(fo motel.) M. W. DEWEY. METHOD OF UTILIZING NATURAL BLECTRIC ENERGY, No, 414,943 Patented Nov, 12, 1889 waveses iW 6M Andon Thakkar HA way. Snail, Lasse Hrd. 7 ATTORNEYS:15 35 3° 38 45 5° UniTEeD STATES PaTENT OFFICE. MARK W. DEWRY, OF SYRACUSE, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO THE DEWEY CORPORATION, OF SAME PLACE. METHOD OF UTILIZING NATURAL ELECTRIC ENERGY. SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patont No, 414,043, dated November 12, 1880. Appin Sed Xo 1, 1860, Bal Ne 306172, Comoe) Zo eld whonn tt may concern: io it known that f, Mtans W. Dewey, of Syracuse; in the counéy of Onondaga, in the Siatoot New Yorks have invented new and use- fal Improvements in the Method vf Uulizing Natural Bloetsio Energy, of whieh the follow ing, taken in eonneetion with the accompany ing drawings, is a fll, clean, sind exact do- scription. “The object of this invention is to provide as ssethod whereby natal eletrial aungy Ach as the soealfed * atmosphere elestaeal nergy or elestrieal energy that may be do- ved trom the difference of potential exist ing between two points, one being the earth And the other the atmosphere at an elevation hove the earth—may be collector or utilized for the various uses to whieh electrieliy anplied, Te has been found thatthe presence of lec- tricity inthe apperregionsed the atmosphere {8 not confined to tinader-londy, but can De detested tall times and often in great sroaotities in diffrent conditions of the at ‘mosphere. "Tn fine weather this. electric ity Is mostly" positive; bat in. showery. oF stormy weather negative electricity is a fre Ainently met withens positive, uid iis In Sitch weather thatthe fadicatfons of electri ily, whether postive or negative, are usually Eig steongest Te has also been found that faswe proceed farther frou the earth's sur face, Whether upwant from a level plane thereof ot hosioatally from an elevation, the Potential of points in the alt becomes more fhe more aterent from shat of he ty difference being, in a road sense, sin Droportional to the distance; hence Wo. eal Inter that there fs electricity residing on the surface of the earth, the daiisity of which at uy moment inthe locality of observation is Ieasured by the difference of potential foond lo exist between the earth and a given polnt inthe air near i. ‘he resnits of observa: tons show that the variations of the electrie- Ity residing in the atmosphere fs the main cause of the variations of the electricity on the suvface of the earth, "A charged elond ‘or body of alt indaces electriity of the op- posite kind to its own on the parts of the {rts subface over mich it pastes nnd pro. ueos such variations. ‘The differones of potential in ineroasing the distaneo from the earth is dao to electricity indeed on the sur face of the earth by opposite electricity in the air overhead, and tho air being a now: eonduetorthe eleetrieities are wnable to com- Dine. As electrical density is greator on pro- Jecting’ parts of a surfacethan on those which fare plane or coneave, stronger indications fare obtained on hills than in valleys, if the collecting apparatus be at the sume distance from the ground in both eases. The average dierenee of potential is greater in the win- ‘er than in the summer. Little or no effects ean be obtained within iuclosures or under trees, as they tend to sereen the apparatus, Inasmuch a electricity travels in proter- ‘ence through the best conductors, it follows that, if a path of low resistance is formed {stich as the exeetlon of aimetal pole) to a sik Tiefent elevation above tho enth the olee- trieities in the atmosphere and that on the surface of the enrth will tend to combine and travel through the said path in a eurrent or currents, and if thispole ternvinatesin a metal point ora number of such points the earth And clouds exchange their opposite electrici- Tes without a disruptive discharge—as the ightning—but in a slow and gradual way through convection. Besides supplying the top of the pole with points, a metal plate to which the said points are Axed attracts the ‘opposite electricity in the atmosphere. In onler to obtain a greater and inereased effect, 4 large metal plate is buried at the foot of the leand electrically connected therewith, aud Js provided with, points or branches extend- ing indifferent directions in the ground. ‘The plate and branches may be surrounded by netallie refuse, coke, or other good conduet- ing substance. ‘The’ motallie points on the top of the pole should he sharp, and prefer- ably of copper,and may be platinized, gilded, F galvanized to prevent corrosion. ‘It hav: ing’ beon ascertained by practical experi outs that either a flame o dropping water at an elevation above thesusface of the earth produess convection of electricity, it is obvi- us that such means may be employed in place of the points hereinbefore referred to. AAS the electricity in tho atmosphoro Is some ry 5 9°35 ~ 35 4° 6 5 55 6 6s ‘Imes positive and other times negative, the Alrection of the ensvents is not always the same—that is, the atmospherie electrical en- ‘ety is composed of a current of an alteruat- | ing claret fowing in one dlteton oan avicage aucune teh of (he Ue as nthe Spnodioivttns bat sh legit oft ca Pee cet aletionrorte engi st Ting ata cetan ev recon of is How is reatiy fried, Ths ntl te arg sgl the eueretta Moprerertl to lllanionf simerphers Clete energy ie cometeag andes fr thevasinetoepous forich let e gensallyeoppets Tx arder tet ieoes own or Goren, choy shot be trae formating wentiguons deol cutout of tifym street heappnrt forage ishtng te Sastomaden f wumesphore ctrl tnuo'a also caront of witors Arengll stseaplbieot hug great mod fed “the preted form of oprah cre, far carping tho tention pracy Ants fet wl now proceed fo Uegroe show thatthe metied i sapebt of weal ferfornnee, Sad apoaratstsustated a The dlgram accompncying thisapeifcaion ‘aeferrng spelt su diag, A represents matali polo stich Shen Bila bur yy anvebped In Suttale fos Thing mstonsy itdestable. Bs he nse ct thenforestd ote hich bras ie of tstlnting atonal sot fn'tho gromd BC loa ings ital plate benef, he tal based has ts branches extending tetetgm in Uigurat cwctons in {he grgumie 9 metals post extondag tron Ue ald plate hove fit eneace of the pound and ving Semnlaald of thocteate De Onthe bp at fait pole ie nmonntel' meta ep Zo tide peforbly, of acoivor dis proved nih Aidt non ofSopper ponte py ebich po Year all dveotons Pont the aver "Abe fore mentioned the ant plats may be ted trib sulable metal tint forms goa cone {tran prevent cosine iy bo tne on other insulated pelos So Ait the Vetatyy and tonnectel it ioe ints pe bya lotto conto toe Hesoding tho bet th pote Amy boat wootrand the pole may ako bof these material if provided with a metal conductor | within or on the outside, extending from the ‘eap to the other terminal d’ of the elreait D, ‘The said eiveult D leads from the terminal d through an automatic variable resistance G, thenes to one of the pales of a secondary of storage battery H, and from the other pole ot said battery throu an automatic earrent- roralator to the terminal dA adiomatic currentreverser or poleehaingor J is located in the said elreuit for reversing the current whenever there is a change in its direction, so that it may be aeetified oy stimightened uring transi¢ and eaused to travel tall tims whether its direction is toward or from the earth in one and the same direetion 414.9088 through a portion of the circuit: eontaining thesocondary battery. ‘The reversals are ae complished automaticaly by means of a piv- oted polarized armature F, loeated between thvo electro-magnets eo, having thelr coils in cluded Jn a shunteireuit between tho leads of the circuit D. "The magnets are wound 20 that a north pote will be presented to the a mature om ome side and a south pole on the other. When the earrent is lowing in a cer. tain direction, tho suid polarized armature will bo repel by one magnet and attracted by the other, and thereby moved to one side. When ‘the current changes tis. direction through the magnets, the poles of the said magnets are reversed and! the armature is Doth ropelied and attrwetod to the other side. An arm, of diamaguetio material, is fixed to fand extentls from the armature and is moved dy the same, Between a movable end of the armand thosaid currentxeverser is a pivoted conneetion or link ¢, by which the motion of the arm is conveyed to the reverser. Stops f are provided for limiting the movenent of the said arm, and an adjustable resistaneo is ineluded in the shunt i” to tegiate the current through the same, ‘Theeurrent-regulator hereinbefore referred to prevents shortcizeuiting or the rapid dis- change of the secondary battery into the air ‘and ground when thestrength of saidbattory- ‘earrent becomes grenter than that passing to the battery. Sal. regulator is eomposed of ‘an electro-inagnet I, having Its collin the eir- cuit D. pivoted polarized armaturey iseon- nected at ts pivot to one terminal of the call fof said magnet, and ‘when the enryent isfow- Ing to the battery said armatare is attracted ‘iy the magnet and held in eontaet with the slop ls, towhich the terminal of the secondary Dattory is connected. Tn the aforesafd coi dition’ a free or low-rosistance path for the ‘eustent is provided to the battery; Dut when the hattory-current exceeds tho charging-em= rent the magnet-poles are reversed and the armature is repelled by the magnet, and. the roo path of the elreuft isbroken betweon tho armature g and stop h._ In ovderto maintain the armatiare in the laiter position watil the charging - current has" been. inezeased ih Strengtlt above that of the battery-enrrent or Aischarging-current, nd so that the said reg. lator will automatically operate, a shunt path IC of high resistanes is provided aronnd the armature g and stop f. Tho high resist- ranee of the said shnot fs obtained by inelid ing atheostat-m, ‘This shunt path or er cult K, with the resistance, pormits a smnall Dut siffieient amount of eurrent to dow through the magnet to hold the arnature away from tho stop h until tho eurrent is re- ‘versed, and then move the armatnve back to Stop ta close the free or low-tesistance path, A spring Vis provided fo assist the movement of the armatare from the magnet when itis repelled by the same. ‘The electric current. may be directly con- Se 85 9° 9s 105 330414043 8 ducted to translating device or eloetromotors; but, as hereinbefore stated, said ourrent isprefeably employed to charg | ‘one or more cells of the secondary battery 1, ‘and this battery stores or accumulates the electrical energy and supplies the said trans- lating devices.” To ilustrate the latter fea ‘ure, eads or wires Land L/ are extended from the poles or slectrodes of said battery, and translating devices, in the shape of ineandes- ent lamps 1, aro connected with the stid wires in multiple are. Tn the wire Lisacom- mon cireuit maker and breaker 7 to elose and open the eirenit to the lamps. ‘The said battery may be charged in series orparalel ‘The automatic variable vesistance G main- tains the eurrent flowing through the elteuit D approximately uniform by inereasing the resistance therein upon an increase of strength. Said resistance is not absolutely nocessary and may be dispensed with, ‘The lightning-arcester M is to short-elveuit avery heavy eurrent to prevent the same from passing throngh the other paris of the apparatus and injuring it. A low-resistance shunt O, with a cireuit maker and breaker therein, is connected between the leads of the circuit D, near the terminals d and d’, to com- Bletely short-circuit the apparntus when de- Having described my invention, what T claim as new,and desire to secure hy Tetters Patent, is— 1. The method of utilizing atmospher ‘dectical energy, consisting in conducting the electric current or currents bettween the enrth and a point in the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, rectifying or straightening the currents during transit, and storing orac cumulating the electrical energy of said ree tified current or eurrents. 