as referring to a speaker who, while
very skilled in the use of a language, uses the language with greater formality and less familiarity than a na
native
or fluent speaker.
https://www.accreditedlanguage.com/interpreting/defining-levels-of-language
https://www.accreditedlanguage.com/interpreting/defining language-proficiency-avoids-confusion/
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ENGLISH LEVELS - The Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) Scale
The Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale is a set of descriptions of abilities to communicate in
a language. It was originally developed by the United States Foreign Service Institute, and
an is still widely known
as the FSI scale. It consists of descriptions of five levels of language proficiency.
• Elementary proficiency (S-1)

1)
• Limited Working proficiency (S-2)

(S
• Professional Working proficiency (S-3)

(S
• Full Professional proficiency (S

(S-4)
• Native or Bilingual proficiency (S-5)

(S
What is elementary proficiency? (S-1)

1)
Definition - Elementary proficiency is the first level of five in the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale
nstitute (FSI) scale. This level is sometimes
of language proficiency, formerly called the Foreign Service IInstitute
referred to as S-1
1 or Level 1. A person at this level is described as follows:
• able to satisfy routine travel needs and minimum courtesy requirements
• can ask and answer questions on very familiar topics; within the scope of very limited language experience
within
• can understand simple questions and statements, allowing for slowed speech, repetition or paraphrase
• has a speaking vocabulary which is inadequate to express anything but the most elementary needs; makes
frequent errors in pronunciation and grammar, but can be understood by a native speaker used to dealing
with foreigners attempting to speak the language
• while topics which are “very familiar” and elementary needs vary considerably from individual to individual,
1 level should be able to order a simple meal, ask for shelter or lodging, ask and give
any person at the S-1
simple directions, make purchases, and tell time.
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What is limited working proficiency? (S-2)
(S
ncy is the second level of five in the Interagency Language Roundtable

Definition - Limited working proficiency
(ILR) scale of language proficiency, formerly called the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) scale. This level is
sometimes referred to as S-2 d as follows:
2 or level 2. A person at this level is described
• able to satisfy routine social demands and limited work requirements
• can handle with confidence, but not with facility, most social situations including introductions and
casual conversations about current events, as well as work, family
family, and autobiographical information
• can handle limited work requirements, needing help in handling any complications or difficulties; can
get the gist of most conversations on non-technical
non subjects (i.e. topics which require no specialized
knowledge), and d has a speaking vocabulary sufficient to respond simply with some circumlocutions
• has an accent which, though often quite faulty, is intelligible
• can usually handle elementary constructions quite accurately but does not have thorough or
confident control
trol of the grammar.
What is professional working proficiency ? (S-3)

(S
Definition - Professional working proficiency is the fourth level of

five in the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale of
language proficiency, formerly called the Foreign Service
Servic
Institute (FSI) scale. This level is sometimes referred to as
S-33 or Level 3. A person at this level is described as
follows:
• able to speak the language with sufficient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate
effectively in most formal and iinformal conversations on practical, social, and professional topics
• can discuss particular interests and special fields of competence with reasonable ease
• has comprehension which is quite complete for a normal rate of speech
• has a general vocabulary which is broad enough that he or she rarely has to grope for a word
• has an accent which may be obviously foreign; has a good control of grammar; and whose errors
virtually never interfere with understanding and rarely disturb the native speaker.
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What iss full professional proficiency? (S-4)
(S
Definition - Full professional proficiency is the fourth level of five in the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR)
scale of language proficiency, formerly called the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) scale. This level is sometimes
referred to as S-44 or level 4. A person at this level is described as follows:
• able to use the language fluently and accurately on all levels normally pertinent to professional needs
• can understand and participate in any conversations with in the range of own personal and
within
professional experience with a high degree of fluency and precision of vocabulary
• would rarely be taken for a native speaker, but can respond appropriately even in unfamiliar
situations
• makes only quite rare and un-patterned

un erned errors of pronunciation and grammar
• can handle informal interpreting from and into the language.
What is native or bilingual proficiency? (S

(S-5)
Definition - Native or bilingual proficiency is the fifth level of five in the Interagency Language Rou
Roundtable (ILR)
scale of language proficiency, formerly called the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) scale. This level is sometimes
referred to as S-5
5 or level 5. A person at this level is described as follows:
of an educated native speaker

• has a speaking proficiency equivalent to that of
• has complete fluency in the language, such that speech on all levels in fully accepted by educated
native speakers in all of its features, including breadth of vocabulary and idiom, colloquialisms, and
pertinent cultural references.
erences.
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Alphabet
A-ei D-di G-dgi J-diei M-em P-pi S-es
es V-vi X-ex
B-bi E-i H-eitch K-kei N-en Q-kiu T--ti W- Y-uai

doboiu
C-ci F-ef I-ai L-el O-ou R-ar U--iu Z-zi
Word Dictation
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
_______________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
Text Dictation
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
List of Words in English
Apple Elephant Iguana Monkey Quail Universe Yellow

Banana Fish Jellyfish Nectarine Rat Viper Zebra
Cat Gator Kangaroo Ostrich Snake Whale
Dog Hyena Lion Pig Tiger X-ray
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You will have 15 minutes to make a list of words in English with the letters given - HOMEWORK
A. _______________________________________________________________________
B. _______________________________________________________________________
C. _______________________________________________________________________
D. _______________________________________________________________________
E. _______________________________________________________________________
F. ________________________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
G. _______________________________________________________________________
H. _______________________________________________________________________
I. _______________________________________________________________________
J. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
K. _______________________________________________________________________
L. _______________________________________________________________________
M. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
N. _______________________________________________________________________
O. _______________________________________________________________________
P. _______________________________________________________________________
Q. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
R. _______________________________________________________________________
S. _______________________________________________________________________
T. ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
U. _______________________________________________________________________
V. _______________________________________________________________________
W. _______________________________________________________________________
X. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Y. _______________________________________________________________________
Z. _______________________________________________________________________
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Numbers
Numbers in English
1 - One 11 - Eleven 30 - Thirty

2 - Two 12 - Twelve 40 - Forty
3 - Three 13 - Thirteen 50 - Fifty
4 - Four 14 - Fourteen 60 - Sixty
5 - Five 15 - Fifteen 70 - Seventy
6 - Six 16 - Sixteen 80 - Eighty
7 - Seven 17 - Seventeen 90 - Ninety
8 - Eight 18 - Eighteen 100 – One Hundred
9 - Nine 19 - Nineteen 1.000 – One Thousand
10 - Ten 20 - Twenty 1.000.000 – One Million
Write the numbers given below
5- ______________________ 40 - ______________________
15 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________
50 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________
4- ______________________ ____ - ______________________
14 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________
Write the Time - What Times is it?
07:00PM - ________________________________ 08:10AM - ________________________________
08:15PM - ________________________________
_______________________ 08:50AM - ________________________________
08:30PM - ________________________________ 12:00PM - ________________________________
08:45PM - ________________________________ _________________________

12:00AM - ________________________________
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Fill out the check with the amount given
US$ 1.250,00 - John Smith - May 3rd 2019 - Car Insurance
Do the Math and write down the results
1. 12 - 8 = ________________________ 5. 30 + 50 = ________________________
2. 4 + 4 = ___________________
________________________ 6. 2 + 3 = ________________________
3. 8 + 7 = ________________________ 7. 24 - 10 = ________________________
4. 14 - 1 = ________________________ 8. 70 - 20 = ________________________
Do the Math and write down the results

resu
1. ____________________________________ 4. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________ 5. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________ 6. ____________________________________
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TELL ME THE TIME
It´s a quarter to nine It´s ten fifteen
It´s a quarter to two It´s half past four
It´s half past six It´s fifteen to ten
It´s
t´s half past six It´s fifteen to ten
Months of the Year
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Days of the Week and Seasons
1 Sunday
2 Monday
3 Tuesday
4 Wednesday
5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday
Complete the sentence or answer the questions
Today is _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Yesterday was _____________________________________________________________
Tomorrow will be _____________________________________________________________
Christmas is on _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Independence day is on ___________________________________________________________
New Year is on _____________________________________________________________
My birthday is on _____________________________________________________________
Today is MONDAY and yesterday was _____________ Today is Tuesday and tomorrow will be ___________
Yesterday was SUNDAY and today is ______________ Today is FRIDAY and yesterday was _____________
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GREETINGS
Complete the Dialogue
Hi, Good morning ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
What is your name? (Full) ____________________________________________________________
How is it going? ____________________________________________________________
How old are you? ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
What is your profession? ____________________________________________________________
What is your Major? ____________________________________________________________

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the verb to be.
Complete the gaps with the negative forms of the
1. This book _________ mine.

