‫ ههولێر‬-‫زانكۆی سهالحهدین‬

Salahaddin University-Erbil

On Quasi Elements In Group Ring

Research Project

Submitted to the department of Mathematic the degree of in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for BSc. in Mathematic

By

Sumaya Badradeen Muhedin

Supervised by

MSc. Suham H. Awla

2022-2023
 Certification of the Supervisors

I certify that this work was prepared under my supervision at the Department
of Mathematics/ College of Education /Salahaddin University-Erbil in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of philosophy of

Signature:
Supervisor : MSc. Suham H. Awla

Scientific grade: Assist. Professor

Date: 5 /4 /2023
In view of the available recommendations, I forward this work for debate by the
examining committee.

Signature :
Name: Dr. Rashad Rasheed Haje .

Scientific grade: Assist. Professor

Chairman of the Mathematics Department
Date: 5 /4 /2023

ii
 Acknowledgment

I express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the Almighty ALLAH for
providing me with strength, health, faith, patience, willing and self- confidence
to accomplish this study.

My sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to the presidency of

Salahaddin University, especially the deanery of the College of Education for
their facilities to carry out my research work.

I would like to give special thanks to my supervisor "Suham H. Awla" for her
constant and valuable guidance and encouragement during my research work.
Her attention, support and timely suggestions were useful and the most needed
in the preparation of my bachelor thesis.

My deepest thanks go to professor "Dr. Rashad Rasheed Haji" the head of

Mathematics Department of the College of Education, further more I wish to
thank the staff members of the College of Education, especially the library staff
of the College of Education.

Sumaya B.Muhedin
2023

iii
 Content
Certification of the Supervisors .................................................................................................. ii

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................iii

Content ...................................................................................................................................... iv

Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... v

List of symbols .......................................................................................................................... vi

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

Chapter one

Background ............................................................................................................................. 2

Chapter two

Section one

On Quasi Elements in Rings ............................................................................................... 6

Section two

On Quasi Elements in ................................................................................................. 8

References ................................................................................................................................ 17

‌‫ پوختو‬............................................................................................................................................ A

iv
 Abstract

In this work we study and discuss the concept of quasi elements in the group
ring where is a cyclic group of order m.

v
 List of symbols

Symbols Descriptions

Greatest Common Divisors Between and

For all

Belong to

Euler’s Phi-Function

The Ring of Integers modulo

Group Ring

is congruent to modulo

Order of

vi
 Introduction

The study of numbers has always occupied a unique position in the world
of mathematics. It may very well be the best subject for a student trying to learn
what constitutes a mathematical proof, and to construct the proofs, such as the
theories of congruences and prime numbers. Most of the results of this work can
be considered as an application of the number theory.

The present work consists of two chapters along with a list of references at the
end. The first chapter deals with some definitions and theorems about ring
theory and number theory, which are needed in our work.

Chapter two includes two sections. In section one we study quasi elements in
rings. In section two we introduce and study the concept of quasi element in the
group ring , where is a cyclic group of order . It is shown that in the
group ring , where is a cyclic group of order generated by , the
element is a quasi element, but the
element is not a quasi
element, and we prove that in the group ring where is a cyclic group of
order and , generated the element

and are not a

quasi element and is a quasi element of .

1
 Chapter one

Background

In this chapter we take some known definitions and results that we are needed in
our work.

Definition 1.1: (M.Burton 2010) Let and be given integers, with at least
one of them different from zero. The greatest common divisor of and ,
denoted by , is the positive integer satisfying the following:

(a) and
(b) If and , then

Example 1.2: .

Definition 1.3: (B.Fraleigh 2003) Let be a ring with unity. An element in

is a unit of if it has a multiplicative inverse in .

Example 1.4: Let be a ring of real numbers. Then is a unit, since is

the inverse of Then

Definition 1.5: (M.Burton 2010) Let be a fixed positive integer. Two integers
and are said to be congruent modulo , symbolized by

(mod )

If divides the difference that is, provided that for some

integer

Example 1.6: Let , then (mod ) .

Definition 1.7: (B.Fraleigh 2003) If two nonzero elements of a ring such that
then and are divisors of zero (or zero divisors).

2
Example 1.8: Let be a ring. Then and are not zero and
then and are divisors of zero.

Definition 1.9: (B.Fraleigh 2003) An element of a ring is idempotent if

Example 1.10: Let be a ring and . Then .

Definition 1.11: (C.Hung 2010) An element of a ring is called an m-

idempotent, where and , for each

Definition 1.12: (M.Burton 2010) For , let denote the number of

positive integers not exceeding that are relatively prime to

Example 1.13: Let for among the positive integers

that do not exceed there are eight that are relatively prime to specifically
1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29.

If is a prime number, then every integer less than is relatively prime to it,
whence, For Example

Theorem 1.14: (M.Burton 2010) (Euler) If and gcd , then

Example 1.15: Let and Then and Hence

by Theorem 1.15,

Definition 1.16: (Kandasamy 2002) An element in R is said to be a quasi

element ,if for every in there exist ( is a positive integer) such
that .

Example 1.17: Let Then the ring is a quasi commutative ring .