2. As preliminary steps In the method of utilizing’ atmospheric electrical enorgy, eon- ducting’ the electric ‘current or euttvents through a path of low resistance botween the earth and the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, maintaining an approxi: mately niform sixength of current and ree- fifying or straightening the same during 50 transit, 25 3 4 such aslamps | As preliminary steps in the method of utilizing atmospheric electrical energy, eon- dueting the electric eurrent or currents through a path of low resistance between the earth and the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, and rectifying or straighten- ing said eurrents during transit. 4. The method of ulilizing atmospheric electrical energy or deriving energy from the difference of electrical potential existing be- ‘uveen the earth and a point or points in the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, consisting in conducting the enrrent or cur rents between the two points throngh a path of low resistance, rectifying or stunightening the said enrrents in a portion of the path uring transit, and storing ov accumulating the electrical energy thereof. 3, The method of ulilizing atmospheri clectrieal enorey or deriving energy from the ifference of elvetrieal potential existing be- tiveen the earth and a point or points In the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, consisting in conducting the enrrent or eur routs between the two points throngh a path of low resistance, maintaining an approxi- mately uniform strength of current, reetify- ing oF straightening the said currents ina portion of the path duving transit, and stor- ing or accumulating the electrical enor 6, The method of utilizing atmospheric electrical energy composed of exrrent of varied alternating character, consisting 1 conducting tho electrie current or currents ‘through a path of low resistance between the earth and the atmosphere at an elevation above the earth, and then agcumulating the electrical energy of said earrent or eurronts while flowing in both directions in one or more calls of '@ secondary oF storage battery, as deseribed. Tn testimony whoreof T haye heremnto signed my name this 29th dayof April, 1889, MARK W. DEW! [us] Witnesses: CL Duet, CL. BENpixox, 85 bo 65 7 8 80 85 9°June 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC ENERGY Filed Jgn. 15, 1921 12, Sheets-Sheet 1 | Fig. 1. “7 Fig.2.June 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATHOSPHEEIC ELRCTHIC ENERGY y Filed Jan. 15, 1921 12_Sheote-Sheet 2 TTT ETSJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSONJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLaUSON Igveqter Strmarrn ChansonJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H, PLAUSON LRCTRIC BNERCY 12 Sheots-Sheot, 6 Igveg for Homann Qawen by Kewerht Bo, | ReinaJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLal RIC BsJune 9, 1925, 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC BLECTRIG ENERGY Filed Jan. 15, 1921, 12 Sheets-Shest 7June 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H, PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATNOSTIIERTC ELECTRIC ENERGY Filed Jan. 15, 1921, 12 Sheets-Bheet 8 x x SJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC Pilea Jan. 15, 1922, P ¥ Igveqtor a , : es tee “ s Kuyt B. —|l£ aeJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC ENERGY Z at Ty Yamane Phawreen A Kala Be 3| 6 a + IgZeqrorJune 9, 1925. 1,540,998 H. PLAUSON CONVERSION OP ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC SNERGY Filed Jan. 18,1921 12 Sheets-Sheet 12 . 14ww » 25 Patented June 9, 1925. UNITED STATES 1,540,998 PATENT OFFICE. HERMANN PLAUSON, OF HAMBURG, GERMANY, CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC ENERGY, Application fled January 18, 1921, To,altwhom it may concern: spo to ath Baas Paap, sathonian subjeut, residing in Hamburg, Germany, have, invented. certain new and useful Improvements in she Conversion. of ‘Ntmosphefic Blecre Bnergay of whist the Following is « specification Methods" of ‘obtaining atmospheric. elec- trieity by means of metalienettgs set with spikes which are held by means of ordinary or anchored. kit balloons made of fabrics tnd filled ith hydrogens are in. thebry at Teady known. Atmosphere electricity. ob- {Sind inthis way ns been suggested to be sed in the form of direct current for the charging of accumulators ‘This knowledge Rroweverisa¢ present only theoretieal as the Conversion in practice hs hitherto been failure. No mans are known of protecting {ie apparatus from destruction by hightning. ‘The balloons used for collecting the char ust also bo made of very largesza in order {o be able to support the weight of the me- talle netting ahd the henry cable: connoe- Sons, Tastend of using heavy metallié netting’ ag colletars stached 9 sgle air balloons of non-conducting materials which are liable to be forn and are permeable to the gas, it is proposed to use metallic balloon collectors ‘which have the following important advan- tnges— (a)_‘The metallic cases, are impenetrable to helium’and hydrogen; they also represent, large metalic weatherproof coleting st (4) Radio active means and. the like may be only aprlied ineensiy cr extrnally whereby the ionization is considerably in creased and therewith also the quantity of atmospheric electricity eapable of being col- lected. (c) Such balloon éollectors of light. metal dor not require to be of large size as they have to carry only their own moderate ‘weight, and that of the conducting cable or i) ‘Phe entire system therefore offers lit. treaeface for the getion of storm and wind and is resistant and stable. (e) Each balloon can be easily raised and lowered by means of a winch so that all re- pans, recharging and the like can be carried but-without danger during the operation Serial o, 437,107. IL is further proposed to use'a ebllecting 8° acral network of several separate collectors Spread ont in the air above the earth, which collectors are. interconnected by eletrical condor eeording to this invention charges of at- mosphere electricity ‘are not. directly. co verted into mechanical energy, and. this Yorms the main difference from previous in. ventions, but the statie electricity which rug fovea throvgh arial contre Jn the and Tow current strength Yo Sonvotiod tet tlectro-dynamie energy in the form of high Srequency vibrations.” Many advantages are thereby "obtained and all disadvantages "The vary high voltage of static electricity at a Tow cyerent strength can be converted hy thin intion to weltage more sua for technical purposes. an ater eur. rent strength.” BY. the use of closed oscilla {ory eirouits it is possible to obtain electro magnetic waves of various amplitude and thereby to increase the degrey of resonance cof such current. ‘Such Yesorance allows oan values of indutatee tbe chosen ‘whereby agsin the governing of the starting and stopping of machines driven thereby by Simply tuning the resonanes hebwoen, sos of the machine and the transformer cireuit forming the resonance’ can. easily: be ob- tained. Further, such’ currents have the property of being directly available for va- Fouts usts, even without employing them for Griving motors, of whieh there may be pare ticularly mentioned, ighting, production of heat and use in electrochemistry Further, with such currents a series of ap- poratus may be fed without direct current Supply through conductors and. also. the electro-magnetic. high frequency--eurrents may be converted by means of special motors dapted for electro-magnetic. oscillations intd mechanical energy, ot finally converted by special machines into alternating current of low frequency or even into direct current of ugh potential ‘eae is aor, patlay di seribed with reference to the aecompalyin agra in whi figure Lis an explanatory fzure. Figure. 2 ie a diagrammatic: view. af the simplest form. 10 B » 10wo 15 28 0 Figure 3 shows a method of converting atmospheric electrical energy for use wit motors. . ‘Figure 4 is a diagram showing the use of protective means. P¥pigure 0 isa diagram of an arrangement for converting large earrent strengths. Figure 6 is-a diagram of an arrangement including controlling means. Figure 7 shows means whereby the spark gap length can be adjusted. siete 8 shows a unipolar connection for the motor. ‘Figure 9 shows a weak coupled system suitgble for use with small power motors Figures 10, 11 and 19 show modified ar- rangements. Figure 13 shows a form of induetive cou- pling for the motor circuit. Figure 14 is a modified form of Figure 13 with induetive eoupling. . Figure 15 is an arrangement with non- inductive motor: ‘igure 16 js an arrangement with, cow pling by condenser. Figures 17, 18 and 19 are diagrams of fur- ther modifications. Figure 20 shows a simple form in which the serial network is combined: with special collectors. Figure 21 shows diagrammatically un ar- rangement suitable for collecting large quantities of energy. ‘Figure 22 is 2 modified arrangement hav- ing two rings of collectors, igure 24 shows the connections for three rings of collectors, igure 2A shows a collecting balloon and diagram of its connection of condenser bat- teres ‘Figures 25 and 26 show modified collector balloon arrangements, ‘Figure 27 shows a second method-of con- necting conductor for the balloon aerials. Figure 28 shows an auto-transformer method of connection. ‘Figure 99 shows the simplest. form of con- struction with incandescent cathode. ‘igure 80 shows 2 form with cigar shaped balloon. Figure 81 is a thodified arrangement, Figure 82 shows 2 form with enthode and electrode enclosed in a vacuum chamber. Figure 33 is a modified form of Figure 32. Figure 34 shows an are light collector. Figure 85 shows such an arrangement for alternating current, Figure 36 shows an with Nernst lamp. ‘Figure 87 shows a form with a gas flame. Figave 1 illustrates a simple diagram for converting static. electricity into dynamic energy of a high number of, oscillations. For the sake of clearness in the' drawings an influence machine is assumed to be employed yeandescent collector 1,540,008 and not an aerial antenna. 13-and 14 are combs for collecting the static electricity of the influence machine. 7 and 8 are spark discharging electrodes, 6 and 5 condensers, 9 an inductive primaty coil, 10 secondary coil, Land I2ends of conductors of the see- ‘ondary coil 10. When the dise of the static influenee machine is rotated by mechanical means, the combs collect the electrie charges one the positive and the other the n« Live, 15 and charge the condensers 5 and 6 until suelt a high potential is formed across the spark gap 78, that the spark gap is jumped. As the spark gap 7—8 forms a closed circuit with condensers 6 and 5, and inductive re- sistance 9, as is well known, waves of high 80 froquoney' electromagnetic éscilations. will pass in this cireut. ‘The high frequency of the oscillations produced in the pritnary cireut induces draves of the samy periodicity in the sec. ondary ciresit. "Tins in the primary eh cuit electromagnetic osillations are formed by the pag of the spark over the spank spat thes yar ce attained by sh Sharges of state electricity By shy setng te so tetwon the number of the coll inthe primary and sec- ondary circuits with regard to a corest ap plication of the co-icients of resonance {espace inductance snd. rostanee) the gh voltage of the primary eirult may be suitably converted into low voltage and high current strength, ‘When, th ceilatory discharges in the pri- 3 mary eiveit becomes ‘weaker or ently ens, the condensers are charged again by the sate electiity ntl the accusatated charge agsin breaks dow the spark gap- SHAME repented as long as elevtieiy ts 15 produced by the static machine by employ~ Fig mochantcal enoray. 