2. Jane and Pete_________ married.
3. That _________ right.
4. My brother _________ here at the moment.
5. We _________ in England.
6. It _________ Monday today.
7. Jennie's surname _________ Peters.
8. I _________ a hairdresser.
9. My name
ame _________ Alexander.
10. There _________ many people in this class.
Unscramble the sentences
1. twenty-five years I old. am

______________________________________________________________________
2. Venezuela. We from are
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. a Anton is name and student. My I'm
______________________________________________________________________
4. my is This book.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. It's today nice a day.
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. is engineer. an John
___________________________________________________________________
7. There my in are students class. twelve
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Space out the paragraph
Himynameisandersonromanhukiam48yearsoldiamfrombostonwhereihavelivedmostofmylifeintheusaia
Mateacheraprofessorandabusinessmaniliveingoianiaandihavet
ateacheraprofessorandabusinessmaniliveingoianiaandihavethreechildrenrodrigocamila
childrenrodrigocamilaandnicholasiliket
otravelallovertheworldreadbookswatchmoviesandstudyandlearnaboutnewpeopleandculture
otravelallovertheworldreadbookswatchmoviesandstudyandlearnaboutnewpeopleandculture
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
This is the
Complete the gaps with the appropriate answer Empire State
Building.
He is from France. He´s _____________. He speaks _________________. It´s located in

the USA.
She´s Greek. She´s from ____________. She speaks ________________.
__________ It´s an
American
He is American. He´s from ___________. He speaks _________________. attraction
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
____________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
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SENTENCES
SUBJECT + AUXILIAR/MODAL + VERB + _____________ AFFIRMATIVE
John -- worked hard last night/at the school.
I -- study every night with my brother.
They will give me a nice gift.
You should help me with the homework .
SUBJECT + AUX/MODAL (not) + VERB + ____________ NEGATIVE
John DID NOT / DIDN'T work hard last night/at the school.
I DO NOT / DON'T study every night with my brother.
They WILL NOT / WON'T give me anything for my birthday.
You SHOULD NOT/SHOULDN'T help him/her with the homework
AUX/MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB + ___________? QUESTIONS
DID John work last night at the school?
DOES he study every night with his brother?
WILL they give us anything for Christmas?
COULD you help me with my homework?
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QUESTION WORDS
WHERE - Place - Where do you live? I live in Goiania
WHEN - Time - When is your birthday? It is on November 5th.
WHAT - Things - What is your favorite color? It is Blue.
WHO - Person - Who is your best friend? It is my daugh

daughter.
WHY - Reason - Why will you study English? Because it is good for my career.
HOW - Way - How do you come to school? I come by car/bus/train/on foot.
WHOSE - Possession - Whose building is this? It is ICG's building.
WHICH - Option - Which color do you prefer, Red or Blue? I prefer blue.
HOW MANY - Quantity - How many friends do you have? I don't have many friends.
HOW MUCH - Quantity - How much do you love her/him? I love her/him very much/a lot.
HOW TALL - Height - How tall are you? I am 6'00" (1,80)
HOW HIGH - Height - How high is this building? It is very high.
HOW HEAVY - Weight - How heavy are you? I am about 209 pounds.
HOW OFTEN - Frequency - How often do you come to school? I come once/twice a week.
HOW LONG - Length of time - How long have you been here? I've been here for almost 4 years.
HOW FAST - Speed - How fast can I drive in the city? You can drive at 35MPH max.
AUXILIARS
SIMPLE TENSE - BASE VERB (work) CONTINUOUS TENSE--GERUND (ing)
DO/DOES - Present AM/IS/ARE - Present
DID - Past WAS/WERE - Past
WILL - Future (no plan) WILL BE - Future
BE GOING TO - Future (plan) BE GOING TO BE - Future
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MODALS
POSSIBILITY/ABILITY NECESSITY/OBLIGATION ADVICE

ADV
CAN OUGHT TO SHALL
MAY (permission) HAVE GOT TO SHOULD
COULD HAVE TO HAD BETTER
MIGHT MUST (Prohibition) -
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Do you study? Did you study last week? Will you study tonight?
Where do you study? Where did you study last week? Where will you study tonight?
When do you study? When did you study for the last time? When will you study again?
Why do you study? Why did you study last weekend? Why will you study tonight?
What do you Study? What did you study? What will you study tonight?
MODALS
POSSIBILITY NECESSITY ADVICE
Can you play guitar? I have to study harder. Should I stop drinking coke?
Could you play guitar? I must not drink and drive. You had better stop smoking.
May I play the guitar? I ought to respect my parents. I shall pay attention to the teacher.
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PUT THE VERB WITH THE PICTURE
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PUT THE VERB WITH THE PICTURE
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WHAT ARE THEY DOING?
1. The girl IS SWEEPING the floor for her mother.
2. The girls ARE PETTING the rabbit at the camp.
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________
9. ________________________________ ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________________
11. ____________________________________________________________________________________
12. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
13. ____________________________________________________________________________________
14. ____________________________________________________________________________________
15. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
16. ____________________________________________________________________________________
17. ____________________________________________________________________________________
18. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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NOUNS
Singular and Plural
SINGULAR Man Woman Person Child Goose Mouse Sheep Tooth Foot
PLURAL Men Women People Children Geese Mice Sheep Teeth Feet
ADD ES CH SH X O S SS Z
SINGULAR Match Brush Box Potato Bus Kiss Quiz
PLURAL Matches Brushes Boxes Potatoes Buses Kisses Quizzes
F/FE – VES
SINGULAR Knife Wife Wolf Loaf Half
PLURAL Knives Wives Wolves Loaves Halves
Count and Non Count
Singular or Plural.
Count – Things you can count separately and you can use them in Singular
Non Count – Things you can´t count separately and you do not use them in Plural or with indefinite article.
CONTAINERS
Bottle Box Bag Bowl Carton Bar Package Cup Glass Pound
QUANTIFIERS
COUNT NON COUNT
Some Many Any A few A lot Some Much Any A little A lot
Compound and Collective
Compound Noun is made up of two or more words.
Collective Noun is used to describe a group of nouns.
COMPOUND NOUNS
Toothbrush Toothpaste Phone Card Card Phone Bathroom Housekeeper Football
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Bouquet Bunch Herd Gang Group Fleet Flock
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Nouns
Count Nouns
Count nouns refer to any types of nouns that can be counted. They have singular and plural forms.
They are the most common types of nouns you will encounter.
e.g. cars, apples, buses, bananas
Mass Nouns
Mass nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. You don't really refer to these plural objects as
separate entities. Rather, you think of it as one. For example, how exactly do describe a lot of money? You
cannot say "moneys"! Theyy do not usually have a plural form.
advice, air, blood, equipment, food, garbage, graffiti, grass, homework, housework, information,
knowledge, luggage, mathematics, meat, milk, money, music, pollution, research, sand, soap, software,
sugar, time, traffic,, transportation, travel, trash, water
For each sentence, fill in the blank with the correct response.
1. I went to the tourist office to get _____ information.

a) a few b) a little
2. Kids today spend so _____ time on the internet!
a) much b) manyy
3. He has a good job and makes a large _____ of money.
a) amount b) number
4. OK, let's do it! But hurry up I don't have _____ time!
a) much b) many
5. I only know _____ people in this
city.
a) a little b) a few
6. Mary always tells me that shee
wants to have _____ children.
a) much b) many
7. There are _____ things that I
want to say to you.
a) so many b) so much
8. I would like _____ time to think
about this.
a) a little b) a few
9. I would like _____ hamburger.
a) some b) a
10. ve to buy _____ furniture for
I have
my new apartment.
a) some b) a
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Plural Noun Forms
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s.
• more than one snake = snakes

• more than one ski = skis
• more than one Barrymore = Barrymores
Words that end in -ch, s like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural:
ch, sh, o, x, ss, s or s-like
• more than one witch = witches • more than one kiss = kisses
• more than one box = boxes • more than one Jones = Joneses
• more than one gas = gases • more than one pass = passes
• more than one bus = buses • more than one bush = bushes
There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are sometimes
called mutated (or mutating) plurals.
• ld = children
more than one child • more than one person = people
• more than one woman = women • more than one goose = geese
• more than one man = men • more than one mouse = mice
With words that end in a consonant and a y, you'll need to change the y to an i and ad
add es.
• more than one baby = babies This rule does not apply to proper nouns:
• more than one gallery = galleries • more than one Kennedy = Kennedys
• more than one reality = realities
Change the sentences from singular to plural
1. The baby is sleeping

ng ___________________________________________________
2. The bus is late ________________________________________________________
3. The man in the car is wearing glasses ______________________________________
4. The child always plays in the park _________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. The knife is on the table _________________________________________________
6. The sheep is eating some grass ___________________________________________
7. The match starts at _____________________________________________________
8. Is your T-shirt
shirt clean? ____________________________________________________?
9. My foot is all white _____________________________________________________
10. The potato is in your plate _______________________________________________
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Vocabulary – Family Members
Parents – Mother and Father
Family – Brother, Sister, Son, Daughter, Wife, Husband, Spouse, Grandmother, Grandfather
Relatives – In-Laws (son-in-law), Steps (Step-son)

Uncle, Aunt, Cousin, Nephew, Niece / In (Step and Gods (Godson)
READING AND WRITING ACTIVITY
I have a small family and a quite a large number of relatives. My mother (Sue) and my father (Nicholas)
have both passed away a few years back and I miss them very much. I have two brothers,
brothers Marcel (my little
brother) and Andrew (my middle brother)
brothe ) and they are both married. Marcel is married to Joan and they have
one son,, his name is Brian and he is 13 years old. My middle brother Andrew is married to Jennifer and they
have 3 sons and their names are Peter, John and Jack and they are 16, 13 and 11 11 years old so I have 4
nephews and no nieces. I have 2 sons and 1 daughter. My older son is Rodrigo (he is 28 years old), my middle
daughter is Camila (she is 26 years old) and my little son is Nicholas (He is 12 years old) and I am single and 49
years old.
My grandfathers and grandmothers have all passed away a long time ago, my father´s parents were
from Russia originally and my mother´s parents were from Germany originally, so I have a mixed heritage. My
mother had 1 brother and 1 sister and my father had 2 sisters and 2 brothers,, so I had 3 uncles and 3 Aunts
and many cousins,, most of which I have never met in person because we lived far away from each other.
I grew up in a Catholic family so I had a Godfather and a Godmother and a few God Brothers and God
Sisters but later on I ended up leaving the catholic faith and trying other faiths on my own but I still have them
at heart. I had been married for a number of years in the past when I got separated about 10 years ago but I
do not have much contact with my In Laws anymore, especially because they are from Spain and because we
live far away from each other, we do not keep in touch as much as we did before.
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Answer the Questions and Write about them
1. What is your full name? (First, Second, Middle and Last names)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are your parents Names?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you have Siblings? What are their names?
na
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you have children? What are their names? Do you plan to have any? How many?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. How many Uncles and Aunts do you have? Tell me about them?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Tell me more
ore about your parents (Age, Profession, preferences)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is your marital Status?
tatus? (Single, married, divorced, widowed, dating) Tell me more about he/she
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is your heritage?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
YOU FAMILY AND RELATIVES

