SQL:

▪ What are DCL, DML, and DDL in SQL?

-all of them are sublanguages divided from SQL.
-DCL (Data Control Language) is responsible for the administrative tasks
of controlling the database itself; like: permissions for users.
Commands: GRANT, REVOKE and DENY.
-DML (Data Manipulation Language) is responsible for adding, editing or
deleting data from database. Commands: INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
-DDL (Data Definition Language) is responsible for defining the way data
is structured in a database. Commands: CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE
and DROP TABLE.
▪ What is the difference between group by and having?
-GROUP BY clause is used for grouping the records of the database
table, creates a single row for each group.
-HAVING clause is used to filter data that we get from group by clause.
▪ What is order by? Can we order more than one column?
-By using ORDER BY clause, we can sort the result in ascending or
descending order. Yes we can.
What is the difference between union and join?
-JOIN: used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a
related column between them.
-UNION: used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT
statements.
What is the difference type of join?
-INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
-LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table.
-RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table.
-OUTER JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table.
What are the aggregate functions?
-it’s a mathematical computation involving a range of values that
results in just a single value.
What are the SQL statements Sequence?
-(Select →From → Join → Where→ group by→ having→
order by).
What is the view? + Why we use it?
-it’s a virtual table that contains data from one or multiple tables.
- CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE [condition];
What is the SQL transaction?
-it’s a grouping of one or more SQL statements that interact with a
database.
What is the difference between delete and truncate?
-delete: can delete conditionally (by WHERE clause), truncate: delete all
the data unconditionally.
-delete: can be rolled back, truncate: can’t be rolled back.
How can insert column to the table?
-by using INSERT INTO statement.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2)
How can insert multi rows in only one insert statement?
-by listting the values for each row separated by commas, following the
VALUES clause of the statement.
INSERT INTO table-name (column1, column2)
VALUES (row1_value1, row1_value2),
(row2_value1, row2_value2),
(row3_value1, row3_value2);
Database:
What is database, DBMS and RDBMS?
-database: it’s an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily
accessed and managed.
-DBMS: (database management system) It’s a software system for
creating and managing databases.
-RDBMS: (relational database management system) it’s a type of
database that stores and provides access to data points that are related
to one another.
What are the kinds of attributes?
- Simple Attributes, Composite Attributes, Single Valued Attributes,
Multi-Valued Attributes, Derived Attributes, Key Attributes.
What is the ERD?
- (entity relationship diagram) is a graphical representation that depicts
relationships among people, objects, places, concepts or events within
an information technology (IT) system.
What is the type of constraints?
-Domain Constraints in DBMS
Key Constraints in DBMS
Entity Integrity Constraints in DBMS
Referential Integrity Constraints in DBMS
Tuple Uniqueness Constraints in DBMS.
What is the difference between primary key and foreign
key?
-A primary key is used to ensure data in the specific column is unique. A
foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database
table that provides a link between data in two tables.
What is delete set null and delete cascade?
-DELETE CASCADE: deletes the rows in the child table that is
corresponding to the row deleted from the parent table.
DELETE SET NULL: sets the rows in the child table to NULL if the
corresponding rows in the parent table are deleted.
▪ What is the normalization and why are we making it?
-Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database.
-We make it to Reduce data redundancy and inconsistency.
What are the types of normalization?
- First normal form(NF1), second normal form(NF2), and third normal
form(NF3).
What are the update anomalies?
-update anomalies: affects multiple rows or columns unintentionally.
-example: is when updating a record in a table that has redundant data.
If a record contains multiple instances of the same data, updating one
instance of that data can cause inconsistencies and errors in the
database.
What is the difference between SQL and PL/SQL?
-SQL, is Structural Query Language for database.
-PL/SQL is a programming language using SQL for a database.
What are the types of loops in PL/SQL?
-Basic Loop / Exit Loop.
-While Loop.
-For Loop.
-Cursor For Loop.
What are the cursors and what are the cursors types?
-Cursor is a Temporary Memory or Temporary Work Station. It is
Allocated by Database Server at the Time of Performing DML
operations on the Table by the User.
-Types: Implicit Cursors, and Explicit Cursors.
What is the procedure?
-it’s the subroutines that can contain one or more SQL statements that
perform a specific task.
What is difference between procedure and function?
-Functions calculate the results of a program on the basis of the given
input.
-Procedures perform certain tasks in a particular order on the basis of
the given inputs.
What are the triggers and what are the triggers types?
-it’s a statement that a system executes automatically when there is
any modification to the database.
-types: AFTER INSERT, AFTER UPDATE, AFTER DELETE, BEFORE INSERT,
BEFORE UPDATE, BEFORE DELETE.
