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"EXCELLENCE IS OUR BUSINESS AND OUR COMMITMENT

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING

Week: 3

Topic: Concept and Terms

Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to: 1. Define concept and
terms,

2. Compare and contrast concept from terms

1. LESSON DISCUSSION

A concept is the representation of an object by the intellect through which man understands or
comprehends a

thing. A concept is an "idea" that starts with an outside reality and apprehended by the senses. For
instance, there

is a table in front of me. I know-there is a table there because I see it. So: from the table-through my
eyes, to my brain. Butdo I always see the table even if my eyes are focused on it? Do you always see the
person in front of you? No, not if you are daydreaming or worried about a problem. There must be a
message sent from the object in this case, a table to the brain, and here, other mental

operations, like memory, take over and there the realization, the formation of a concept, is "Ah, that's a
table," one
says to himself.

There are different Ends of concepts: These are: 1. Intention

a. First Intention-is a concept by which we understand what a thing is according to what it is in reality.

independent of cur thinking about it. Examples: a) Man is really an embodied spirit; he is a being
composed of body, soul and spirit.

b) A dog is an animal. So, a dog is a creature only a body and an animal soul with its attendant senses
and attendant sensitivities and intelligence, but all below those of man's soul andspirit

b. Second Intention-is a concept by which we understand not only what a thing is in reality but also

how it is in the mind. Example: a) Modern Man is the topic of the Theological Seminar. Here we are not
talking really of

modern man but only the term "Modern Man" as the topic of the Theological Seminar.

b) "Monte Vista" ("Mountain View") is the name of my subdivision-thus I am referring

to the name or term, not to the sub. stance of the term.

2. Concrete Concept- is a concept which expresses a "form" and a "subject". Just like in grammar, when
we say "concrete noun", we refer to something that can be perceived by the senses. the woman
embodies in herself the abstract

Example: a) Rose: I can see and smell and touch. b) Kind, humble, beautiful woman wherein

qualities of kindness, humility, and beauty. Abstract Concept- is a concept which has "form" only "Form"
refers to the abstract quality, which as in
grammar refers to the intangible, that which cannot be perceived by the senses. Examples: a) Beauty in a
woman

b) Kindness in a man 3. Absolute Concept-signifies the meaning of a complete substance endowed with
its independent reality

Thus, all definitions are absolute concepts: Examples: a) Man is a rational animal. Man is a homo viator, a
traveller in life. b) Every dog is an animal.

c) A triangle is a three-sided figure. Abstract concepts are also absolute. Connotative Concept-signifies
the object as an accident existing in a substance. It presents a form

without a subject. All modifiers are called connotative concepts. Examples: a) drummer

b) student c) all other things or occupations that a man can be.

4. Positive Concept-signifies the existence or possession of something Example: alive, healthy, happy,
rational.

Negative Concept-signifies the non-existence or non-possession of something

Example: death, sick, sad, irrational

The term is an external representation of a concept and the ultimate structural element of a proposition.
The term may be oral or written or printed. Oral term-When I say, "A baby is a bundle of charm."

Written or printed term-When I write on the board or on paper the word baby. It should be remembered
that the term in logic is always a of a concept or an idea, not just a sound or a written word. When we
say, "The jeep is running at a fast clip," we do not mean the word "jeep," but a vehicle that is a jeep is
running very fast:
The different kinds of concepts just taken up are also the primary kinds of terms: first and second
intention,

abstract and concrete, absolute and connotative, positive and negative. So are singular, particular, and
universal,

which will be taken up soon.

As an ultimate element of the proposition, the term may be either the subject or predicate of a
proposition. Example: Hilda is a nun. "Hilda" is the subject; "nun" is the predicate.

The subject or predicate may be simple, that is, when is a single word as in the above example, or it may
be complex, that is, when it is a group of words standing for one idea. Example of a complex term: The
wrinkled ninety-year-old woman operated on this morning is a cousin of ApolinarioMabini. The complex
subject is "The wrinkled ninety-year-old woman operated on this morning". In spite of its eight words it
is considered just one

term.

A term may also be significant or non-significant. When it stands for the essence of something, it is a
significant term. In this case, subjects and predicates and nouns are all significant terms. When a word
does not stand for the essence of something, it is a non-significant term. In this case, demonstrative
pronouns and adjectives and proper nouns are non-significant. Examples: 1) This book is Brown Heritage.
The

demonstrative adjective "this" is non-significant. 2) Mrs. Stout is my neighbor. Mrs. Stout here is not

necessarily a "stout" woman

The comprehension of a term is the sum total of all notes (the elements that comprise the significance of
an idea)
which constitute the meaning of a concept. For example, man is an animal, a rational, living an organism
a

sentient, material substance, a being. All these notes constitute the comprehension of "man".
Thecomprehension

should include not only the necessary or notes that make up its essence but also all the or the elements
or notes

deducible from its essential notes. For example, some deducible elements from "man" are man's ability
to talk, to

live with others.

On the other hand the extension of a term is the total of the particulars to which the of a concept
applied. For example: "Man is a rational animal." "Rational animal" is the of "man" while the particular
or individual in whom the elements of rationality and animality are found and, therefore, can be to are
the extension of "man"

The comprehension and extension of terms are related each other inversely: The greater the
comprehension of a term, the lesser its extension, and vice versa.