2 elementary form. of the invention #s shown in Figure 2 in which two spate zaps in parallel are used one of which may. pe 10 fermned the working gap in Figure 2 wise the second Ferves as safety device fore cess voltae and consisty of 2 langer numer of spark gaps than the ‘working. setion, sich gap ate strange in revel andar 5 Tridgod by very stall eapneties as fy ns. trated in a, By cy, Figure 2 which allow of uniform sparking’ in the safety section Tn Figure 2 Ais the aerial antenna for collecting charges of atmonpieieelettcty 48 isthe earth connection of the second pas of te spark gap, 8 and 6 are-conensers, 9 primary eof” Now when throngh the aerial R the positive atmospheric electricity seks to combine with the negative charge focarthy 12 this is prevented by (the ait gap betmeen) the spare gape ‘The reste ofthe sa fap Tis, se shown in the drawings, over {hin thal of the other safety section whieh Consists-of three spark gaps connected in 12io 6 in’ parallel havin 20 3% 40 is 1,540,008 series, and consequently a three times greater air resistance is offered by the latter. So long’ therefore, as the resistance of “the spark’ gap 7 ig not overloaded, so that the other spark: gaps have an equal resit- ance with i the discharges take place only over spark’ gap 7. Should however the Voltage be increased hy ‘any influences 30 Ghat" it might be dangerous for charging the condensers 5 and 6 or for the col sulation 9 and 10 in consequence of break downy a‘corect regulation of is park ap the second spark gap can discharge {ree from inductive eflects chet to earth with: out endangering the ‘machine. ‘Without this second spark wip, arranged ‘higher resistance than it is impossible to bls Tnrge quantities the working spark gaj collect and sender ava of electrical energy. ‘The action of this closed oscillation ci cuit consisting of spark gap 7, two condens- ers, and f, primary coil and also seo. ‘ondary coil 10 is exactly the. same as the ‘one described in Figure 1 with the arrange ‘mont of the static induction machine the" only diferonen that ewe "the. seoond spark gap is provided. ‘The electromagnetic High frequency alternating current obtained can be tapped off from the conductors 11 and 12 for lighting and heating. purposes. Special kinds of motors adapted for worl ing with. these pecnliar electrical charges may be connestel at 14 and 19 which can work with static electricity charges or with high frequency oellations. in addition to the use of spark gaps in‘parallel © second meastre of security is also necessary for taking of the current. tis precaution consists, according to this inyention, in the introduction of and method of connesting certain protective electro- magnets or choking coils in the serial cir~ cuit as shown by Sin Figure’ A single electromagnet only having a core of the thinnest possible separate laminations is eomected with tho seria. In the case of high voltages in the aerial network or at places where there are fre- quent thunder storms, several such magnets tay however be gonectod in frie. In the case of large units or plants sev. eral electroma allel or in Series parallel. ‘The. windings of these clectromagnets ‘may be simply connected in series with the aerials. In this case the winding preferabl consists of several thin parallel wites, which make up together, the necessary section, ‘The winding may be made of primary and secondary, windings in the form of a transformer. ‘The primary winding will be Shen connected in series with the aerial net work, and the secondary winding more. or less short-citenited over 4 regulating resist= iets can be employed in par- sce ofa induction coll Tn th dtr caso it is possible to regulate to a certain exteit the elect of the choking coils. In the further. description, of the connecting and constructional diagrams the aerial eles tromagnet choke coil is indicated. by a simple ring 8. Figure d shows the simplest ay’ of con- ‘erting atmospheric electricity into electro. magnetic wave energy hy tho tse of special motors adapted for high. oscillatory cur- rents or static charges of electrical energy. Reoent improvements in motors for work ing with satie charges and motors working by resonance, that is to say, having Broups OF tuned cleetromagnetic cooperating ce. faite render this possible but ouch 6 not form par of he present invention "A mhotor adapted to operate with static charges will for the sake of simplicity: be Gingeanimatically indicated by tro. som. gre egt apd tos 0 he amor ya rin gure 3) Ais a vertia aerial’ OF derial networiz. “Sth eafaty choke or dletromagnet with coil O as may be seen is connocted with the serial Ay Ad jacont the electromagnes the aerial con: Scion died to eh ciets the ehreit 8 giving the safety spark gap, the rent 7 with the working spark gap? and then cireuit including the stator ternal 1, the rotor and stator terminal 2 at which ‘connection is made to the earth wire” The two spark ups. are also’ conpected.mielals ay with the earth wite. ‘The method! of working these diagrams is as follows: "The positive atmospheric ‘electric’ charge collected tends to combine with the negati¢e slectriity. (or earth electricity) connected ‘with the eavt wire. Tt travely along the aerial A through the electromagnet 3 wit ‘ut being checked as it flows inthe saine di rekon the dine caren." ust Drogress ig arrested by two sparks, gaps Placa in the way and the stator condense furfacos. ‘The eator condenser surfaces ate charged until the charge is. greater than She rea ofthe ark gap where a spark springs over the spark gap and au duclllatory charge is obtained fa by means of the motor M, ator surfaces Lara 3v and spark zap 7, closed cxilaton circuit i obtained for producing the electromagnet tecillations, ‘The motor here forms te ex. pacity and the necessary induetance aint re stan, which, si wall known, ae nee ary’ for converting static elasticity into tlectoomagneiie wave energy. "The discharges formed are vonverted inéo mechanical energy in special motors and can Zot reach the aetial network by reason of {he olectromagnt or choke, Tf, however, vwhon a spark springs over the spark gap 2 2 greater quantity of atmospheiseelessigty tents 15 flow to earth, a chunter voltage fe 0 18 0 0 100 105 0 120 123 1010 is 25 20 6 o 2 induced in the electromagnet, which is ater the more rapidly and strongly the How of current direct to the earth is. By the formation of this opposing vollége 4 Suficiently high resistance is offered to the How of -atmosphoric clectniity direct to earth to prevent a short citit. Wi “th gap 8h "Tho cireutt containing spark gap 8 having a different wwave lengtirarhich is not in reso: hhonve with (he natural fiequeney of the Inotor, does not endanger the motor and fcrves! as security against exeess. voltage, ‘which, as practical experiments have shown, Inay all arse in certain eases, but ean be conducted dinect to eanth through this sparie 8B, tho dingram illustrated in Figure 4 the spark gap Tis shunted across condensers 9 Shi 6 from the motor Mis conststetion fons mainly ‘better insulation of the ior aginst estes vol and 8 or txeitatjon through the spask gap 7 Tn Figure 3 «diagram 1s iluwteated. for transforming lange current strengths which rng’ be employed direct withogtinotors for aammple for lighting om heating: purposes ‘The hain diference ws that here the spark ap consists of a star shaped die 1 hich ERR fotate on its own axis nd Ss rotated by 'inator opposite similarly. flted electrodes Ta When separate points of stars face one tuotherdiseharses {ake plac, thus Zorminz an ostliation ciceuit over condensers 9 and Gand inductance for osellatory discharges fei ovident that a motor may also bo di rectly connected to the ends of the spiral 9. ‘The construction of the diagram shown in Fie 6 ports of the ostilition cise Gt the motor being eonnected-with an ine Cietion coils Here a regulating, Inductive Fevistance is introduced for counter-acting txeessvoltngcs in the motor. By entting the separate cots 9 (coupled tetively t6 the feril) in or ant te indtive ation on fhe re or les increased or \In Figure 7 the oscil it is closed Brough the earth (E and I). ‘The spark gap 7 may be prolonged or shortened by ore or fewer spark gaps being successively connected by means of a contact arm 7°. ‘Diagram 8 shows a unipolar connection of the motor with the serial network. Here tsvo oscillation civenits are closed through the same motor.. ‘The frst oscillation cirenit passes from aerial A through electromagnet Be point induetanes {F to the emrth con denser 6 and farther, over spark gap 7 to the acrial condenser 3 and back to 2. ‘The second oscillation cirenit starts from the ‘aerial condenser at the point 2 over the inductance 9 to the earth condenser 6 at the point «and throngh the condenser 6 over 1,540,998 the spark gap 7 back to a. ‘The motor itself is inserted between the two points of the spark gap 7. From this arrangement slight- Jy damped osilation wave eurvents are pro- Tn the diagram illustrated in Figure 9.0 loosely coupled system of connections is il- Iustrated which is assumed to be for small motors for measuring purposes. A indi- cates the aerial conductor, 8 the elestromng- net in the aerial conductor, 9 the inductance, 7 the spark gap, 5 and 6 condensers, E the earth, Bf the motor, and 1 and 2 stator eon nections ‘of the motor. ‘The -motor is di- rectly metallically connected with the oseil- Tajo, rel ety induc i in Figure 10 a purely inductive coupling is employed for the motor eirenit. ‘The mo- tor is connected with the secondary wire 10 as may be seen in Figure 11 in a somewhat modified diagram connection. ‘The same applies to the @agram of Figaro 12. the diagrams hitherto described prefer- ably allow of motors of small and medium strength to be operated. For large aggre- sates, however, they are too inconvenient, a5 ite construction of two or more oscillation cireuits for large amounts of energy is dif. cult; the governing is still more dificult and the danger in switching on or off is greater. ‘A means of overcoming. such diffclties is shown in Figure 13. ‘The oscillation circuit here runs starting from the point « over con- ‘denser 5, variable induetanee 9, spark gap 7 and the two segments (3* and 4*) form- ing arms of a Wheaistone bridge, back to 2, TE the motor is connected by brushes 3 and 4 transversely to the two arms of the bridge as shown in the drawings, electromagnetic ‘oscillations of equal sign are induced in the stator surfaces 1 snd 2 and the motor does not revolve. If however, the brushes 3 and 4 are moved in commion’ with the conduct ing. wires 1 and 2 which eonnest the brushes swith the stator poles a certain alteration or displacoment of tho polarity is obtained and the motor commences to revolve. ‘Phe maximum action will result: if one brush 8 comes on the eenteal sparking con- tact 7 and.the other brush 4 on the part 2, ‘They are however, usually in practice not brought on to the central contact 7 but only held in the path of the bridge segments 4 and 3* in order not to connect the spark zaps with the motor oscillation circuit. As however, the entire oscillation energy can thereby not act on the motor it is betier to carry out the same system aceording to the diagram 14. ‘The diagram 14 ¢iffers from the foregoing only by the motor not being, directly metallically connected with the se ‘ments of the commutator, but only a mary coil 9 which induces, in a secondary coil 