TALK / WRITE ABOUT YOUR
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Pick the Right Answer
I have three CHILD / CHILDREN and I am very proud of them because they are great PERSON / PEOPLE.
I have 2 BOYS / BOIES and 1 Girl. I try to give the BOYS / BOIES the bestst education I can so they can become
good MAN / MEN and for my daughter too so she can become a great WOMAN / WOMEN WOMEN. My older son is a
very tall MAN / MEN, he is 6´5’’ FEET / FOOT tall and he is a little over his weight right now. My middle
daughter is of an average height, she is about 5’8’’ FEET / FOOT tall and my little younger son is still a
teenager, so he will be a little taller than he is today I guess.
My BOYS / BOIES and I used to go and watch all the Pats MATCH / MATCHES when they played in
n, at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro and my daughter always liked more some of the MATCH / MATCHES of
Boston,
the Boston Celtics so we often went to see the games and TD Garden.
I am a very lucky MAN / MEN to have the FAMILY / FAMILIES I have and to have had the opportunity
oppo
to be with them all the way, so I am thankful to them for the opportunity to have let me be the father I always
wanted to be. I have friends who are still married and live happily with their WIFES / WIVES and I also have
friends who are single and we are all happy in our own ways, so I believe there is no “one size fits all” when it
comes to family and relationships.
Tell us about activities you do with your Kids or you have done with your Parents
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Rewrite the sentences in plural
1. The baby is sleeping _________________________________________________________________

2. The boy is late _______________________________________________________________________
3. The woman in the bus is wearing
ng lens _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________
4. The child often plays in the field ______________________________________________________
________________________
5. The knife is on the drawer ___________________________________________________________
6. The sheep is eating some grass ___________________________________________________________
7. The match starts at 2PM _________________________________________________________________
8. Is your T-shirt clean? _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. My foot is all swollen _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. The potato is in your plate ___________________________________________________________
11. Where is my Toothbrush and Toothpaste? _______________________________________________
_________________________________
12. This person is very intelligent. ___________________________________________________________
13. Who is that woman on the corner? _____________________________________________________
14. I watched Pats last Match in Foxboro. ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
15. The cake is in the Box ready for delivery. _____________________________________________________
16. Go to the grocery store and buy a loaf of bread. _______________________________________________
17. I need a Phone Card to make a call
all in this Card Phone. _________________________________________
18. My friend´s wife is tall _________________________________________________________________
19. Can I get a knife to prepare the meat? _____________________________________________________
20. Did you
ou see the video about the future? _____________________________________________________
35
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Pick the Right Answer
I like to have MANY / MUCH things for breakfast in the morning or at least a nice Brunch late in the
morning and NOT MUCH / NOT MANY for Lunch and only A FEW / A LITTLE things for dinner.
For breakfast I usually have a LOAF / LOAVES of bread but I only get a couple of slices and put butter
SOME / ANY butter in them and toast them A LITTLE / A FEW. I usually have A FEW / A LITTLE cups of coffee
during the day but for breakfast I have a large mug of coffee with milk so I normally buy a CARTON / BAG of
skin milk and sometimes I buy a GLASS / GALON of skin milk so I can eat SOME / ANY cereal too. Besides the
coffee, the bread and the cereal I also have SOME / ANY fruits for breakfast and I always have A BUNCH / A
HERD of bananas, SOME / ANY apples, A / AN papaya, and A / AN watermelon at home.
For lunch, like I said before, I like to eat A LITTLE / A FEW less than most people usually eat, so I prefer
pref
to have A / SOME sandwich with SOME / A nice hamburger and SOME / ANY tomato and lettuce. I do not like
too MUCH / MANY ketchup or mayo with the sandwich, but I like A LITTLE / A FEW mustard in it. I usually
drink A / SOME juice and I prefer orange with ice and no sugar.
In the middle of the afternoon I like to have SOME / ANY snack like a FLOCK / BAG of potato chips or
even a piece of cake and drink SOMETHING / ANYTHING refreshing and for dinner I would go for A / SOME
light food as I would not like to go to bed full.
Tell me about your meals
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________ ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ _________________________
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PRONOUNS
CHOOSE THE RIGHT PRONOUN

Linda is a great College Counselor and an even better Language Instructor with whom I / ME had the
honor to study with and later on to teach so SHE / HER could get HER / HERS certificate as a TESOL
TE certified
teacher. I / ME met SHE / HER when WE / US worked together at Mass Bay College back in the 90s and SHE /
HER was a Counselor for international Students. SHE / HER has always been a kind person to anyone who
came to SHE / HER for help when it came to choosing the classes at Mass Bay.
WE / US started out as colleagues and after a while WE / US became great friends. SHE / HER and SHE
/ HER husband Tim would always come by ME / MY house for dinner or THEY / THEM would go out with ME /
MY wife and I / ME back then. WE / US would go to Pats games and Celtics games, even though THEY / THEM
liked the Red Sox game better and to which I / ME was not fond of.
After WE / US had been friends for a little while, SHE / HER decided to take the TESOL certification
certific and
become a certified ESL/EFL teacher as well. At the time I / ME was working at another Educational Institution
and I / ME was one of the instructors for the course and SHE / HER became my student. After SHE / HER got
HER / HERS certification, HER / HERS husband got transferred to Japan to work in there and SHE / HER
eventually became an English Instructor.
WE / US still keep in touch but WE / US have not seen each other for a long time and our lives took WE
/ US in different directions. I / ME miss them very much and I / ME guess THEY / THEM do too. I / ME would
like to make ME / MYSELF more available to THEY / THEM and I / ME am sure THEY / THEM would love to
make THEM / THEMSELVES ES available too.
37
©
Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined words with pronouns
1. I saw Julie and Jill at the shopping mall.

mall
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________
2. Max smashed his car into the tree.
tree
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
___________________________
3. You cannot take your pets to the movies.
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________
4. Mary beat the boy up for his lunch money.
money
__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________
5. Max saw John in the store.
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ ___________________________
6. You and your family should take the bus.
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Where's my bike?? I can't find ________ .

2. Where's Nora?? I've got a book for ________.
3. My best friend is Charles.. I like ________ a lot.
4. Give ________ my cassettes.. I want ________ back.
5. ________ teacher is nice. ________ doesn't give ________ a lot of homework.
6. Jimmie can't put the tins on the shelf. Can you help ________?
7. Simon,, here's some orange juice for ________ .
8. Where are Pam and Rick?? I've got a letter for ________.
9. Where are ________ glasses?? I need ________.
10. I've got a brother.. Everybody calls ________ "Richie".
11. Don't call ________ Rich!! ________ don't like it.
38
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Write or Talk about a great friendship you have or had in the past.
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
39
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PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

SOMEONE
SOME SOMEBODY
SOMETHING SOMEWHERE
ANYONE
ANY ANYBODY
ANYTHING ANYWHERE
NO ONE
NO NOBODY
NOTHING NOWHERE
EVERYONE
EVERY EVERYBODY
EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE
SOME – Used in Affirmative Sentences and in questions when offering or asking for something
ANY – Used in Negative Sentences and in General Questions
NO – Used in Affirmative Sentences (Negative Meaning)
EVERY – Used in sentences referred to all people, places and things
Waiter - Would you like SOMETHING / ANYTHING to drink for now Sir?
Andy - Sure, I will have SOMETHING / ANYTHING light to drink before the meal,
meal please?
Waiter - Can I get you SOMETHING / ANYTHING else sir?
Andy - ANYTHING / NOTHING for now, thanks.
Brian - Andy, do you have ANYTHING / SOMETHING against whiskey which is not light at all?
Andy - Nope my friend, I do not have

h ANYTHING / NOTHING against whiskey, I actually like it.
Brian - ok, I gotcha. I am so hungry that I feel like eating SOMETHING / EVERYTHING from the menu.
Andy - I´m not that hungry and I am not picky today so I´m going to order SOMETHING / ANYTHING.
Waiter - Would you like to get ANY / SOME dessert too?
Andy - NO / NOT, Thank you.. I think we do not want ANY / NO dessert at this time.
40
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INTERROGATIVE
WHEN Questions about TIME – When is your birthday?
birthday
WHERE Questions about PLACES – Where do you liv
live?
WHO Questions about PEOPLE – Who is your best friend?
WHAT Questions about THINGS – What is your favorite food?
WHICH Questions when given OPTIONS – Which is better, chicken or fish?
WHOSE Questions about POSSESSIONS – Whose car is faster?
HOW Questions about WAYS – How do you come to work?
HOW MUCH Questions about QUANTITY (NON COUNT) – How much coffee do you drink?
HOW MANY Questions about QUANTITY (COUNT) – How many good friends do you have?
HOW LONG Questions about LENGTH OF TIME – How long have
ave you been in this city?
HOW OFTEN Questions about FREQUENCY – How often do you go to the gym?
HOW TALL Questions about HEIGHT (people) – How tall are you?
HOW HIGH Questions about HEIGHT (things) – How high is Mount Everest?
HOW FAST Questions about SPEED – How fast can you drive in the city?
HOW FAR Questions about DISTANCE – How far is your house from here?
Ask me questions
WHEN _____________________________________________________________________________
WHERE _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
WHO _____________________________________________________________________________
WHAT _____________________________________________________________________________
WHICH _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
WHOSE _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW MUCH _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
HOW MANY _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW LONG _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW OFTEN _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
HOW TALL _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW FAST _____________________________________________________________________________
HOW FAR _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
41
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Ask Questions
1. _______________ is running? The boy.