Kinds of Extension

1. Absolute Extension is the sum total of all actual or possible individual subjects signified by the
term. Let us take "man". The absolute extension of "man" is man as he is (a) the present time-
thus, all of us human beings living in the whole wide world; (b) in the past-all the dead in the
cemeteries and memorial parks are referred to as dead men, and (e) and in the future-all human
beings who will be born and live up to the end ofthe world. "Possible" includes not only the
future human beings but also the fictional, like Spiderman, Donald Duck, Snow Batman: all these
characters with human characteristics.
2. Functional Extension is the sum total of individual subjects present to the mind at the moment
of

3. discourse at the moment I think and speak and write.

4.
5. Three Kinds of Functional Extension A. Singular. A term is singular if it stands for a single definite
individual or group. "The signs
6.
7. singularity are:
8.
9. Proper noun Examples: Raul, Baguio, FEU
10.
11. Nouns modified by adjectives in the superlative degree. Examples: first, worst, most charming
12.
13. Demonstratives
14.
15. Examples: this book, that sculpture Collective nouns-not just the word but also expressions
implying a single whole
16.
17. ,
18.
19. Examples:
20.
21. a. Flock, orchestra, audience . A hundred balloons filled the ceiling.
22.
23. b
24.
25. e. A thousand people jampacked the lecture hall.
26.
27. The article "the"
28.
29. Examples: the gentleman in barong tagalog: the restaurant across the street.
30.
31. The article "the" refers specifically and definitely to the gentleman in barong tagalog-not
32.
33. to any other gentleman; and to the restaurant across the Street not to any other restaurant.
34.
35. Tae articles "a" and "an", on the other hand, are never signs of singularity, unlike in grammar
36.
37. where they are signs of singularity.
38.
39. Example: A boy is the first prize winner-"boy is why it is not singular but particular.
40.
41. here is indefinite; which boy is meant? That
42.
43. Personal pronouns: 1, you, he, she, we, they, my, your, our, etc.
44.
45. 3. Particular: A term is particular when it stands for an indefinite part of an absolute extension.
The signs of particularity are:
46.
47. Indefinite pronouns and adjectives Examples: some, several, many, few, most
48.
49. Use of numbers
50.
51. Examples: seven tickets, nine candidates Articles "a" and "an"
52.
53. Examples: a saucer, an umbrella
54.
55. Here, the articles are very indefinite. They can point to any saucer, any umbrella, not to a specific
umbrella.
56.
57. General Propositions
58.
59. These are propositions which are true most of the time but not all the time.
60.
61. Examples:
62.
63. Filipinos are hospitable. Women gossip.
64.
65. 4. Universal: A term is universal when it stands for every subject signified. The signs of
universality are:
66.
67. Universal expressions
68.
69. Examples: all, every, each, whatever, whoever, whichever, without exception, everything.
Universal Ideas
70.
71. Examples:
72.
73. Men are mortal.
74.
75. Horses are not people.
76.
77. Articles "the," "," or "un" if the idea is universal.
78.
79. Examples:
80.
81. The snake is a dangerous creature. A thing of beauty is a giver of joy.
82.
83. To sum it up: the article "the" is singular if it refers to a single, definite individual or group; or it is
universal if it refers to a universal idea. The articles "a" and "an" are particular if they connote an
indefinite part of an absolute extension; they are universal if they connote universal ideas.
84. II. A. REFERENCE
85.
86. Introduction to Logic. Institutional Module in Logic, C/ACT College.
87.
88. B. SUGGESTED READINGS Cruz, C. Introduction to Logic
89.
90. III. REQUIREMENTS
91.
92. Activity 1: Identify what language 1. I am a musician's daughter.
93.
94. 2. Aning is a violist.
95.
96. functions are applied in the following passages.
97.
98. 3. A brother is a trombone player. 4. All the children are musicians.
99.
100. 5. Six of them are a string ensemble.
101.
102. 6. Each girl is a pianist and a singer. 7. The most gifted son is the eldest.
103.
104. 8. Tondo is the setting of this musically endowed family.
105.
106. 9. Some bands are their competitors during the town fiesta
107.
108. 10. Tiago and Ana are the proud parents. 11. Atang de la Rama is the kundiman Queen.
109.
110. 12. Her husband was the writer and labor leader Armando V. Hernandez. 13. The
zarzuela was her first artistic vehicle.
111.
112. 14. All of her years since then had been years for the kundiman.
113.
114. 15. Some favoritekundimans were "Ay, ay kalisud" and "Sarumbanggi."
115.
116. 16. Her first break was the lead role in DalagangBukid.
117.
118. 17. Bata Pa siSabel was her last public performance.
119.
120. 18. Most of the kundimans she loved were numbers in the concert "Handogkay Atang"
in 1979 by the Tribung Pinoy.
121.
122. 19. She the National Artist awardee in 1987.
123.
124. 20. Indeed, it is said each moment of Atang's life was a kundiman, a song of love.
125.
126. of