10, current which feeds the motor ME and takes the place of the rotor. By this % 95 10 105 no us 120 10« mo 1,540,908, arrangement a good transforming action is obtained, « loose coupling and also an. os- cillation ‘cirouit without a spark gap. In Figure 15 the motor is not purely in- ductively as in 14, but directly metallically Dranched off from the primary eoil (at @ and!) after the principle of the antotrans. In Figure 16 instead of an inductance a condenser 6 is in similar manner, and for the same object inserted. between’ the seg- ments 3° and 4. ‘This has the advant that the segments 3* and 4 need net le nte of solid metal but may consist of spiral coils whereby a more exact regulation is possible and further motors of high inductance may be, employed. ‘The arrangements of Figures 17, 18 and 19 may be employed for use with resonance and particularly with induction condenser motors; between the lange stator induction condenser surfaces, small reversing pole con- densers are connected, which, as may be seen from Figures 17, 18 and 19 are led together to earth. Such’ reversing poles have. the advantage that with large quantities of clecttical energy the spark formation be bbveen the separate oscillation cireuits ceases Figure 19 shows a further method which prevents electromagnetic oscillations of high numnber of alternations formed in the oscil- lation cineuit striking: back to the aerial con- ductor, Te is based on the well known prin- ciple that a mereury lamp, one electrode of which is formed of mercury, the other of solid mietal such as steel allows an electric charge to pass in only one direction from the mereury to the steel and not vice versa, » The mereury electrode of the vacuum tube « oo “6 N jis therefore connected with the aerial conduetor and the steel eleetrode with the oscillation cireuit. From this it results that charges ean pass’ only from the serial woh the vacuum tabe to the oseillation circuit, but not. vice versa, . Oscillations vwhich ‘are formed on being transformed in the oscillation circuit cannot pass to. the serial conductor Tn practice these vacuum tubes must be connegéed behind an electromagnet as the latter alone affords no protection against the danger of lightning. As regards the use of spack ‘gaps, all arrangements ns. used for’ wireless tolog- taphy: nay be used. OF course the spark saps in Tago machines mt. ave a ciently large surface. "In very Inzge stations they fre ooied in liquid carbone acid or Ietéer still in liquid nitrogen or hydrogen; Jn most cases the cooling may also. take place by means of liquefied low homologues of the'metal series o: by means of hydto- carbons the freezing point of which lies at etween ~90 C. and'—40° ©. ‘The spark up easing must also be insulated and be of sufficient strength to be able to resist any resse which may aise Any undeseable excess super-presstite which nay be formes must be automatically let off. I have ein- ployed with very good results mereury eles- trols whieh ere frozen in liguidaehonis acid, the cooling being maintained during ths peration from. the ouside through the Figure 20 is one of the simplest forms of construction of an-acrial network in com- “ination with collectors, transformers and ihe like lutte diagrammatically.” is were the earth wire, 8 the-safety spark gap, T the working spark gap, land 2 tho stator surfaces’of the motor, 5 @ condenser battery, S the protective inagnet which is connected with the coil in the aerial conductor, A to A” aerial antenn with collecting balloons, N horizontal collecting or connecting: wires from which, to the centre « number of von- nections run. ‘The- actual collectofs consist of metal sheaths preferably made of an xluminium magnesium alloy, and ave filled with hydr gen or helium and are attached to copper plated steel wires. ‘The size of the balloon 1s selected go that the actual weight of the balloon and. the weight of the conductin ‘wire is supported therehy. On the top o the balloon aluminium spikes, made "and gilded in a special manner hereinafter de- scribed, are arranged in order to produce. conductor action, Small quantities of radium preparations,» more particularly polonium-ioniuin or mesothorium’ prepara tions considerably increase the ionization, and therewith the action of these collectors, In addition to metal balloons, fabric bal- Toons which are superficially metal coated according to Schoop’s metal spraying proc~ 88, may however also be employed. A metallic surface may also be produced by lacqueting with metallic bronzes, preferably according: to Schoop’s spraying’ process of 10 Jacquteving with metallic bronze powders in two eledtrical series of widely different mictals, because thereby. the collecting effect is considerably increased. Instead of the ordinary round balloon: elongated cigar shaped ones may be am ployed. In order also to utilize the frie- energy of the wind, patches or strips conducting. substances which pro ce electricity by frietion, thay be attached 120 to the metallized balloon surfaces. ‘The ‘wind will impart a portion of its energy in The form of frictidnal electricity, tothe balloon casing, and thereby the collecting effect is substantially increased In practice however, very high towers (up t0 300 metres is folly admissible) may be employed’'as antenne, In’ these towers copper tubes rise fresly farther above the top of the tower. A” gas lamp secured 100 105 us 125 13040 8 20 20 % 40 8s on of Maji star conductors D and Dé. against the wind is then lit at the point of the copper tube and a netting is seeured to the copper tube over the flame of this lan to form a collector. ‘The gas is conveye through the interior of the tube up to the suinmit. ‘The copper tube must be abso- utely protected from moisture at the place at which-it enters the tower and also, rain ‘must be prevented running down the walls of the tower, which might lead to a bad catastrophe. ‘This is done by bell shaped en- largoments which expand downwards, being arranged in the tower in the form of high voltage insulators of Siamese pagodas. special attention must be devoted to the foundations of such towers. Thoy must be ‘well insulated from the ground, which may be obtained by first embedding a layer of conerete in a box form to a sufficient: depth in the ground and inserting in this an asphalt Tining and then glass bricks cast bout 1 or 2 metres in thickness. Over this in tum there is a ferro-conerete Inyer in which alone the metal foot of the tube is secured. This concrete block must be at least 2 metres from the ground and he fully protected at the sides bya wooden eovering, from moisture. In the lower, part of the tower a wood or glass house for the large condenser batteries or for the motors may be constructed, Tn-order to lead the earth connection to thie ground water, a well in- sulated pit constructed of vitreous bricks, ust be provided. Several such towers ars erected at equal distances apart and con- nected with a horizontal conductor. The horizontal connecting wires may either run directly from tower to tower or be carried ‘on bell shaped insulators similar to those in use for high voltage conductors. ‘The width of the network: may be of any suitable size and the connection of the motors can tale place at any suitable places. Tn order to collect large quantities of electricity with few aerials it is well to pro- vide the aerial conductor with batteries of condensers as shown in two methods of con- struction in Figures 21 and 92 Tn Figure 21 the batteries of condensers 5 are con- neeted on the one hand with the aerial elec- tricity collectors 7 by the aerial conductor A, and on the other hand interconnected in series with an annular conductor from ‘which horizontal conduetors run to the con- necting points C to which the earth wire is connected. Figure 22 shows a similar arrangement. Should two such series of antennze rings shown by a voltmeter to have a large dif- ference of potential (for example, one in the mountains and one in the plain) or even of different polarity these differences may be ssuted for by connecting. sufficiently denser Datievies (5, 5%, 5°) by means Tn Fig. 41,640,098 ‘ure 23 a connection of thyee such rings of collectors to form a triangle with 2 central condenser battery is illustrated. "Tne condense batteries of sich largo in- stallations must be embedded‘ igaefied gases or in liquids freezing at very low femperatures. In such cases portion of the atmospheric energy must._be employed for Iguefjing theeo gases, Te is also proler- able to employ pressure. By this means the Conteneorsfasee may bo diminished, and Still allow Zor large quantities of energy to ie stood, eocure against breaidown. “or smaller installations the immersing of the condensers in well insulated oil or the like, suffices, Solid substances on the other hand ‘eannot be employed as insulators. ‘Tho orrangament in the diagrams hitherto described was always such that the con- denser batteries were connected with both ppoles directly to the aerial conductors. An Tnproved diagram of the connections for chlaining ‘attogpherie electricity. for tie condenser batteries has however, been found to be very advantageous, this arrangement sensi i hat they are conned Dy culy one pole (unipolar) to the collecting. net- Worle, Such f method of arrangemeat, is very important, as by means of it a constant current and an increase of the normal work- ing pressure or voltage is obtained. If for taamiplea collecting batloon aerial which is allowed to tise to height of 300 metres, Shows 40,000 volts above earth. voltage, practice it has been found that the working Yoltage (with a withdrawal of the power according to the method hereinbefore de- seribed by means of oscillating spark gups and the'Iike) is only about 400 volts. Tt however, the capacity of the condenser sur- faces be increased, ‘which capacity in. the above mentioned case was equal to that of the cling wea of fhe Balloon ray to double tho amount, by connecting the condenser batteries with only one pole, the Soltag rite undey an qual withdbewl of Saree up to and beyond 50D volts Ths can only be ascribed tah favourable action of the connecting method. In addition to this substantial improve- mént it has also been found preferable to Insert double jndtancos. wil seetromas ets ao to plas the capacities preteraniy between two such electromagnets. Tt has also been found that the useful action ‘such condensers can be further increased if ar induction nl be connected ae inde Fedetanes to the tneonnested pole af the condenser, or still bottor if the. condenser Stool be inado a6 an Induction condense Such a condenser may be compared with Spring: which when Sonpreaget carves In itself accumulated force, which it again gives off when released.’ Tn charging, a Sharge with revetod sign is mel nine 70 80 83 as on ans2 oo 9 so that a fal $% point 18, toa second 1,540,098 other free condenser pole, and if through the spark gap a short elreuit results, the acc mulated energy is again given back since now new quantities of energy are induced at the condenser pole connected with the conductor network, which in fact charges vith opposite signs to that at the free con- densor pole. The new induced charges have of course the same sign as the collector net- work.” ‘The whole voltage energy inthe torial is thereby however increased, In the same spaco of time larger quantities of ulated ‘than is the. case ‘h inserted condenser batteries. Tn Figures 2¢ and 25 two different dia- grams of connections are more exactly illus trated, Figure 94 shows a collecting a ‘and the diagram of the connections to earth. Figure 25 four collecting balloons and. the parallel connection of the condenser bat tories, belonging thereto. ‘A is the collecting balloon made of an stuninjam magnesium allo (leon metal nagnaliuin) of a specific gravity of 1.8 an 2thckness of plage 0.1 e902 am, “Tnside thero are eight strong vertical ribs of T shaped section about 10 to 20 mm, in height and abont 3 mm..in thickness with the pro- jecting part directed inwards (indicated by 4 5, ¢, d and so forth)+ they are riveted to géther to form a firm skeleton and are stiff- ened in a horizontal direction by two cross ribs, ‘The ribs are further connected with mne another internilly.and transversely by rans of thin steel wires, «hereby: the bal- Joon cbtairs. great power of resistance and elasticity. Rolled plates of 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in tixiekness made of magnaliim alloy ase then ither soldered or riveted on this skeleton metallic easing with eniooth external surfuce is obtained. Well silvered ‘or copperedd aluminium plated steel wiresran irom each rib to the fastening ring 2, Fur ther, the coppered steel bawser L preferably tivisted out of separate thin wires (shown in otted Tines.in Figure 24) and which rust be Jong enoiigh to allow the balloon to rise in the desired height, leads to a metal roller or. pulley 3 and from thence to a winch W, ‘well insilated from the garth.. By means of this winch, the balloon, which js filled with hydrogen, or helium, ean be allowed to rise 0 u suitable height” (B00 to. 5,000 mets and bronght to the ground for recharging The. actial encrent. is taken. divecdly through a friction contact from the metal roller 8 or from the wire, or even from the winch or simultaneously from all three by mneans of brushes (3, 3 and 3°). Beyond the brushes the ‘conductor is divided, the paths being:—firstly over 12 to the safety spark gap 8, from thenee to the’earth con- ductor I, and secondly over ele-tromagnet loose electromiagnet 7 Naving an adjustable coil S% then to the park’ gap 7 and to the second earth con- Gholor ES. ‘The actual working. cnet is formed through the spark gap 7, condensers 5 and 6, and through the primary cail 9; “hore the static electricity. formed by oseil: latory discharges is acctimnlated and con- verted into high frequency electromagne' oscillations. Between the elestromagnets S* and S* at the crossing point 13, for con= denser batteries are intvoduced which: are ‘only indicated diagrammatically in the drawings ench by one condenser. Two of these batteries (16 and 18) are made as plate condensers and prolonged by reguleting, in duction coils or spirals 17 and 19 while the ‘two others (21 and 23) are induction von- denser, As may'he seen from the drawings each of the four condenser batteries 1¢, 15, 21,:23 is connected only by one pole to the aati ot fo the collector conductor "The second poles 17, 19, 22, 24 are open. In the, case of plate condensers having no indnetive xgzntance an jndution col is neva. object of stich a spiral or coil is the displace tent of phase of the induction current by 7 periods, whilst the charging emrimat of the condenser poles which fie free in. the air works back to the collector aerial. ‘The coi: Sequence of this is that im discharges in the gollstor aerial the ack inductive action of the free poles allows a higher voltage to be maintained in the acvial collecting con ductor than would otherwise be the ease. It has also been found that such a back action has an estremely fevourable effect. on the ‘wear of the contacts. Of course the indus tive effect may be regulated at will within the limits of thie size of the induction coil, the length of the coil in action beinie ad” justable by means of wire connection with out induction (see Fig. 24, No. 20). Sand S* may also he provided with sich regulating devites in’ the case of S* (illus. trated by 11), Té exeeds voltage be formed it is conducted to earth through the wire 12 and spark gap 8 or throngh any ober sit- able apparains, sinco this formation would be dangerous for the other apparatts: The action of these condenser hattrries his already been hereinbefore described. ‘The small cirgles'on. the eollector balloon indicate: places at. which zine amalgam. or gold amalgam or other photoelectric neti hnetals in fhe form of small patches in e tremely thin layers (01 to .05- mm. in thickness) ave applied fo.the balloon easing of light metal, Such metallic patches may also be applied to the entire balloon as-well as in greater thicknéss to the conducting network. The enpacity of the collector is thereby ‘considerably ‘strengthened “at. the surface. The greatest possiblo effect in col Teeting may be obtained by polonium nmal- gums and the like. On thé surface of the Eo 1% 160 105 no 10 a06 on os 8 collector balloon metal points or spikes are, «so fixed along the ribs, which spikes serve particularly for collecting the collector charge, Sinee it is well known that the re- stance of the spikes is less the sharper the spike is, for this purpose it is therefore ex- tremely’ important to cmploy as sharp spikes. as, possible. Experiments made as regarls these have, shown that the forma tion of the body of the spike ot. point ao ays a large part. for example, spikes made Gf ts or rollers with. stiooth surfaces, have a niany times greater point resistance ns collector accumulator spikes than those with rough surfaces. Various kinds of spike bodies have been experimented with for the collector balloons hereinbefore men- tioned, ‘The best results were given by spikes which vere made in, the following way. Fine points mado of steel, copper, nickel, or copper and nickel alloys, were fs. tened together in bundles and then placed ns anode with the points in a suitable clec- trolyte (preferably in hydrochloric acid or muriate of iron solutions) and so treated with weak eurrent at 2 to 8 volts pressure. After 2 to 8 hours according to the thick ness of the spikes or pins the points become extremely sharp and the bodies of the spikes hhave a rough surface. ‘The bundle ean then be removed and the acid washed off with water, ‘The spikes are then placed as cathode in a bath consisting of solution of gold, platinum, iridium, paladium or wolf- ram'salts or their compounds and coated ak the cathode galvanieally with a thin layer of precious metal, whieh must however’ be sufficiently firm to protect, them from at- mospheric oxidation. . Stich spikes act at'a 20 fold lower voltage almost as well ag the best,and finest points made by mechanical means. Still better re- snlts are obtained if polonium or radinm salts ave added to the galvanic hath when. forming the protective layer or coatin Sneh ping have a low resistanee at their points and even at one volt and still lower pressures have an excellent collector action In Figure 2 the three uncomnested poles sve not connected with-one another in allel. ‘That is quite possible in practice withont altering the principle of the free pole, Tt is also preferable to intercomiert In parallel to a: common eolleetor netivork, n gre of vleting cris Fignre 2% shows.a diagram for such an installation. A" AS) AM At ane four otal vollector balloons, with \gold or platinum coated, spikes which ave electrolytically rade in the presence of poloninm emans tions or radium salts, which spikes or nev Alles are connected over four clectro-magncts 8), S*, 83, S*, Ghrongh an annular eondictor Re From this annular conductor four wives nin over four further electromagnets -S*, 1,540,008, S), Ss, S*, to the connecting point 18, ‘There the conductor is divided, one branch passing over 12 and the safely spark zap § to the earth at Bi, the other over inductive resist ance J and ‘working spark gup 7 to the earth At BS, ‘The working cireiit, consisting of the condenser 5 and 6 and a resonance anotor or a condenser motor M, such as here- Tnbefore decried, ie connected in| prox imity round the sparking gap section Tnstend of directly connecting. the eon- denser motor of course the primary circuit, for high frequency oscillatory curvent may. also be inserted The contlenser Dniteries axe connected by one pole to the annularconduetor Te and can be either indnetionless (16 and 18) or made as induction condensers as shown by 2L and 23._ The free poles of the inductionless condensers are indicated by 17 and 19, those of the induetion condensers by 22 and 24 ‘As may be seen fram the drawings all these poles 17, 29. 10, 2’ may be interconnected in paraliel through. a, sceond annular con- Auetor without any fear that thereby the principle of the free pole connection will be Injured. Tn addition to the advantages already. set! forth the parallel connection Alo allows of an equalization of the work ing presture in the entire collector network, Suitably constructed and ealeulated indie: tion coils 25 and 96 may also be inserted in the annular conductor of the free poles, by means of which a eireuit maybe formed in the secondary coils 27 and 28 which al- lows current produced in this annular con- uctor by fluctuations of the eharges or the like appearances to be measured or othet= swise utilized. According to what has been hereinbefore stated. separate collector balloons. may be connected at equidistant stations distribited over the entire country, either connected di- rectly with one another metallically or by means of intermediate suitably connected condenser batteries Uirowgh ‘high voltage conductors, insulated from earth. The static electricity 38 converted throigh a spark gap into dynamic enerzy of «high nisinber of oscillations and may in such form be coupled as a sottoe of enerzy by means of a suitable method of connecting, varions precautions ‘being observed. and svi spe- inl regilations.. ‘The wires leading. from the collector balloons have hitherte. been connected through an annular conductor without this endless ronnection, whieh ean be regarded as an endless initction coil, be- ing able to exert any action on the whole conductor system, Te has now been, found that if the networks onduetor connecting the aerial collector bal- Joons with one another is not made ay a simple annular conductor, but ‘preferably short ciréuited in the form of coils over a 105 no us a0 1s10 2s 20 0 4 oo 4,540,008 condenser battery or spark gap or through thermionic tes or valves ot audions, then the total collecting network exhibits quite new properties. ‘The collection. of ate Phorie electricity is: thereby not only in Ereased ut an alternating Reld may bs eas fly" produced. in the llector network Fusthery the atmosphere electrical forces showing themselves’ in: the higher regions may also be directly obtained by induct Tn Figures 24 and 98» form of construction is shown on the basis of which the further foundations of the method will be more pars Sealey explained Tn Figure 26 1 3,4 sre metal collector balloons, 3,6, 8 thelr metal aerial con, ductors and 1 the actual collector network. ‘This consists offre coils and is outed on high voltage insulators inthe ait, on high Soltage masts (or with a suitable constr: ton of cable embedded in th earth). One gail has diameter of 1 to 100 ki. or more. Sand’ S! ave two protective eee romagnts, F the second safety section againgt frcest vollage, Bits earth conductor and E° the farth Conductor of the working seetion, When an absorption of static atmosphere electricity {x efected through the four bal. Toon collars, the eusent an orter to reach the earth connection BX'must Row apically Surah te calor acon oer ie ce tromagnet 8, primary induction ol 9 eon. ductor, anode of the aution tube tn- tandescent cathode K, a8 the way over the shetramagpt and aft spac up ee considerably greater redstance” Owing to fhe fact that the accumulated carrent Hows {none direction, an electromagnetic alter tating feld is produced inthe snterior of the collector network coi, whereby the whole fren electrons are rmore or less into the interior of the coll, Am increased oni. zation