2. _______________ is he running? Because he's in a hurry.
3. _______________ is she walking? In the garden.
4. _______________ is the book? On the desk.
5. _______________
________ is he going to arrive? At six o'clock.
6. _______________ is in the glass? Water.
7. _______________ is he studying? Because the lesson is hard.
8. _______________ is thirsty? The boy.
9. _______________ are we going to sleep? At midnight.
Make questions based

ed on the following sentences using appropriate WH - Questions
1. They study (English) every Tuesday morning. _____________________________________________?

2. Romi goes to school (by bus). _________________________________________________________?
3. The teacherr explains the lesson (in front of the class). _______________________________________?
4. (My brother) does his homework carefully. _____________________________________________?
5. My daughter washes her hair (twice a week). _____________________________________________?
________________________________
6. John loves eating (pizza). _______________________________________________________________?
7. Fenny invites (Bimo) to come to her birthday party. _______________________________________?
8. Olga sings a song (beautifully). _________________________________________________________?
_____________________________________?
9. Shanti gets up (at five). _______________________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________________?
10. Harry doesn't go to school (because he is sick). _____________________________________________?
________________________________________?
11. (Mother) cooks rice in the kitchen.
tchen. ________________________________________?
___________________________________________________?
12. Tommy rides his bike (very fast). _________________________________________________________?
________________________________________?
13. Thalia (has breakfast) before going to school. _____________________________________________?
________________________________________?
14. I give (Mario) a birthday present. ________________________________________?
___________________________________________________?
15. Mario celebrates (his birthday) in September. _____________________________________________?
________________________________________?
16. The students listen to (the teacher's explanation). _______________________________________?
__________________________
17. I like (the white T-shirt),
shirt), not the red one. ________________________________________?
_____________________________________________?
18. Julia has (two brothers). _______________________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________________?
19. The little boys play (hide and seek). __________________________________?
___________________________________________________?
20. Sammy closes the windows (because it's going to rain). _______________________________________
_________________________________ ?
42
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Interview Questions
Ask a person about his/her personal, professional and academic information and then make general quest
questions
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________________?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________ _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
43
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RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A Relative Pronoun is basically used to link two sentences or Main Clauses.

Clauses
Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns.
1. That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.

________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. That's the boy. His mother works in the post office.
________________________________________________________________________________________
44
©
Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose
5. I talked to the girl _____________ car had broken down in front of the shop.
6. Mr Richards,
ichards, _____________ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
7. We often visit our aunt in Norwich _____________ is in East Anglia.
8. This is the girl _____________ comes from Spain.
9. That's Peter, the boy _____________ has just arrived at the airport.
10. Thank you very much for your ee-mail

mail _____________ was very interesting.
11. The man, _____________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
12. The children, _____________ shouted in the street, are not from our school.
13. The car, _____________ driver is a young man, is

i from Ireland.
14. What did you do with the money _____________ your mother lent you?
Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary.
15. This is the boy __________ had an accident.
16. Yesterday I saw a car __________ was really old.
17. Mandy is the girl __________

_________ I met on Friday.
18. I haven't seen Frank, __________ brother is five, for a long time now.
19. The robber stole the car __________ the lady parked next to the bar.
20. This is the man __________ house is on fire.
21. Can I talk to the girl __________ is sitting on the bench?
22. The book __________ you gave me is great.
23. She likes hamburgers __________ are hot.
24. Bill Clinton, __________ was President of the USA, has only one daughter.
45
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VERB TENSES
46
©
Simple Present
[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
You speak English.

Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.
Repeated Actions
Past Present Future
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a
habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that ofte n happens. It can also be something a
often
person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
Choose the right verb

b to complete the sentences
1. She ___ four languages.

a. speak b. speaks
2. Jane is a teacher. She ___ French.

a. teach b. teaches
3. When the kettle ___, will you make some tea?

a. boil b. boils
4. I always ___ the window at night because it is cold.

a. close b. closes
5. Those shoes ___ too much.

a. cost b. costs
47
©
SIMPLE PRESENT – Complete the Story with the Verbs
Facts about living in Brazil
The cost of living in Brazil (BE)) ________ very high most of the time. Things (COST) _________ a lot
NOT MAKE
especially because people (NOT MAKE) __________________ a lot of money when they (WORK) _________ in
regular jobs around the country.
Most people in here (LIVE)) _____________ off a small amount of money they (MAKE) __________
performing their craft either
her for themselves or working for a company formally or informally. According
A to
IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), more than 50% of regular workers
worker in Brazil (MAKE)
___________ below the minimum wage defined by the government which (BE)) ________ about $230 dollars a
month and this (BE) _____ the money they (USE) ________ to support families of 4 people or more. This
much money (MAKE) _________ it very difficult to live, so most of these people only (SURVIVE) ___________
day by day hoping
ing for a better future to come.
Let me give you an example, the cheapest car in Brazil (COST)) ___________ and average of $10.000
dollars, thus making it impossible for any of these people to buy a car in their lifetime. When it (COME)
__________ to electronics appliances, it (BE) _________ still very hard for them to buy anything due to
onics and appliances
the high prices of these products. Every month these people (BE) ___________ left with only one choice,
which (BE) _________ to buy food and pay for basic services like electric power and basic food to put on the
plate for their families.
For the very few lucky ones, life (BE) ___________ much more generous as they can afford to live
oftentimes a lavish life. These people (BE) __________ the ones who (MAKE)) ____________
____________up the 1% of the
HAVE) ____________ a great life with access to the top technology and
population in the country and they (HAVE
services available in developed countries where they (TRAVEL) ____________ to very often. It (SEEM)
__________ that these people (NOTNOT HAVE) ___________________ the power to change things in the country
in order to have a more just society or in some cases they just (NOT CARE)) _______________ at all as they
(LIVE) _________ as if they cannot be affected by the situation in which the other people (BE) _______ in.
We can point many things as the causes for this gap between the poorest and the wealthiest in Brazil.
Politicians very often (NOT DO)) _________________ anything in order to make things better and improve the
ies for a better outcome and very few people in a higher social position often (GIVE)
poor people possibilities
________ them temporary relief through donations for institutions that (HELP)) __________ people in need in
the country.
48
©
Give us your account on the situation in you
your country
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Simple Past
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie.
Completed Action in the Past
Past Present Future
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the
past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in
mind.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.
Complete the sentences with the Past Tense
1. Tom __________ (buy)) a new house last month.

2. When ____________________(
____________________(they/arrive) last week?
3. not/understand) the question yesterday.
She __________________(not/understand
4. Fred __________(take)) a lot of pictures on his holiday last summer.
5. What ____________________(
____________________(you/get) for your birthday?
6. remember) to get the bread this morning!
They __________(remember
7. Alice __________(play)) tennis this morning.
8. Where ____________________(
____________________(you/go) last weekend?
9. I __________(want)) to buy that computer, but it was too expensive.
expensive
10. Why ____________________(they/not/come)?
____________________(
50
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SIMPLE PAST – Complete the Story with the Verbs
Moving overseas to a new place
I´ve lived most of my life in 3 major cities, Boston (Cambridge), Miami and Goiania (Brasilia) and all of
them (HAVE) _________ many any things to teach me over the years that I (LIVE)) _________ in each one of them.
HAVE) ________ many good

The city that I (LIVE)) __________ the longest is definitely Boston and I (HAVE
and bad experiences in the city, though most of them (BE) ________ good. Boston is the city where I
(GRADUATE) _______________ from college, and the city where I (GET)) ________ my first job. I (GO)
________ to Harvard University in 1990 to study and by 1992 I (START)) __________ to work in the extension
school as an associate fromom a partner school. By the beginning of the year 2000, I (BE) ________ a teacher
WORK) __________ there for almost 9 years and this (BE) _______ one the
assistant at the University and I (WORK
best experiences of my life. So, all in all I (HAVE) _________ aboutt 20 years experience in Academia before
moving to Florida after retiring back in late 2008.
So I (MOVE) __________ to South Florida in the late 2008 and

(GO) ___________ to live in a city just north of Miami Beach, by the name
of Hallandale Beach which iss a quiet but very nice and lively city with
many things to do. I (LIVE)) ___________ in Hallandale Beach from 2008
to 2011 and in there I (DO) _______ many things. I (START) __________ a Consulting Company and later on I
Export Company and (BEGIN) __________ buying some specific products from
(START) __________ an Import-Export
MOVE) _________ to South Florida when the USA (BE) __________ hit the
China and bringing to the USA. I (MOVE
most hard by the Financial Crisis of 2007-08
2007 and the state of Florida (BE)) _________ especially hit by this crisis
DECIDE) ___________ to move down to Brazil and start a business in here.
so that (BE) _______ when I (DECIDE
By 2011 I (GO) ______ to Brazil a few times to prospect places and business opportunities and I (HAVE)
_____ a few things inn mind, but I just (WANT) ___________ to make sure I (BE)) ________ in the right path and
with the right business plan in hands. So by the beginning of 2012 I (MOVE)) __________ to a city in the
Midwest of Brazil by the name of Goiania, a city which is about 120 miles south from the country´s capital
Brasilia. When I (ARRIVE)) ___________ in here I (START) __________ working with Corporate Training and
after I (DISCOVER)) _______________ that the average level of the English Language among business people
and people in general in Brazil (BE)) ________ very low, I (DECIDE)) _____________ to start an English School
and eventually (GET) __________ a few braches of the school
in Brasilia also.
We (HAVE) __________ the election of a new

President in the USA who has been n doing a nice job in my view
to get the country back on its track to grow again and now we
(HAVE) _______ the election of a new President in Brazil also
and he also has a very nice plan and the help of great people to get Brazil back on its track again to
too. So, I am
not 100% sure yet about where I am going to be in a few years from now.
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What was the last crisis your country has gone through? Tell us a little about it
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
52
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Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can
sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different
meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both
"will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later. Will you help him later? You will not help him later.
Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You´re going to meet me tonight. Are you going to meet me tonight? You´re
re not going to meet me later.
"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily.
speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request
for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us.
Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
"Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do
something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
53
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Using the
e words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?