3
Solution:

Definition 1.18: (Kandasamy 2002) Let be a commutative ring with unit

and be a multiplicative group. The group ring of the group over the ring
consists of all finite formal sums of the form ∑ (i-runs over a finite
number) where satisfying the following condition:

i. ∑ ∑
ii. ∑ ∑ ∑
iii. ∑ (∑ ) ∑ ∑
iv.
v. ∑ ∑ ∑

is a ring with as its additive identity. Since we have

and where is the identity of . Clearly if we replace
the group by a semi group we say is the semi group ring of the semi
group over the ring .
4
Example 1.19: Let be the ring and ⟨ ⟩ then the group
ring, and the order of
group ring is .

5
 Chapter two

Section one

On Quasi Elements in Rings

In this chapter we study the elements in a ring that ar quasi elements or not.
Proposition 2.1.1: If is a unit element in a ring such that , then is
a quasi element .

Proof: Suppose , then

Hence is a quasi element of a ring for .

Proposition 2.1.2: If is an idempotent element of a ring , then is a quasi

element .

Proof: Suppose that is an idempotent element of , then by Definition 1.9,

and for each , then

Hence is a quasi element of for .

Proposition 2.1.3: If is m-idempotent element, then is a quasi element.

Proof: Suppose is an m-idempotent element, then by Definition 1.11, ,

and for each

Hence is a quasi element of for

Remark 2.1.4: If are zero divisors such that then .

6
Lemma 2.1.5: If , then is not a quasi element.

Since for a unit then , but because b is a unit.

7
 Section two

On Quasi Elements in

Proposition 2.2.1: In the group ring , where is a cyclic group of

order generated by the element is a quasi element if is a unit.

Proof: Since is a prime, we have is even,

Now

by Theorem 1.15

Proposition 2.2.2: In the group ring where G is a cyclic group of order

generated by , the element for is a quasi element.

Proof: Let and , then

Hence , then is a quasi element of

Proposition 2.2.3: In the group ring , where is a cyclic group of order

generated by , the element is a

8
quasi element, but the element
is not a quasi element.

Proof: First we prove to the case

, we see that

( )

by Proposition 2.1.1, the element is a quasi element of

Second time we prove to the case

we see that

( )

Then by Lemma 2.1.5, the element is not a quasi element of .

Example 2.2.4: Let be a group ring where is a cyclic group of order 8

generated by . Then

9
 ( )

Hence by Proposition 2.1.1, the element is a quasi element of

Proposition 2.2.5: In the group ring , where is a cyclic group of order

generated by , has at least two quasi elements.

Proof: Let

( )

Then by Proposition 2.1.2, we get that the element is a quasi element of

Let . Then

( )

Then by Proposition 2.1.2, the element is a quasi element of

10
Example 2.2.6: Let

( )

Then by Proposition 2.1.2, we get the element a is a quasi element of

Proposition 2.2.7: In the group ring where is a cyclic group of order

and is an odd integer, generated by , the element
is a quasi element .

Proof: Let

( )

11
 ( )

Therefore then we have . Hence by Proposition

2.1.3 is a quasi element of

Example 2.2.8: Let Then for the

element , we have

( )

, and

( )

Therefore then we have . Hence by Proposition

2.1.3 is a quasi element of .

12
Proposition2.2.9: In the group ring where is a cyclic group of order
and , generated by , have elements
that are not quasi element and have some elements that are quasi element.

Proof: Case1: Let

( )

Then by Lemma 2.1.5, the element is not a quasi element of .

Case2: Let . Then

( )

by lemma 2.1.5 is not quasi element of .

Case3: let . Then

13
 , then

( )

By Proposition 2.1.1, the element a is a quasi element of

Case 4: Let , then

, then

( )

by Proposition 2.1.1, the element is a quasi element of

Example 2.2.10: Let

( )

Then by Lemma 2.1.5 is not quasi element of .

14
Proposition 2.2.11: In the group ring where is a cyclic group of order
, for is an odd integer generated by has a quasi elements.

Proof: Let . Tthen

( )

Therefore by proposition 2.1.2, the element is a quasi element of

Let , then

( )

Therefore by Proposition 2.1.2, is quasi element of

Example 2.2.12: Let Then for the

element we have

( )

15
Therefore by proposition 2.1.2, the element is a quasi element of

Proposition 2.2.13: In the group ring where is a cyclic group of order

and is odd the element

is a quasi element.

Proof: Let then

( )

oposition 2.1.2, is a quasi element of .

Example 2.2.14: In the group ring the element

is a quasi element, because

, then

( )

by proposition 2.1.2, is a quasi element of .

16
 References

1. B.Fraleigh, John. A first course in abstract algebra. USA: Pearson

Education india, 2003.

2. C.Hung, Y.Guo. "On m-idempotents." African Dispora Journal of

Mathematics, 2010: 64 - 67.

3. Kandasamy, W.b.Vasantha. Smarandache rings. USA: Infinite Study,

2002.

4. M.Burton, David. Elementary number theory. USA: McGraw Hill, 2010.

17
 ‫پوخته‬
‫گروپوكان‌‬
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‫‌‬ ‫دهرباره‌‬
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‫لێكۆڵینو ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫م‌كاره‌‬
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‫گروپێكی‌خولیو‌ ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫‌‪‌،‬كاتێ‌ ‌‬ ‫‌‬

‫‪A‬‬