Data Warehouse:
▪ What is the data warehouse?
-it’s a process of transforming data into information and make it
available to users in a timely manner to make a difference.
-it’s the core of the BI system built for data analysis and reporting.
▪ What are the characteristics of data warehouse?
-Integrated/Time-variant/Subject-oriented/Persistent and non-volatile.
▪ What is the difference between database and data
warehouse?
-volume: DB < DWH
-historical: DB → short-term, DWH → long-term
-rows: DB < DWH
-orientation: DB → product, DWH → subject or multi products
-business units: DB → product team, DWH → multi organizational units
-normalization: DB → normalized, DWH → not required
-data model: DB → relational, DWH → star schema or multi-dim
-intelligence: DB → reporting, DWH → advanced reporting and machine
learning
-use cases: DB → online transactions & reporting, DWH → centeralized
storage (360ْ)
▪ What is the difference between data warehouse and big
data?
-data warehouse is the collection of historical data from different
operations in an enterprise, it’s an architecture used to organize the
data.
-big data is the data which is in enormous form on which technologies
can be applied, it’s a technology to store and manage large amount of
data.
▪ What is the difference between OLTP and OLAP?
-OLAP (Online Analytical Processing): Consists of historical data from
various Databases, this data is used in planning, problem-solving, and
decision-making.
-OLTP (Online Transaction Processing): Consists of only operational
current data, this data is used to perform day-to-day fundamental
operations.
▪ What is Data Warehousing?
-A technique for collecting and managing data from varies sources to
provide meaningful business insights. It’s a blend of technologies and
components which aids the strategic use of data.
▪ What are the processes that can be done on data
warehouse?
-report information related to different sources in one report.
-transfer data from the source system to one single database.
-the decision from DWH is global and strategical.
▪ What is Data Modeling? + Types of Data Modeling?
-it’s the process of creating a simplified diagram of a software system
and the data elements it contains, using text and symbols to represent
the data and how it flows.
-types: Conceptual data model, Logical data model, Physical data
model.
▪ What is data mart?
-is a subset of the DWH. It specially designed for a particular line of
business ,such as sales, finance, sales or finance. In an independent
data mart, data can collect directly from sources.
▪ What is Data Cube?
-It is a data abstraction to evaluate aggregated data from a variety of
viewpoints.
▪ What is the ETL?
-it reads from staging layer, send data to datawarehous.
-stands for extract, transformation, load.
-extract data from its original source.
-transform data by deduplicating it, combining it, and ensuring quality.
-load data into the target database.
▪ What is the difference between fact and dimension table?
-Fact tables contain numerical data, while dimension tables provide
context and background information.
▪ What is the difference between snowflake and star
schema?
-star schema: is a multi-dimensional data model used to organize data
in a database so that it is easy to understand and analyze. Star schemas
can be applied to data warehouses, databases, data marts, and other
tools. The star schema design is optimized for querying large data sets.
-snowflake schema: is a multi-dimensional data model that is an
extension of a star schema, where dimension tables are broken down
into subdimensions. Snowflake schemas are commonly used for
business intelligence and reporting in OLAP data warehouses, data
marts, and relational databases.
Other names of the data warehouse system:
-decision support system.
-business intelligence solution.
-Executive information system.
-management information system.
-analytic application.
-data warehouse.
Big Data:
Why is the big data?
-Companies use big data in their systems to improve operations,
provide better customer service, create personalized marketing
campaigns and take other actions that, ultimately, can increase revenue
and profits.
What is the big data? (V's of Big Data)
-it’s a large set of data that, at the time, was almost impossible to
manage and process using the traditional business intelligence tools
available,
-V’s of big data: Volume ‫الحجم‬, Velocity ‫الرسعة‬, Variety ‫التنوع‬, Veracity
‫الموثوقية‬, Value ‫القيمة‬.
What are the big data types?
- structured, unstructured, and semi-structured.
What is Data Lake?
- it’s a centralized repository that allows you to store all your structured
and unstructured data at any scale.
What is the difference between ETL & ELT?
- ETL: (Extract, Transform, and Load) involves transforming data on a
separate processing server before transferring it to the data
warehouse.
-ELT: (Extract, Load, and Transform) performs data transformations
directly within the data warehouse itself.
Business Intelligence:
What is the Business Intelligence?
-It’s a software that ingests business data and presents it in user-
friendly views such as reports, dashboards, charts and graphs.
What are the steps in BI?
-Information gathering
-Analysis
-Reporting
-Monitoring and Prediction.
What are the tools we use in BI (for ETL, Analysis, and
Visualization)?
-Bower BI, Charito, Looker, Google Data Studio, Tableau, Domo.