2. B: I (write)) _______________ a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
3. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
4. B: I (get)) _______________ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
5. A: I can't hear the television!
6. B: I (turn)) _______________ it up so you can hear it.
7. We are so excited about our trip next year to France. We (visit)) __________ Paris, Nice
Nic and Grenoble.
8. Sarah (come)) _____________ to the party. Oliver ((be)) _______________ there as well.
9. Ted: It is so hot in here!
10. Sarah: I (turn)) _______________ the airair-conditioning on.
11. I think he (be)) _______________ the next President of of the United States.
12. After I graduate, I (attend)) _______________ medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to
be a doctor all my life.
13. A: Excuse me; I need to talk to you about our hotel room. I´m afraid it´ss simply too small for four
people.
14. B: That man at the service counter ((help) _______________ you.
EXERCISES PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE TENSES
Read these sentences:
Past: Sofia talked loudly.

Present: Sofia talks loudly.
Future: Sofia will talk loudly.
Try for yourself. Fill in the gaps:
Past: ______________________________
Present: Ahmed opens his book.
Future: ______________________________
Past: Bob ran quickly.

Present: ______________________________
Future: ______________________________
Past: ______________________
______________________________
Present: ______________________________
Future: I will go to school.
54
©
FUTURE – Complete the Story with the Verbs
Moving once more and this time for good
personal as well as my professional
I have always learned to plan in advance all the next steps both in my personal
____________________________________about it with you in the next few lines.
life and this is what (TALK)) ____________________________________about
I (MOVE)) ______________________________ to Europe by the end of 2020 and starting a business in

there where I hope to work a little less than what I have been working these days. My plan is to start a
consulting company with the focus on education and even teach some classes in different places whenever I
______________________________ great I am sure.
get an invitation to do so. It (BE) ______________________________
I (PROBABLY TRAVEL)) ________________________________ a lot around Europe when I move there as I

have done to an extent in the past, but only now (GO) _________________ to places I never had a chance to
go and stay before. I (LIVE)) _________________________ in a small country between Spain and France which
(MAKE) ______________________ it possible for me to be in some of the main countries in Europe within a
few hours by airplane or even train.
CONTACT)) __________________________________ me some former

When the year 2020 comes, I (CONTACT
partners and colleagues form the time when I was teaching in Boston and came to know many people from
different European countries. I (ASK)) __________________________ them for help to start conta
contacting
Universities and Colleges so I can offer them some of the programs I am already developing to offer them in a
couple of years.
My Kids (BE)) _____________________ in Spain and I (BE)) ___________________ close to them and they
may even be living closer
loser to me in there. I (SHARE) ________________________ all the knowledge I have
acquired over 30 years of experience teaching in some amazing places and sharing time, information and
knowledge with some incredible people that I keep close to my heart.
I am looking forward to the day I start packing and really planning my move to the old continent where I
(PROBABLY SPEND)) ________________________________ the rest of my days, close to my family and maybe
with a bunch of grandkids to bring even more joy joy to my life and I wish to have the time to share with them this
amazing life I have had so far and also all the things that are going to come in my life.
55
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What are your plans for the near and far future?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Present Continuous
FORM
[am/is/are + gerund]
Examples:
You are watching TV.

Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.
Now
Past Present Future
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now,
at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
You are learning English now. You are not swimming now.
Are you sleeping? I am sitting.
I am not standing. Is he sitting or standing?
They are reading their books. They are not watching television.
What are you doing? Why aren't you doing your homework?
Present Continuous – affirmative
1. homework / do / Mike / his

___________________________________________________________________
2. Mike / clean / the house /
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. He / cook / an omelet / for dinner
___________________________________________________________________
4. Mike / smile at / me
___________________________________________________________________
5. He / run / to catch / the bus
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. He / laugh at / you
___________________________________________________________________
7. He / wait for / the / bus
___________________________________________________________________
57
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8. He / play / the guitar
___________________________________________________________________
9. He / drink/ water
___________________________________________________________________
10. He / write / a / novel /
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Put in the correct verb forms and the nouns into the gaps. Use Present Continuous.
Continuous
Example: ___________ the newspaper? (he/to read)

Answer: Is he reading the newspaper?
1. ____________________ in the lake? (Lisa/to

( swim)
2. ____________________ your brother? (you/to
( help)
3. ____________________ a museum? (he/to
( visit)
4. ____________________
___ her T-shirt?
T (Doris/to wash)
5. ____________________ home? (they/to
( run)
6. ____________________ to the radio? ((Henry/to listen)
7. ____________________ the buckets? (the
( boys/to carry)
8. ____________________ the string of the kite? ((she/to hold)
9. ____________________ breakfast? (we/to
( make)
10. ____________________ the computer? (Ron and Fred/to check)
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Past Continuous
FORM
[was/were + Gerund]
Examples:
You were studying when she called.

Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
Interrupted Action in the Past
Past Present Future
was interrupted. The interruption is

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in
time.
Examples:
I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night,
nig someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
Specific Time as an Interruption
The Past Continuous,, as shown above, is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can
also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
59
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Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).
1. When I phoned my friends, they ____________________ (play)

( ) monopoly.
2. Yesterday at six I____________________ ((prepare) dinner.
3. practice) the guitar when he came home.
I ______________ (practice
4. We ____________________ (not ( / cycle) all day.
5. What ____________________ ((you / do) yesterday?
6. Most of the time we ____________________ ((sit) in the park.
Write sentences in past progressive.

gressive.
1. the snowman / melt / in the sun → ________________________

___________________
2. we / explore / a new territory → ___________________
________________________
3. the secretary / print out / a document → ________________________
___________________
4. the girls / not / concentrate / on the task → ___________________
________________________
Write questions in past progressive.
1. Jill / dance → ___________________

______________________________________
2. ___________________
your cousins / swim / in the lake → ____________________________
3. tudent / answer / a question → ______________________________________
the student ___________________
4. William / play / the guitar → ___________________
______________________________________
Ask for the information in the underlined part of the sentence.
1. _______________________________?
_______________________________? At a quarter past six, Phil was translating it.
2. _______________________________? Sheila was waiting in the park.
3. _______________________________? The pupils were talking about the United States.
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Future Continuous
Future Continuouss has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple
Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Future Continuous with "Will"
[will be + Gerund]
Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her pla

plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Future Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going to be + Gerund]
Examples:
You are going to be waiti ng for her when her plane arrives tonight.
waiting
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER:: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with
little difference in meaning.
Interrupted Action in the Future
Past Present Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter
action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
interruption
Examples:
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
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Fill in the verbs in brackets in the Future Progressive.
Example: Max ______________ on the computer when his mother comes home. (to play)
Answer: Max will be playing on the computer when his mother comes home.
1. to come
_________________ to the party on Saturday. (to
Peggy ________________ come)
2. _________________ him tomorrow. (to meet)
We ________________
3. This time next week he __________________________
_________ ( fly)
__________ to South Africa. (to
4. At 6 o'clock on Friday they _________ ( sing)
________ the new song. (to
__________________________
5. It __________________________ ( rain))
__________ when I reach Bangkok. (to
6. Tomorrow at nine I __________________________
_________ to write)
a test. (to write
7. Andy ________________ ( watch)
__________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to
_________________
8. _________________ pizza soon. (to eat)
You ________________
9. She ________________ to sleep)
_________________ when you telephone her. (to sleep
10. They ________________ __________ in Budapest just about now. ((to arrive)
_________________
Put the verbs in the future progressive.
1. At midnight we _________
________________________ (sleep) .
2. At nine I________________
_________________ (watch) the news.
3. They ________________
_________________ (dance) all night.
4. _________________ (not / play) all afternoon.
He________________
5. I __________________________
__________ (not
( / work) all day.
6. __________________________
__________ (eat
( / you) at six?
7. __________________________
__________ (drive
( / she) to London?
8. __________________________
__________ (fight
( / they) again?
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WORD MAKER
O J B U M D Z
F R M S L R L
I H A D F S M
B M J I N M Y
I T N U S T R
U G C X L S A
C S T A Z F U
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
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Talk a little bit about the places
places below. Location, Story and your opinion about it.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Talk a little bit about the places below. Location, Story and your opinion about it.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
65
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Talk a little bit about the places below. Location, Story and your opinio
opinion about it.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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What are the most beautiful natural wonders in the world and why? Which ones would you like to visit?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
67
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68
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H THE OCCUPATIONS TO THEIR DESCRIPTIONS
MATCH
_______________ They anchor the news on TV or write the news in newspapers of magazines
_______________ They construct houses, offices and stores
_______________ They craft in wood, glass, clay and many other produc ts
products
_______________ They dance in different settings such as clubs, parties or shows
_______________ They do tricks to entertain us
_______________ They get the payment when you are shopping
_______________ They get your hair right by dying, cutting or trimming
trim
_______________ They help doctors treat sick people who need help
_______________ They help people in companies by answering phones and do menial tasks
_______________ They help protect people from bandits
_______________ They make bread, cakes, cookies,
cooki crackers and pies
_______________ They play in theaters, movies, TV and series
_______________ They prepare food in restaurants
_______________ They renovate your house of office by putting a new and fresh coat of paint
_______________ They sew suits ffor people to wear
_______________ They sing different kinds of songs
_______________ They start businesses of many different kinds
_______________ They take care of cows, horses, pigs, chickens and etc
in houses and offices
_______________ They take care of flowers and plants in
_______________ They take care of people´s teeth
_______________ They take orders when you go out for breakfast, dinner or lunch
_______________ They teach kids and adults different subjects in schools and universities
_______________ They treat patients in Hospitals and Clinics
_______________ They treat your dogs and cats
_______________ They work with wood and make shelves, tables, chairs and etc
69
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MATCH THE OCCUPATIONS TO THEIR TOOLS AND VOCABULARIES
_______________ Apron, Mask, Chart
C
_______________ Barn, Sheep, Piglet, Ostrich
_______________ Board, Marker, Eraser, Contents
_______________ Brushes, Ladder, Paint
_______________ Camera, Camcorder, Typewriter, Channel, Host
_______________ Cloth, Needle, Measure Tape, Sewing Machine
Machin
_______________ Crutch, IV, Needle, pills, Sling, Prescription, Rubber Gloves, Cast
_______________ Drill, Mask, Injection, Cavity, Teeth, Tooth
_______________ Floors, Ceiling, Roof, Stairs, Insulation
_______________ Gun, Cuffs, Cruiser
_______________ Hammer, Nails, Chisel
_______________ Hat, Card Deck, Suits, Clubs/Diamonds/Hearts/Spades
_______________ Long Play, Lyrics, Tracks
_______________ Money, Coins, Bills, Tickets, Invoices,
_______________ Office, Desk, Endeavor
_______________ Paintbrush, Canvas, Easel
_______________ Pan, Knife, Cutting Board, Burner
_______________ Paw, Fur, Claws
_______________ Phone, Notebook, Schedule, Puncher, Stapler
_______________ Powder, Yeast, Oven
_______________ Scissors, Comb, Brush, Pins
_______________ Script,
pt, Play, Role
_______________ Shovel, Hoe, Rake, Lawnmower
_______________ Stage, Song, Speakers
_______________ Tray, Bill, Orders
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ADJECTIVES
They are words that describe the qualities or states of beings of nouns. They can also describe the
quantity of nouns. These are the 4 types of adjectives you should know.
DESCRIPTIVE – A word or groups or words used to describe a noun. They come before the noun they describe
or after a Non Action Verb.
Ex. She is a BEAUTIFUL GIRL. He is very TALL. They are INTE