of the atmosphere is therefore pro. duced. “Tn consequence of this the: pata rmountad on the caleetor. balloon slows Considerably reduced resistance and there: fore. inereaped state: charges between the Points on the balloon and the surrounding anosphere are" produced. ‘The reste of {hs t' considertbly increased collector ef feet. A second effect which could not be_ob- tine then olan by he eto. Magnetic altemating eld” which, ranning aralel to the earth surface acta more of Feith din Ines ect on the earth magnetic eld, whereby. the cave of fluctuations in the current. return Sein caren of eer i lays produced in the eollector coll by earth mag. holism.” Now if however, constantly pul Sting continuots alternating fell. bro. duced as stated in the above collector net ‘work T, am alternating current of the same peviodicity is produced also inthe collecting . network coil. As the same alternating feta Je further transmitted to the aerial balloon, the resistance ofits potite is thereby con? Sderably reduced, whilst the collet tion i considerably’ increased. "A further advantage is that postive electrons which Collect on the metal surfaces during the con. ‘ersion into dynamic current produce a $0: Called drop ‘of potential of the. coestor frea. Avan altemating field is present, the rogatve fons surrounding the ealcetor st ates, when discharge of the collector sits facet takes place prtcice by the la of Ih Auction, anindution ‘of Severed Sign fe cllactor surface’ and so forth (that fe to say agin a positive charge). "Ih addh tion fo the adyantages herenbetore set orth, the constraction of connecting conductors i coll form when ‘of sufietenthy large dam, der ll of wation of ergy ac {ng in higher regions also nthe Sinplest yay. Aan ‘elsnown electri discharges ently take place at very gvent cles: tions which ‘may’ be observed, Such 4s St, Elmo’ fires ‘of northern lights, ‘Thee energy quantities have not boc able to be utilized up to-now. By this invention al these kinds of energy, as they are of an electromagnetic natare’and the direction of the axis of the collector ells stands at Ht angles to the earths surface, can be moro Tess absorbed in the suite way as a roeiyer In wireless telegraphiy absorbs waves coming From a far distance.” With a lange doamotes of te spa spose fo anne nse Surfaces and thereby to take tp also large Tantities of energy? “eis well know that Tange wireless ata- tions inthe summer month, and. also tn the tropics are very frequently uusble to receive the signals ih consequent of iter Fuptions which are caused by atmosphere tlectricty, and this takes place with vertieal Soils of daly 40 to 100 m diameter. If on fhe contrary Rorizontal cols of 1 to 100 kon diameter beled very cong ches ray he obtained through discharges whch fre constantly taking place in the atmos. here.” Particularly inthe tropiay or ail ter inthe polar regions where. the northern lights are wonstantly present, large quantities of energy may probeiy be obs fined in this way. Av coil With several ‘windings shonld ct the ‘best”In sinter Iannet any alteration ofthe earth eon etl underly en sch «cl Tels not af all unlikely tt earthquakes and spots on the sun will also prodtce an induetion in such collector coils bf sulicent size. In similar manner this collector cons diuctor wil react “on earth currents anor astularly wien dey are nar th surtce Uf the earth or-even embedded in the earth, By eabining th previous Lid of caren collectors ‘so faz as they are adapted Yor 1 95 100 uo ns 120 wsw 20 25 0 40 “0 10 the improved system with the improved pos- sibilities: of obtaining current, the quanti- ties of free natural energy which are to be obtained in the form of electricity are con- siderably increased. In order to produce in the improved col- lectar coil uniform current oscillations of an undamped nature so-called audion high ‘vacuum or thermionie tubes of suitable con- nection are employed instead of the pre- viously’ mown spark gaps (Fig. 28, Nos. 8-18). ‘The main aerial current,’ flows through electromagnet S (which in the ease of a high number of alternations is not con- nected here but in the earth conductor E*) and may be conveyed over the primary coils in the induction winding through wire 14 to the anode A of the high vacuum grid tube. Parallel with the induction resistance 9 a regulating capacity of suitable size, such as condenser Il is inserted. In the lower art of the vacuum grid tube is arranged the incandescent filament or the eathode K which is fed through a battery B. From the battery B two branches run, oné to the earth conductor Et and the other through battery B* and secondary coil 10 to the grid anode g in the vacuum tube. By the method of connections shown in dotted lines, @.de- sired voltage at the grid electrode may also be produced through the wire 1T which is branched off from the main current con- ductor through switches 16 and some small condensers (a, 0, ¢, d), connected in series, and conductor 18, ‘without the battery BE being required. ‘The action of the entire system is some- what as follow On the cofnecting conductor of the aerial collector network being short eireuited te earth, the condenser pole’lt is an Slghity damped oscillations aze formed in the short circuited existing ‘oscillation cir- cuit formied of the condenser 11 and self inductance 9. In consequence of the cou- pling through coil 10, fluctuations of voltage take place in the grid circuit 15 with the same frequency, which, fluctuations in tarn influence the strength of the electrode cur- rent passing through the high vacuum am- plyfying tube and thus produce current finc- tions of the same frequency in the anode cireuit, A permanent supply of energy to the oscillation cireuits 9 and 10 consequently takes place, until a condition of balance is Sieh the soon cealaon equal to that absorbed. There Constant untamed osllations are now pro- Guced in the oscillation circuits 9-11. For regular working of such oscillation producers high vacuum strengthening tubes aire necessary and it is also necessary that the grid and anode voltages shall have a phace difference of 180° so that if the grid Js negatively charged, then the anode is 1,040,008 positively charged and vice versa. This hhocessaxy difference of phage may be ob- tained by-most varied connéctions, for 3 ample, by placing the oscillation cireuit in the grid circnit or by separating the oscil- Jation cirouit and inductive coupling from the anodes and the grid eirenit and so forth ‘A-second important factor in this way of converting static atmospheric electricity into tnndamped oscillations is that care imust be taken that the grid and anode voltages have 4 certain relation to one another: the later may be obtained by altering the coupling anda suitable selection of the self induction in the grid eireuit, or as shown by dotted lines 18, 17, 16 by means of a larger or smaller ‘number. of condensers of suitable size connected in series; in this ease the battery BY may be-omitied. With a suit- able selection of the grid potential a glow discharge takes place between the grid, g and the anode A, and accordingly ‘at. the grid there is a cathode drop and a dark Space is formed. ‘The size of this cathode drop is influenced by the ions which .are emitted in the lower space in consequence of shock ionization of the incandescent ceathcides K and pass through the grid in the upper space. On the other hand the rnomber of the ions passing through the grid is dependent on the voltage between the grid and the cathode, ‘Thus if the grid voltage undergos periodic fluctuations (as in the resent eve) the amount of the eathode inop at the grid fluctuates and consequent! ‘he internal. resictance of the tube corre spondingly fluctuates, so that when a back coupling of the feed cireuit with the grid cirenit takes place, the necessary means. are afforded for producing undamped oscilla- tions and of taking emrent, according to re- qiirements from the collecting conductor. ‘The frequency of the undamped oscil tions produced is with a suitably loose cou pling equal, to the self frequency of the osoillation circuits 9 and 10. By a suitable selection of the self induction of the coil and eapacity 11 it is possible to extend from frequencies which produce electromagnetic oscillations of only a few metres wave Iength down to. the lowest. practical alter- nating enrrent frequency. For large instal- lations a euitable number of frequeney pro- ducing tubes in the form of the well known ‘gh vacuum transmission tubes of .5 to 2 Jew. in size may be connected in parallel so that in this respect no difficulty exists, ‘The use of such tubes for producing un- damped oscillations, and also the constene- tion and method of inserting such trans. mission tabes in axi accumulator or dynamo cirenit is known and also that such escilla- tion producing tubes only work well at volt- ‘ges of 1,000 up to 4000 volts, so. that on the contrary their use at lower voltages is % 0 85 © 05 100 105 10 185 1301s 0 4s 0 1,540,998. considerably more difficult. By the use of high voltage static electricity this method of producing undamped oscillations as com- ared with thet through spark gaps must etregarded, as an ideal solution partion larly for small installations of outputs of from 1 to 100 kw. By the application of safety spark gaps, with interpolation of lectro-magnets, not only is, short circuiting avoided Tit’ also the taking up of current ig regulated. Os- sillation producers inserted inthe above way form a constantly acting electromagnetic alteriating field in the collector coil, where- by as already stated, a considerable aceumu- lating effect takes place. ‘The withdrawal wire or working wire is connected at 12 and 18, but current may be taken by means of ‘secondary coil which is firmly or movably mounted in any suitable way inside the large collector coil, i, ¢. in its: electromagnetic alternating ficld, so long as the direction. of its axis runs parallel with that of the main current collecting coil, via Bpning ondamped ocilltions of « igh frequency 10 per second an more) in the oseillation clreuits 9 and Ii, eleetromagnets $ and S* must be inserted if the high frequency oscillations are not to penetrate the collector coil, between the os cillation, producers and the collector coi In all other cases they are connected shortly before the earthing (is mn Pigs 2F and 38) In Figure 27 a secontt method of construc. tion of the connecting conductor of the bul- Toon agrials ig illustrated in the form of a coil, ‘The main difference consists. in that in-addition to the connecting conductor T another annular conductor II is inserted parallel to the former on the high volta, masts in the air (or enibedded as a cable in the earth) but both in the form of a coil ‘The connecting wiro of the balloon aerials is indicated as a primary conductor and also as a current producing network; the other is the consumption network and is not in unipolar connection ‘with. the current pro- ducing network In Pigure 27 the current producing net- work 1's shown with three balloon ofles tors 1, 3 and aerial conductors 4,5, 63 itis short’ cirenited through. condensér "19. and Inductanss 9. Tho osilation forming cr nit consists in this diagram of spark gap fr inductance 10, and condenser’ 11; the sarth wire EJs|connestod to earth, over eloctromagnet'S'. Fis the safety spark gap Which is also connected to earth through & second electromagnet S at 1, On connect pg, up the eandensr ‘citi 11 this i charged over the spark gap f whereby an vecilatory discharge is formed,” This dis: charging’ current. acts through’ inductance 10 on the inductively coupled secondary 9, whereby in the producing network « modi- aa {eatin of the potential of th condenser 19 is produced. The