INTELLIGENT.
LLIGENT. My hair is BLACK.
COMPARATIVE – A word or group of words used to compare two nouns or two groups of nouns. They have
two forms: ADJECTIVE + ER for short adjectives (one syllable or two syllables ending in Y) and MORE +
ADJECTIVE for longer adjectives
ives (two syllables or more).
Ex. The US is BIGGER THAN The UK.. Guns are MORE DANGEROUS than rocks. Apples are SWEETER than Kiwis.
SUPERLATIVE – A word or a group of words used to compare one noun or a group of nouns to all the other
ategory. They have two forms: ADJECTIVE + EST for short adjectives (one syllable or two
nouns from the same category.
syllables ending in Y) and MOST + ADJECTIVE for longer adjectives (two syllables or more).
Ex. She is THE MOST BEAUTIFUL. He is THE TALLEST. They are THE MOST INTELLIGE
INTELLIGENT.
EQUATIVE – A word or group of words used to make one noun or group of nouns equal to another noun or
groups of nouns. It has one form: AS + ADJECTIVE + AS for any adjective or group of adjectives. When used in
the negative form, it becomes COMPARATIVE as it shows the difference between one noun or groups of nouns
to another noun or groups of nouns.
Ex. Ann is AS BEAUTIFUL AS Joan. John is AS TALL AS Peter. Guns are AS DANGEROUS AS knives.
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Compare the following things/people
things – Explain the comparisons
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Compare the following things/people
things – Explain the comparisons
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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The Best / Worst of Everything
1. What is BEST Singer/Musician in the world? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who is the MOST BEAUTIFUL actress in the world? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Who is the MOST TALENTED artist in the world? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Where was the MOST DANGEROUS place you have ever been? Why so?
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Where was the MOST PEACEFUL place you have ever been? Why so?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the MOST DELICIOUS food you have ever tried? What was it?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the WORST food you have ever tried? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Who is the BIGGEST personality who has ever lived? Explain
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Who is or was the WORST personality to have ever lived? Explain
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Do you Know me
me?
1. What do you know about me? (Age, Personality, Physical Appearance, Likes and Dislikes)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you know about my company or business?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you know about the way I perform my tasks or my job?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you know about my family?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you know about my education?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. What do you know about my professional life?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What do you know about the city where I am from?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What do you know about the places I have been to?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What do you know about my favorites? (Books, food, music, movies, series,
series, sports, color, etc…)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What do you know about my plans for the future or my dreams?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence.
Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions
such as how?, in what way?,
?, when?, where?, and to what extent?
77
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ADVERBS
Finding adverbs - © BBC 2011 – www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise
Here are some instructions for making spaghetti Bolognese. Find and highlight the 8 (eight) adverbs in
the recipe.
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
Ingredients
400 g spaghetti 1 x 400 g tinned tomatoes

2 tbsp olive oil 75 ml red wine
500 g beef steak, diced Dash Worcestershire sauce
2 garlic cloves, peeled and crushed 1 beef stock cube, crumbled
½ red onion, peeled and sliced 2 tbsp fresh basil, chopped
Method
1. Bring a large pan of water to a rapid boil.

2. Drop the spaghettii into the water. If the pan is smaller
than the spaghetti, slowly put it into the water and you can
bend it to fit.
3. Boil the spaghetti rapidly for 10 to 12 minutes.
4. Heat the oil in a medium pan.
5. Add the steak and fry it quickly for 5 to 6 minutes until
brown.
6. Add the tinned tomatoes and red wine.
7. Add a dash of Worcestershire sauce.
8. Slowly crumble in the stock cube and stir well.
9. Let the Bolognese simmer slowly for 10 to 12 minutes. Stir the Bolognese regularly.
10. Garnish with the fresh herbs and serve promptly to ensure the meal is hot!
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A Great City to Enjoy
I am a good driver and I usually drive pretty well but the drivers in the place where I live now are not
the best ones I can tell you. They drive randomly from
from one lane to the other most of the time and very
dangerously too so I have to be very careful and patient to drive in this city. So whenever I go out, I try to drive
as carefully as I can and as calmly as I can too so I do not get very stressed in traffic
traff and with the other drivers.
I usually try to do all the chores at once so I do not have to go out often and avoid traffic and stress at
the same time. I honestly do not like to do things this way, but what can I do in this case you know. Whatever I
have to do,, I try to do as quickly as possible and head back home and away from the craziness of traffic these
days, especially in here.
There are quite a few good places in the city to compensate for the bad traffic. There are very good
restaurants all around the city with a variety of extremely good food and also a lot of cafes where you
generally get some of the best coffee around, freshly brewed and very strong for the admirers. In these places
you can also get some pretty good delicacies.
So when I do not have to drive, I am absolutely thrilled to go out and enjoy everything the city has to
offer me which is not little I can guarantee you so if you have a chance, come and visit us to enjoy what the
best the city has to offer.
List the Adverbs from the text above and try to use them in your own sentences
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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PERSONAL BRANDING
Personal Information
Name: _____________________________________________________________________
Headline: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Education: _____________________________________________________________________
Current Job Position: _____________________________________________________________________
Industry: _____________________________________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Professional Experience
Company: _____________________________________________________________________
Position: _____________________________________________________________________
Period: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Company: _____________________________________________________________________
________________ _____________________________________________________
Position: _____________________________________________________________________
Period: _____________________________________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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Education
School: _____________________________________________________________________
Major: _____________________________________________________________________
Period: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Volunteer Experience
Institution: _____________________________________________________________________
Period: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Institution: _____________________________________________________________________
Period: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Featured Skills (Endorsements)
Skill 1: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Skill 2: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Skill 3: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Skill 4: _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
39
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Accomplishments
Language: _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Language: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Organization: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Certification: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Certification: _____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Interests
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
40
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PREPOSITIONS
41
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42
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The power of principles
https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles
gc/mission/principles
Sustainability begins with a principles-based

principles
approach to doing business.
The Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact
Corporate
rate sustainability starts with a company’s value system and a principles based approach to doing
principles-based
business. This means operating in ways that, at a minimum, meet fundamental responsibilities in the areas of human
rights, labor, environment and anti-corrupt
corruption.
ion. Responsible businesses enact the same values and principles wherever
they have a presence, and know that good practices in one area do not offset harm in another. By incorporating the Ten
nd procedures, and establishing a culture of integrity,
Principles of the UN Global Compact into strategies, policies aand
companies are not only upholding their basic responsibilities to people and planet, but also setting the stage for long-
long
term success.
The Ten Principles of the United Nations Global Compact are derive d from: the Universal Declaration of Human
derived
Rights, the International Labor Organization’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, the Rio
Declaration on Environment and Development, and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.
Human Rights
Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and
Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.
Labor
Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom
freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective
bargaining;
Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor;
Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labor; and
Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination
ination in respect of employment and occupation.
Environment
Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges;
Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and
Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.
Anti-Corruption
Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.
List the 50 Prepositions on the text above
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
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The Year Of The Scooter: The Good, The Bad, And The Road Ahead
Regina Clewlow - Dec 21, 2018, 11:31am
At the beginningg of 2018, cities began to