consequence of this is that oscillations aiise inthe co shaped producer netwovk. ‘These oscillations in- luce, current in the secondary efreuit IT, 1 whieh has «smaller number of windings and a Jess resistance, the vollage of which, according to tho proportion of the number of windings, and of the ohinic. nadstance, is considerably” lower ‘whilst the current strongth is greater. ‘In order to convert the eurrent thus ob- fained into eusrent of an undamped ch acer aad o ane is wave Ing sl ciently Tange regulatable capectty 30 is in. sorted between the ends 12 and’ 13 of the secondary vondustor LI. Here also carrent ‘may be Yaken without an earth conductor, Dut it'is advisable to invert a safety spark map E and to connect this with the earth Over an electromagnet S* ‘Tho producer network may be connected with the working network II over an snduc- tionless condenser 91 or over an induction condenser 22,23.” In this tags the seconds conductor is'unipolarly conneated with tie ‘nergy conductor ie 28 the connecting conductor be- tween the separate nceumulator balloons fo carried out nccording. tothe autotrans: former principle, ‘The collecting coil con nects four aerial balloons 1, 3, tho wind. ings of which aze not made side by side but ‘one above the other. In Figure 26 the col, Tector soil Tis shown with a thin line, the metallically connected prolongation coils TT with a thick line. ‘Between the ends 1? and IE of the energy network T's regulating capacity 19 is inserted. ‘The vie Tia con, nected ‘with the output wire and with the sparc gap F. ‘As transforier of the atsiogpherio else tly rman epic consists in using rotary Pairs of condensers In which the ofe stator surface ae sone nested with the main current, whilst the Other A’ is connected ‘with the earth ole Between these paits of short cireuted con: dens age enubed to rotate from which the converted eursent ean be taken by means of two collector rings and brushes inthe fora of an alternating curront, the fruqueney of ‘which is dependent on the number of ba loons and the revolutions of the rotor. As the alternating eurvent formed in the rotor can act, in this improved method of eam: heetion desvibed in this invention, through soils 10 on the inductance 9, an increase oY diminution of the feed current in 'T ean be ‘obtained according to the direction of the current by back induction... Current ose lations of uniform rythm thereby result in the coil shaped ‘windings of the producer net-wark ‘As the ends of this conductor are shortci- 80 300 120 18 130w 12 uited through the regulatable condenser 19 these rhythms produce short cirewited: un- damped oscillations in the energy conductor, the periodicity and wave lengths of which oscillations can be adjusted according to Gesire by altering the capacity 19 to a given syave Iength and therewith also to a given Frequency. ‘These eurrents may also be em- ployed inthis form direetly as working ou Tent through the conductors-IT* and TIT, By. inserting the condenser 20 2 connection between these conductors may also be made, sthereby harmonic osvillations of desired eave length are’ formed, By this, means quite new effects as regards emrent distribu tion are obtained. ‘The withdrawal of eur rent ean even tal place without direct wire connection if, at a suitable point in the in- terior of the producing network {quite im. materially wether this has a diameter of Tor 100 ki.) a coil tuned to these wave lengths and of the desired eapacity is firmly ‘or movably mounted in the nerial conéluetor in such a way that its axial direction is i parallel with that of the collector eoil. this ease « current is induced in the produe- ing network, the sizo, of which is depend- ent on the total capacity and resistance and ‘iso on the periodicity employed. A. possi- bility is thereby afforded im Tutise, of tale ing energy from the producer network by ‘witeless means. As thereby in addition to atmospheric electricity also magnetic eath ‘currents and the energy from the higher at- mosphere (at least partially) may be simul- taneously obtained, this last system for eol- Teeting the atmospheric enetgy is of particu lar importance for the future. ‘Of course everywhere insiead of spark ‘gaps suitable grid vacunm thes may be em- Sloved as producers for uindamped oscilla: tions. The separate coils of the producer netework with large diameters may be eo nected with one another through separate ‘conductors all in parallel or all in series ot in groups in series. By regulating the num- ‘ver of oscillations and also the extent of the voltage more or less large eolleetor coils of this kind may be employed. ‘The coils may algo be divided spirally over the entire sec- tion, ‘The coils may be earried out in annit- Jar form or also in triangular, quadrangular, hexagonal or octagonal form. Ofcourse wires may be carried from a suit- able place to the centre or also laterally ‘hich serve the current waves as guides. ‘This is necessary when the currents have to “a be conducted over mountains and valleys and so forth. Tn all these eases the current must be converted into a current of suitable periodicity. ‘As already hereinbefore mentioned sepa- rate collecting balloons may be direetly me- tallically interconnected ai equidistant sta- 1,040,098 tions distributed over the entire country ot 5 niay be connected by interpolation of Suit- able condenser batteries by means of high ‘Voltage conductors. ‘The static electricity is converte through a spark gap into dynaaie energy of a high number of oscillations, and could then in such form, with a suitable ferangemoit of the connéetions, obser ‘various measures of precaution, be empl ns souree of energy after separate or special regulation, ‘\ccording to this invention in order to in- excuse the collecting effect of the balloon in the aerial collector conductor oF in the earth wire, radiating collectors are employed. ‘These consist either of incandescent metal oF oxide electrodes in the form of vacuum fetid tubes, or electric ares (mercury and the file eleetéodes) Nernst lamps, .or finally flames of various kinds may be simply con nected with the respective conductor. Itis well known that energy can be drawn ‘off from « cathode consisting of an incan- ‘escent. body opposite an anode charged swith positive electricity (vacuum grid tube). Hitherto however, a eathodo was always first directly placed opposite an anode, and see- ondly the system always consisted of = closed circuit, Now if ve dispense with the ordinary idexs in forming light or flame ares in whie ‘eathode must always stand direetly, oppo- ‘Ste an anode, and if Wo place an ineandeseent cathode opposite an anode charged to a high potential or another body freely floating in the air, or regard the incandescent enthode anya oar of gales share ‘which represent group and. point dis- chong Seto acne imi e unipolar discharges) vit may be ascertain« Unt eandescert cathodes and Tess pevfext- Iy all incandescent radiators, flames and the io admit of relatively large current densi- ties and allow large quantities of electric energy to radiate into the open sprce in the form of electron streams as transmitters, “The object of this invention is as described below, if such incandescent oxide electrodes ‘or other ineandescent radiators oF flames are hot freely suspended in space but connected metallically with the earth so that they ean fo chnnged with nogative terresal elec tricity, these madiators possess the property Of abvorbing” the. tne positive. cleetriea charges contained in the air space sunround- ing they (What is Co say of collecting them and conducting them to earth). ‘Thoy ean therefore, serve as collectors and have, in comparison to the action of the spikes, or points, a very Jarge radius of action R; the effective capacity of these eolleto. is much greater than the geometrical eapacity (Ro- Eigtnt inae Searosatc tense ‘Now as our earth is surrounded a3 is well 05 no 150 30 40 6 55 1,540,008 Imown, with an clectro-static field and the difference of potential Ww ah of the earth figld according to: the Iatest investigations, is in summer about 60 to 100 volts and in winter 800 to 500 volts per ‘metre of difference in height (24), a simple calculation gives the result that when such a radiation collector or flame collector is ar- ranged for example on the ground, and « second one is mounted vertically over it at 4 distance of 2,000 metres and both are con- nected by « condueting cable, there is a dif- ference of potential in sumer of about 2,000,000 volts and in winter even of 6,000,- 060 volts and more. According to Stefan Boltzmann's law éf radiation, the quantity of energy which an incandescent surface (temperature T) of 1 sam, radiates in nit of time into the ‘open air (temperature 'T.) is expressed by the fllowng Tora: S=b (THT) watt/sq. em. and the universal radiation constant & is according to the latest researches of Ferry (Annales de Chimie et de physique 17 page 267 (1900) ) equal to 6.8010" watt/sq. cm Now if an incandescent surface of 1 sq. guy shows, compared withthe surround ing space a periodic fall of potential 8V it radiates (independent of thecurrent vec ion, that Js to sty of the sign) in assord- aes with the above formula, Zor example at f temperature of 3725° C. an tnergy 0 er ea, per soeond, “As ton che radiation the sume value can be calculated for the collection of energy, but reversed. Now as earbon electrodes af the temperature of the electrie are support on the current, basis a curent density p to from ob to a amperes per sq. em. no dificulties will result in this diestion in mploying radiating cole Jectors as accumulators. 1f the earth be regarded as a cosmically ‘nnculated condensor in the sense of geometzi. cal slcioatatics» there zeus rom the ‘ometrie (compare Ewald Rasch, “das ktsche Bowicht®” Une ete aS light) page 169) capacity of the earth ac: cording to Chwvolson: For negative charging 1.810% Coulomb For negutive potential V—1010* volts, From this there results however, EJTa24.7 X10" watt/See, Now if itis desired to ‘make theoretic short circuit through an earthed flame collector this would represent an (electric total work of about. 70,500 10" Kilowatt years, As the earth must be regarded as a rotating mechanism which is thermo-dynamically, electromagnetically, and also kinematically coupled with the sun and stars system by cosmic radiations and 18 gravitation a dimimition of the electric energy of the earth field is not to be feared. ‘The energies which the ineandescent col. lectors would withdraw from the earth field ean only cause by the withdrawal of motor work a lowering of the earth temperature (teimperatane that of the world space (‘T=0) by using the entire energy. ‘This is howover not the case as the earth does not represent a cos mically entirely insulated system. On the contrary thore is conveyed. to-the same ae cording to the recent “value corrected Ferry for the solar constants through the radiation from the sun an energy of 18,500 310" ew. Accordingly any lowering’ of the earth temperature (Ty) without a saute taneous lowering of the sun's temperature (Ts) would contradict: Stefan Boltzmann's law of radiation. a, S=6(T—T,9. From this it must De goelided that if the earth temperature (Ts) sinks, ‘the total radiation S absorbed by the earth increases, and further also that the secular speed of cooling of the earth is directly dependent on that of the sun and the other radiators cosmically coupled with the sun and is con- nected most closely with these. ‘The incandescent radiation - eollectors may, according to this invention, be em- ployed for collecting atmospheric electricity if they (1) are charged with the negative earth electricity (that is to say when the are divectly conneeted by means of a metal. lie conductor with the earth) and. (3) if large capacities .