look to the curb for solutions to plan for the
future of mobility – better coordination of ride-
hailing services using valuable curbspace,
curbspace and
then ultimately, for autonomous vehicles. At
wonky transportation conferences, there were w
talks, meetings, and well-laid plans being made
for early stage “curbside management” pilots to
coordinate pick-up and drop-off areas for Uber
and Lyft. Cars have historically driven the bulk of
transportation planning decisions in many
Western societies,es, particularly the United States –
so why shouldn’t they continue to dominate how
we plan for a future with autonomous vehicles?
As it turns out, companies like Bird, Lime, and JUMP had other ideas about how the future of transportation
would evolve. It is clear that 2018 was in fact, the year of the scooter, and more broadly the year of the meteoric rise of
micromobility. Bird and Lime are each estimated to be worth more than $2 billion (the fastest rise of any technology
company ever before, including Uber). ber). And the two U.S. ride-hailing giants have both entered the micromobility race
with their acquisitions of JUMP (by Uber for a reported $200M), and Motivate (by Lyft for a reported $250M).
As the scooter storm of 2018 calms with the arrival of winter, cities and the companies themselves should take
stock in the good, the bad, and road ahead for micromobility. Will these companies revolutionize transportation in cities
for the better?
Will they bring us mass electrification of (smaller) vehicle fleets and more sustainable ways of moving around in
cities? They can if we let them, but it’s going to take a lot more work and coordination with the public sector to get
there.
The Good: Better Data and a New Coalition for Pedestrian and Bike-Friendly
Bike Streets
here are two important conversations that the arrival of electric scooters has forced upon cities: 1) regulation
There
and active management of mobility services; and related to this: 2) redesigning urban space to make it easier to get
around without a car.
hey arrived overnight, without warning.” This was a common narrative, where hundreds of scooters might
“They
arrive in a city without prior notification or coordination with transportation officials.
Throughout the country, and the world in fact, cities pushed back
b by impounding scooters. They then put in
place, relatively quickly, new policies that limited the number of vehicles each company could deploy, often combined
with the requirement that the scooter and bikeshare companies provide data for the city to mo monitor, evaluate, and
better plan for these services.
From the perspective of someone who has built software for public agencies such as the Bay Area Metropolitan
Transportation Commission to plan for the future of transportation for more than a decade, acc access to better data for the
public sector is crucial. Without it, major transportation policy and planning decisions are essentially being made in the
dark.
Lack of coordination between private mobility services, public transportation services, and use of p public space
(i.e. roads, sidewalks, and curbs)) leads to lower efficiency, greater inequality, and roads that are less safe because cities
are unable to design streets meant to accommodate these new transportation options. With data, which cities now
have, transportation planners can design sensible policies and transportation plans that can integrate these new
services.
Anderson Romanhuk
Redesigning urban space for bikes, and yes, scooters. Perhaps the most important contribution of the
micromobility revolution has been the groundswell of support for bike- and scooter-friendly
friendly infrastructure. Active
transportation planners have been calling for more, and better protected, bike lanes for decades. Some bike advocacy
groups initially resisted bringing electric scooters into the fold,, but have come around, while others still resist doing so.
They shouldn’t.
Never before has there been this much public support for the creation of more bike lanes and infrastructure.
And with better data, cities are now armed with the information they the need to justify carving off on-street parking and
lanes previously dedicated solely to cars – reclaiming that space for bikes, and yes, scooters too.
The Bad: Questions Arise About Safety and Vehicle Durability
How safe are scooters? We don’t really know.

k As
scooter adoption has continued to grow, so have reports of
accidents, injuries,, and in a few cases, deaths. The CDC
recently announced that the first study on the scooter safety
would be conducted. It is clear that cities and public health
officialss need better information about the safety of these
vehicles, and to design policies and strategies to ensure that
these new transportation options are in fact safe for riders as
well as pedestrians.
Many would argue that one of the most important
actions cities can take for safety is expand and protect bike
lanes. The most severe injuries for anyone riding a bike,
electric bike, or electric scooter are likely to occur when that
rider collides with a car. Similarly, if you were to ask most
scooter riders why they ride on sidewalks,
sidewalks, instead of in the streets, the most common reason is that they don’t feel safe
riding directly alongside cars,, which continue to grow alarmingly in size. The solution: cities should take back streets to
focus on moving people, not the single occupancy vehicles that currently dominate most travel.
The scooters (and bikes) that were initially deployed by Bird, Lime, and Spin were not designed for the beating
that they ended up receiving in a shared business model.
model It is clear that hardware
rdware improvements are already being
made. JUMP, one of the most seasoned veterans of bikeshare, recently unveiled the next generation of their electric
bikes, which are harder to vandalize. Expect more to come in 2019. These companies are going through growing g pains,
but they are learning and adapting along the way.
The Road Ahead: Collaboration as a New

Way of Doing Business
If dockless electric bike and scooter

companies can find more ways of
partnering with cities to win them over,
they’ll continue to accelerate their
impressive growth.. Nearly 50% of trips in
the United States are less than 3 miles, and
more than 70% of those trips are made by
car. The path to exponentially grow trips by
electric scooters (and bikes) is for cities and
micromobility providers to work hand in
hand to take back city streets - to move
more people, not cars.
Anderson Romanhuk
The Year of the Scooter – The Good, The Bad and The Road Ahead
1. What are the Pros and Cons of mobility solutions such as scooter and bike sharing services in general?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the main problems this service can have in your city and country?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a way companies can improve or even implement this service in your city or country? How so?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How can the government help these companies and
and the people use this kind of services? Explain
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are some ideas that could help solve mass transportation in your city and cities around the globe?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Anderson Romanhuk
Chris Gardner – An Inspiring Story
BEFORE - He had a complicated childhood – his parents
separated, and his stepfather was physically abusive to his mother
and siblings. His mother was falsely convicted twice because of his
stepfather’s allegations. And because
ecause they had no one to take care
of them, he, along with his siblings, had to stay in a foster home at
the age of 8. His first marriage failed partly due to his choice of
opting out of a medical career and because he cheated on his
wife. Not only did he fail miserably at his job as a medical
equipment salesman, but his girlfriend also deserted him due to his
deteriorating financial conditions. Homeless, he stayed with his son
at motels, parks, airports and once even in a public toilet. He
worked hard incessantly at a brokerage firm during the daytime,
rs in the city
stood in long queues so as to sleep under a roof at night in various shelters city.
AFTER - After passing the licensing exam in 1982, he became a full-time
full time employee of Dean Witter. He
established his own brokerage firm Gardner Rich & Co. in 1987, in which he owns 75% of the stock. He sold a
small stake in Gardener Rich in 2006 in a multi-million
multi dollar deal.
He is none other than Chris Gardner, the C.E.O and founder of Christopher Gardner International
Holdings – with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. His life was portrayed in a Hollywood film –
The Pursuit of Happiness – with Will Smith playing him, which not only went on to be a blockbuster, but was
also loved by audiences worldwide. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMOBlEcRuw8
Anderson Romanhuk
Chris Gardner – An Inspiring Story
VOCABULARY
Childhood _____________________________ Queues ____________

_____________________________
Stepfather _____________________________ Roof _____________________________
Sibling _____________________________ Shelter _____________________________
Foster home _____________________________ Full-time _____________________________
Marriage _____________________________ Establish _____________________________
Cheated _____________________________ Stake _____________________________
Salesman _____________________________ Deal _____________________________
Homeless _____________________________ Portray ___________________________

_____________________________
Brokerage _____________________________ Pursuit _____________________________
QUESTIONS
1. When did Chris meet his father?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. When did the doctors say they need the equipment?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What did the man in the red Ferrari do?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What did the man ask him to do with the Ferrari?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What did the Landlord tell him to do?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What did the man in the office say he was going to find him?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. What did he say to his son when asked if his mom left because of him?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. How much did an intern get on the written exam and what happened to him
him?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What did he say to his son when they are at the fence?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What did he solve for the man in the back of the car?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Anderson Romanhuk
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words that join two or more words, phrases or clauses.
List of Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
You can remember them using the acronym FANBOYS.
Subordinating Conjunctions
A : after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much O : once, only if

as, as soon as, as though
P : provided that
B : because, before, by the time
S : since, so that
E : even if, even though
T : than, that, though, till
I: if, in order that, in case
U : unless, until
L : lest
W : when, whenever, where, wherever, while
Correlative Conjunctions
both... and neither... nor whether... or
either... or not only... but also
List of Conjunctions
And For As Because Though Though When
Or Yet If Before Once Till Whenever
But After As Even Since Unless Wherever
Nor Although Long If So Until Whether
So As As Even That What While
Anderson Romanhuk
Fill in the correct conjunctions and linking words from the list. There may be more than one possibility !
however which during either ….. or
neither …. nor when although despite
because so that then so
unless while such as as well as
1. _____________ Mom comes home from shopping she

he lies down on the sofa ___________ she is tired.
2. Joe had a backache yesterday, ________________ he didn’t come to football practice.
3. This is John´s new trail bike, _________

___________________ he got from his friends.. He locks it up every night,
______________ nobody can take it.
4. ________________ Jennifer was very tired, she watched Series until well after 2AM.
5. First, cut out the pictures, ________________

_____________ glue them into your album.
6. I would like to learn Portuguese,, ________________ , I don’t know anyone who can help me.
7. ________________ we were walking through the city we saw many nice towns.
towns
8. The Smiths are our neighbors __________________ our friends.
9. You can have __________________ tea __________________ coffee for brunch.

brunch
10. ________________ being a well-known

known Businessman, Brian Smith can also play the guitar very well.
11. __________________ his injury, the girl desperately wanted to play for her team in the semi finals.
12. __________________ the hike up the mountains they saw a lot of bears.
13. __________________ you finish that writing you won’t get anything to drink..
14. _______________ my father _______________ my mother will be able to attend the appointment.
15. Shee likes all kinds of sports, __________________ skiing, hockey and volleyball.
Anderson Romanhuk
Conjunction Exercises - https://www.gingersoftware.com/
Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the
t parenthesis:
1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)

2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You
ou won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)
Answers: 1 – whenever, 2 – where, 3 – if, 4 – unless, 5 – though, 6 – whether, 7- so that, 8 – as, 9 – so, 10 – lest
Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair from the parenthesis:
1. She plans to take her days off _________ in Ju

July _________ in August.. (whether / or, either / or, as / if)
2. ______ he´s feeling happy ______
___ sad, he tries to keep a positive attitude. (either/or, whether/or, when/)
3. _________ had he taken my shirt off _________ he found out he had to leave again. ((as soon as, that´s
when / than, rather / than, whether / or)
4. ________ only is white chocolate delicious, _______ it can be healthy. (whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
5. _________ I have past for dinner, _____________________I can
can´t have cake for dessert. (if /then, when /
than, whether / or)
6. ________ flowers _______ trees grow ______ during warm weather. (not only / or, both / and, not / but)
7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter break. (whether / or,
not only / but also, either / or)
8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not / but, both / and, either / or)
9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as / as)
10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often / and, neither / nor, both / and)
either / or, 2 – whether / or, 3 – no sooner / than, 4 – not / but, 5 – if /then, 6 – both / and, 7 – not only / but also, 8 – not / but, 9 – either / or, 10 – neither / nor
Anderson Romanhuk
Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction
conjunction from the parenthesis:
1. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)

2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _________ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
4. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of this building. (and, yet, nor)
5. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)
6. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better? (or,
( nor, and)
7. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
8. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
9. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
10. Our trip to the museum
useum was interesting, ______ there were several new artifacts on display. (but, for, yet)
1 – and, 2 – nor, 3 – but, 4 – yet, 5 – for, 6 – or, 7- so, 8 – but, 9 – so, 10 – for
Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunctive adverb from tthe parenthesis:
1. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however, therefore, on the
other hand)
2. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore, nonetheless, in fact)
3. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however, otherwise)
4. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in contrast, again)
5. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewi
likewise, instead)
6. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile, instead,
therefore)
7. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover, nevertheless)
8. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise, undoubtedly,
similarly)
9. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a cake. (therefore,
namely, in contrast)
10. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France.
France. (otherwise, instead, again)
Anderson Romanhuk
The 10 English Fluency Rules: What Every English Learner Ought To Know About Fluency
Drew Badger - Nagasaki, Japan
1. Fluency is a habit. The skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking are nothing more than habits
formed over time. The problem is that most learners develop habits that stop them from becoming strong
communicators. One such habit is listening to unnatural sounding dialogues on English language learning TV
unnatural-sounding
and radio programs. Another is studying lists of vocabulary words. The good news is that you can replace the
harmful habits you’ve formed with helpful ones easily. The simple way to do this is to…
2. Learn like natives. Most students learn English though their native language. This is why they often
oft have to
translate in their heads before speaking. To understand native English speakers and speak automatically, start
by consuming native English content that’s appropriate for your ability level. This could be something as basic
as a book or TV programm for children. Choose something you already understand at least 80-90%
80 of so that
new information can be absorbed by your brain easily. Review this content until you can use it in
confidencee grow, move on to more
conversations without hesitation. Then, as your understanding and confidenc
challenging material.
3. Divide and conquer. Here’s the simple formula for rapid fluency (borrowed from Tim Ferriss, the patron
saint of learning): 1. Divide the native English content you want to learn into easy-to-understand
easy pieces. These
could be things like the vocabulary words or grammar points found in a song. 2. Select the most important
20% of information to focus on that will give you 80% of your results. There may be 10 new words you could
learn in a particular song, but two of them will appear in conversations far more often than the other eight. 3.
Order the pieces of information you’ve selected from basic to complex and begin learning.
4. Culture is essential. A language is more than nouns, verbs and adjectives. If you do not also understand a
community’s myths, pop culture references, stories and jokes, you will miss much of what’s being said. Double
the speed at which you get fluent by learning language with culture. Master grammar through cooking shows.
Build your vocabulary while fixing cars. Improve your pronunciation as you enjoy plays, musicals and operas.
5. Study words together. Phrases – and not words – are the real units of fluency. When you learn phrases,
you discover how ideas connect and the sounds of words blend together. This trains you to understand the
fast speech of native English speakers, and helps you to improve your pronunciation. Groups of words also
form stories that are easier for you to visualize and remember.
Anderson Romanhuk
6. Use video. Even thoughugh videos require far more time and energy to produce than text or audio lessons, we
create them because they help you learn more effectively. Studies show that words by themselves only
communicate 7% of what we want to express. 38% of the meaning express
expressed
ed in a normal conversation comes
from pitch and intonation. The visual language cues of a language add another 55% to understanding. Videos
give you the total picture of a language’s words, sounds and actions. They also significantly increase your
ability to remember what you study.
7. Limit scope. Millions of English learners know lots of words and expressions but can’t use them
competently in conversations. This is often a consequence of studying too much and mastering too little.
Fluency is measured by what you can use, not what you know. So why not learn to use a few things really well
and build upon that foundation?
8. Connect. Fluency is cultivated in the real world, so connect with native speakers and start practicing. To
find them – and they’re everywhere – forget about the English and look for online forums, groups and
communities of native English speakers who share your interests. Focus on the activities you enjoy and you
will create lasting friendships with native speakers naturally.
9. Stretch yourself. Just because you hear the same questions in conversations repeatedly doesn’t mean you
have to give the same answers. Every time you’re asked what you do or where you’re from, reveal a bit more
about yourself. Are you from New York, or the Upper East Side of New York? Do you race sailboats, or
fractional rig sloop sailboats?
11. Keep building. Persistence is the one trait shared by all students who get fluent. Keep moving towards
your goals – even if you only have 5 minutes a day – and youou will surely find success!
Anderson Romanhuk
What does it mean to be “fluent” in a language?
In 2011, the Arizona Board of Education considered if teachers who speak with an accent are fluent in
English. We have all heard how differently people in London, New York, or Baton Rouge speak English, but are
those different speakers still fluent in English? Where does accent stop and fluency begin?
Fluency is defined as being able to speak and write quickly or easily in a given language. It comes from
the Latin word fluentem meaning “to flow.” Accent comes from the Middle French meaning “particular mode
of pronunciation.” In the original Latin accentus means “a song added to speech.” Linguists define accents as
only affecting pronunciation, not vocabulary or grammar. Rather, a dialect is a version of a language that
affects pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar and may interfere with comprehension.
Here’s a little of the back story in Arizona: In the 1990s, there was a big push for bilingual education in
speaking population. Bilingual classrooms have a dual purpose: to help
Arizona because of the large Spanish--speaking
non-native
native English speakers perfect their English and to teach native English speakers another language in an
immersive environment. Arizona recruited teachers from Latin Latin America to help expand their bi-lingual
bi schools,
English only again. For the last decade,
but in 2000, the state reversed the decision and all schools became English-only
those teachers recruited from Latin America have continued teaching across Arizona.
Last year, Arizona Board of Education decided that any teacher deemed not “fluent” in English cannot
language learners. In this case, the state is interpreting an accent as disqualifying a
teach young, English-language
minutely. For example, if a teacher says, “lebels”
teacher. The Board defines the changes in accent very minutely.
instead of “levels” that is determined to be an accent so serious that a teacher cannot teach.
Accent, obviously, can affect comprehensibility, but does it affect communication so much to make the
teacher not fluent in English? Across the country, accents vary dramatically. A Minnesotan sounds as different
non native English speakers who speak with an accent.
from a Bostonian or a Virginian as they do from some non-native
Do accents affect how you perceive fluency?
Anderson Romanhuk

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Fluency and Proficiency

Procedural Fluency – Actual

The term ‘fluent’ is a Latin word meaning “flowing”.

Webster defines the adjective “fluent” in reference to language as “capable of using a

• Elementary proficiency (S-1)

• Limited Working proficiency (S-2)

• Professional Working proficiency (S-3)

• Full Professional proficiency (S

• Native or Bilingual proficiency (S-5)

What is elementary proficiency? (S-1)

• able to satisfy routine travel needs and minimum courtesy requirements

ncy is the second level of five in the Interagency Language Roundtable

• able to satisfy routine social demands and limited work requirements

• has an accent which, though often quite faulty, is intelligible

What is professional working proficiency ? (S-3)

Definition - Professional working proficiency is the fourth level of

• has comprehension which is quite complete for a normal rate of speech

• makes only quite rare and un-patterned

• can handle informal interpreting from and into the language.

What is native or bilingual proficiency? (S

of an educated native speaker

B-bi E-i H-eitch K-kei N-en Q-kiu T--ti W- Y-uai

List of Words in English

Apple Elephant Iguana Monkey Quail Universe Yellow

1 - One 11 - Eleven 30 - Thirty

Write the numbers given below

15 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________

50 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________

4- ______________________ ____ - ______________________

14 - ______________________ ____ - ______________________

Write the Time - What Times is it?

07:00PM - ________________________________ 08:10AM - ________________________________

08:30PM - ________________________________ 12:00PM - ________________________________

08:45PM - ________________________________ _________________________

Do the Math and write down the results

Do the Math and write down the results

It´s a quarter to nine It´s ten fifteen

It´s a quarter to two It´s half past four

It´s half past six It´s fifteen to ten

Months of the Year

Complete the sentence or answer the questions

Yesterday was _____________________________________________________________

Tomorrow will be _____________________________________________________________

Independence day is on ___________________________________________________________

New Year is on _____________________________________________________________

Complete the Dialogue

Hi, Good morning ____________________________________________________________

What is your name? (Full) ____________________________________________________________

How is it going? ____________________________________________________________

How old are you? ____________________________________________________________

What is your profession? ____________________________________________________________

What is your Major? ____________________________________________________________

1. This book _________ mine.

Unscramble the sentences

1. twenty-five years I old. am

He is from France. He´s _____________. He speaks _________________. It´s located in

SUBJECT + AUXILIAR/MODAL + VERB + _____________ AFFIRMATIVE

John -- worked hard last night/at the school.

I -- study every night with my brother.

They will give me a nice gift.

You should help me with the homework .

SUBJECT + AUX/MODAL (not) + VERB + ____________ NEGATIVE

I DO NOT / DON'T study every night with my brother.

15 - -

50 - -

4- -

14 - -

07:00PM - 08:10AM -

08:30PM - 12:00PM -

08:45PM - ________ _

He is from France. He´s _. He speaks _____. It´s located in