(metal surfaces) charged with electricity are mounted opposite them ag positive poles in the air. ‘This is regard ed as tho main feature of the present in. Yention as without these inventive ideas it ould not be possible to collect with an in- candescent collector, sufliciently large qua. tilies of ‘tho clectical charges conteinel Jn the atmosphere as technology requires the radins of action of the flame collectors would also be too small, especially if it be considered that the very’ small surface den- sity (eneray density) (6 abouts=osct 10> SCE: per sy cm.) does not allow of large juantities of charge ‘being absorbed from the atmosphere, 2) Calenlated according to Poisson's eal- culation; “—4n3; as here the alteration of the Potential or potential gradients only takes place in the direction ‘cf the normal, this calculation assumes the simple form 1 ey Soe It has indeed already been proposed t0 employ flame collectors for collecting at. mospheric electricity and it is mown that 0 % %0 ts 100 105 no us 120 1380 4s 55 14 their collecting eflect is substantially great- er opposite the points. It is however, not Known that the quantities of current which could hitherto be obtained are too small for technical purposes. According to my ex- riments the reason for this js to be found in the too small capacities of the collect: conductor poles. If such flame or radiat- ing collectors have no or only. staall posi- tive surfaces, their ‘radius of action for large technical purposes is too small, Tf the incandescent collectors be constantly kkept in movement in the air they may cof lect more according to the speed of the movement, but this is again not capable of being carvied out in practice, ‘By this invention the collector effect is considerably jncronsed by a body ehagged with 2 positive potential and of the best ossible eapacity’ being also held floatio Posithoue direct earth connection) opposite such an incandescent collector whieh 1s held floating in the air at a desired height. Tf for example, a collecting balloon of sheet metal or of metalized ‘halloon fabric be teased fo, mount to 300 up to 3,000 metres in the air and as positive pole it is brought opposite such a tadiating. collector con- nected by 2 conductor to earth, quite differ- ent results are obtained. ‘The meiallic balloon shell (with a large surface) is charged to a high potential by the aimospherie electricity. - This potential js greater the higher the collecting balloon ig above ‘the incandescent. collector, ‘The sitive electricity acts concentratedly on e anode floating in the air as it is attracted through the radiation shock ionization, pro- ceeding from the incandescent cathode. ‘The consequence of this is that the radius of action of the inicandesvent, cathode. col- lector is considerably increased and thereby also the collecting effect of the collecting balloon surface. Further the large ed pacity of the anode floating in the ait plays therefore an important part beenuse itl lows of the taking of targe charges, and thereby. a more uniform current fs obtained even ‘when there is n large consumption: this cannot be te case with sinall surfaces. In the present case, the metallic collect- ing balloon is a por tive anode floating in the air and the end of the earth conductor of this balloon serves as positive pole sur- face opposite the surface of the radiating incandescent cathode, which in turn is charged with negative earth electricity be- ing conductingly connected to earth, "The process may. be carried out by two such contacts (negative incandescent cath- ode and anode end of « capacity floating in the aie) a condenser and an inductive re- sistance being evitched on in parallel, whereby simultaneously undamped oscilla: tions may be formed. ms 1,840,008 Tn very large installations it is advisable to connect two such radiating collectors in series. ‘Thus an_ are. light incandescent cathode may be placed below on the open gromd and an incandescent cathode which 7° 'sheated by spesialletro-magnetic currents be located high in the air Of course for this the special vacuum Liebig tubes with or without grids may also be employed. An ordinary. are lamp with oxide eleetiodes may 7 be introduced on the ground and the posi- tive pole is not directly connected with the collecting balloon, but through the upper incandessent cathode or over # condenser: ‘The metho of connecting the incandescent 8° eathode floating in the air may be seen in Figs. 20:83 is the air balloon, K a Cardan ring (connection with the hawser) “C the bal- loon, Ea good conducting cable, P a pos tive pole, N negative incandescent cathode, and B earth ofnductor, Fig, 20 represents the simplest form of constuction, Tf etre oilaons are, oduced below on the ground by means of presto on th gro by mans of a considerably greater electric resistance. is ‘opposed to that in the direct way by in- serting an electrical inductive resistance 2. juently between P and N.a voltage is ® formed, and as, over Nand P only an indue- tionless ohmic resistance is present, a spark ‘will spring over so long as the separate in- Guction co-eficients and the like are eor- rectly caloulated. ‘The consequence of this 10° is that, the oxide cloctrode (carbon or the Tike) is rendered ineandeseent and then shows as incandescent eathode an increased collecting effect. ‘The positive poles must | be substantially larger than the negative in 15 order that, they may not also become incan- descent. As they are further connected with the large balloon area which has a large capacity and is charged at, high voltaze, an incandescent ody which i tel floating 1° in the air and a positive pole which ean col- leet lange capacities is thereby obtained in, the simplest way. ‘The incandescent cathode” is first caused to: become incandescent. by means-of separate energy produced on the 15 earth, and then maintained by the energy collected from the atmosphere. Fig. 20 only shows the difference that in- stead of a rotnd balloon a, elyar shaped one (of metal or metalized fabric) may be em- 2 ployed end also o_condenser 5s inserted tween the incandescent cathode and the earth conductor so that a. short ein oscillation cirenit over P. 5 and 9 is ob- tained. This has the advantage that quite small ‘quantities of electricity cause the cathode to become incandescent and much Jarger cathode bodies may be rendered in- andescent, Tn this form of construction both the in- 190. % 135,30 0 “ oo 1,540,008 candescent cathode and also the positive electrode -may be enclosed. in a’ vacuum chamber as may be seen in Fig. cable Lis carried well insulated. throweh the cover of a vessel and ends in a condenser ise 5. The cover is arched in order to op, f the ain, Tho vasa ig entry oF rtially made of magnetic metal and well Misulated Inde and tuts Opreite the another, dise 6 and.on this again a metallic positive pole of the vacuum tube Seti Heandesent cathode “(oxide lectrode) Nis. arr whe negative electrode is on the one fiand connected with the earth conductor E, and on the other hand with the inductive resistance 9 which is also connected with the eable L with the positive pole and wound round the vessel in coils. ‘The action is exactly the samo as that, in Fig. 29 only instead of an open in- candescenteathode one eneloned in peeuo is employed. As in such collectors only smal frodies can be brought fo incandeseonce in Ingo installations a plurality. of “such tim tubes must be inserted in proximity to one another, According to the previous constructions Figs, 31 and 83 are quite self evident without farther explanations Figs. 3437 represent further diagrams of connections over radiating and flame col- lectors, and in fact, how they are to be ar- ranged on the grotd. Vig. 84 shows an arc light collector with oxide electrodes for direct, current and. its connection; Fig. 35 a similar one for alter- nating current, Fig. 36 an incandescent col- lector with a Nernst lamp and Fig. 37 a Slr one with gael . ‘The positive pole 1 of the radiating col- lectra is alivays directly eonneated the ial collecting conduetor A. In Fig. 34 this is further connected over the condenser battery 8 with a second positive electrode 3. The direct current dynamo } produces current which flows over between the elec trodes 8 and 2 as am are light. On the for. mation of an arc the negative incandescent electrode 2 absorbs electricity from the posi- tive poles standing opposite it and highly charged with atmospheric electricity and gonveys the same to the working cizeuit, ‘The spark gap 7,.inductive resistance 9 and induction coil 10 sro like the ones previous. ly described. The protective electromagnet S guards the installation against earth cir- cuiting, the safety spark gap 8 ‘from ex. cess voltage or overcharging, In Fig. 35 the connection is so far altered that the ‘alternating current dynamo feeds the exciting coil 11 of the induction. con. denser. 12 iis negative and 18 its posi tive pole; if the coil 3 on the magnet ‘core of the dynamo ig correctly ealoulated and the periodicity of the alternating current is suflciently high an are light can be formed 15. between the two poles 1 and2. As the cathode 2 is connected with the négatively changed earth, and therefore always nets as a negative pole, a form of rectification of the alternating current, produced by. the dynamo 8 is obtained, the second half of the period is always suppressed. The work ing circuit may be carried out in the same way as in Fig. 81; the working spark gap 7 may however be'dispensed with, and in. 76 stead thereof between the points n'and ma condenser § and an industion resistance 9 may be inserted from which the current is taken induetively. Fig. 36 represents a form of construction simile to Tig. 24 only that hese tastend of an are lamp a Nernst incandescent body is employed. ‘The Nernst lamp is fed through the battery 3.. ‘The working section is connected with the negative pole, the safety spark gap with the + poles.” The working spark gap 7 may also be dispensed with end the current for it taken at 12 over the oscillation circuit 5, 11 (shown in ote fs) Flame colletors (Fig. 97) may also be employed according t this invention, ‘The write network Lis connected with the acral Collector condietor A and the burner with the earth. "At the upper end of the later Tong points are provided which projet nts the fame. ‘She positive electrod i once. ea with the negative over a condenser 8 and th induction oil ® pith the earth, “The novelty in this invention is Ast, tho, use of Sneandesoent cathodes opposite positive ‘poles which are connected with Finge ‘metalic capacities ns automatic sol leeting surfaces, (2) the eonnestion of the Incandeoeent cathodes with the earth heres by, in addition to the electricity conveyed to them from the battery or machine witch causes te ineandescingy alco tho negative Share of the earth polenta: is conteyee, and (3) the connection of the postive amd U2 hogative ‘poles of the radiating collectors over 2 condenser cireuit alone op with te introduction of sutablo inductive tein ‘nee, whereby simoltancousiy an eveilstory eseilation ehreuit may be obtained. "The collecting effet is hy” theso methods quit considerably increas T deslare'thae what T clan i 41. An electrical energy generating systom, cguipising a conducting surface or aie" harges, means to suppor same at a distance ahove the earthy a conductor Teatng to the Garth level, spank gap associated with sta condvotor to eonvert electrostatic eres {nto electromagnetic high frequency evelia, tions means to supply suid sleceamsanctis enitay fo.n net work, and a epurk sap of really increased relative resistance n pest Tel therewith, % An lesirical energy generct~+ s % 80 85 0 9% 100 105 ns 185 1